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Kashyap MK, Karathia H, Kumar D, Vera Alvarez R, Forero-Forero JV, Moreno E, Lujan JV, Amaya-Chanaga CI, Vidal NM, Yu Z, Ghia EM, Lengerke-Diaz PA, Achinko D, Choi MY, Rassenti LZ, Mariño-Ramírez L, Mount SM, Hannenhalli S, Kipps TJ, Castro JE. Aberrant spliceosome activity via elevated intron retention and upregulation and phosphorylation of SF3B1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102202. [PMID: 38846999 PMCID: PMC11154714 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Splicing factor 3b subunit 1 (SF3B1) is the largest subunit and core component of the spliceosome. Inhibition of SF3B1 was associated with an increase in broad intron retention (IR) on most transcripts, suggesting that IR can be used as a marker of spliceosome inhibition in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Furthermore, we separately analyzed exonic and intronic mapped reads on annotated RNA-sequencing transcripts obtained from B cells (n = 98 CLL patients) and healthy volunteers (n = 9). We measured intron/exon ratio to use that as a surrogate for alternative RNA splicing (ARS) and found that 66% of CLL-B cell transcripts had significant IR elevation compared with normal B cells (NBCs) and that correlated with mRNA downregulation and low expression levels. Transcripts with the highest IR levels belonged to biological pathways associated with gene expression and RNA splicing. A >2-fold increase of active pSF3B1 was observed in CLL-B cells compared with NBCs. Additionally, when the CLL-B cells were treated with macrolides (pladienolide-B), a significant decrease in pSF3B1, but not total SF3B1 protein, was observed. These findings suggest that IR/ARS is increased in CLL, which is associated with SF3B1 phosphorylation and susceptibility to SF3B1 inhibitors. These data provide additional support to the relevance of ARS in carcinogenesis and evidence of pSF3B1 participation in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Amity Stem Cell Institute, Amity Medical School, Amity University Haryana, Panchgaon (Manesar), Gurugram (HR) 122413, India
| | - Hiren Karathia
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science and National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Roberto Vera Alvarez
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Eider Moreno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Juliana Velez Lujan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | | | - Newton Medeiros Vidal
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhe Yu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Emanuela M. Ghia
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paula A. Lengerke-Diaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Daniel Achinko
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Y. Choi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura Z. Rassenti
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Leonardo Mariño-Ramírez
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen M. Mount
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Sridhar Hannenhalli
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J. Kipps
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Januario E. Castro
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
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2
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Gu M, Liu Y, Xin P, Guo W, Zhao Z, Yang X, Ma R, Jiao T, Zheng W. Fundamental insights and molecular interactions in pancreatic cancer: Pathways to therapeutic approaches. Cancer Lett 2024; 588:216738. [PMID: 38401887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract can be affected by a number of diseases that pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant manifestation of them. The prognosis of PC patients is unfavorable and because of their diagnosis at advanced stage, the treatment of this tumor is problematic. Owing to low survival rate, there is much interest towards understanding the molecular profile of PC in an attempt in developing more effective therapeutics. The conventional therapeutics for PC include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as emerging immunotherapy. However, PC is still incurable and more effort should be performed. The molecular landscape of PC is an underlying factor involved in increase in progression of tumor cells. In the presence review, the newest advances in understanding the molecular and biological events in PC are discussed. The dysregulation of molecular pathways including AMPK, MAPK, STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin and non-coding RNA transcripts has been suggested as a factor in development of tumorigenesis in PC. Moreover, cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis and necroptosis demonstrate abnormal levels. The EMT and glycolysis in PC cells enhance to ensure their metastasis and proliferation. Furthermore, such abnormal changes have been used to develop corresponding pharmacological and nanotechnological therapeutics for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Peng Xin
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Zimo Zhao
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Ruiyang Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Taiwei Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
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3
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Nguyen A, Mustafa AHM, Leydecker AK, Halilovic M, Murr J, Butter F, Krämer OH. The protein phosphatase-2A subunit PR130 is involved in the formation of cytotoxic protein aggregates in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:217. [PMID: 38570831 PMCID: PMC10993613 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As a major source of cellular serine and threonine phosphatase activity, protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) modulates signaling pathways in health and disease. PP2A complexes consist of catalytic, scaffolding, and B-type subunits. Seventeen PP2A B-type subunits direct PP2A complexes to selected substrates. It is ill-defined how PP2A B-type subunits determine the growth and drug responsiveness of tumor cells. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a disease with poor prognosis. We analyzed the responses of murine and human mesenchymal and epithelial PDAC cells to the specific PP2A inhibitor phendione. We assessed protein levels by immunoblot and proteomics and cell fate by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and genetic manipulation. We show that murine mesenchymal PDAC cells express significantly higher levels of the PP2A B-type subunit PR130 than epithelial PDAC cells. This overexpression of PR130 is associated with a dependency of such metastasis-prone cells on the catalytic activity of PP2A. Phendione induces apoptosis and an accumulation of cytotoxic protein aggregates in murine mesenchymal and human PDAC cells. These processes occur independently of the frequently mutated tumor suppressor p53. Proteomic analyses reveal that phendione upregulates the chaperone HSP70 in mesenchymal PDAC cells. Inhibition of HSP70 promotes phendione-induced apoptosis and phendione promotes a proteasomal degradation of PR130. Genetic elimination of PR130 sensitizes murine and human PDAC cells to phendione-induced apoptosis and protein aggregate formation. These data suggest that the PP2A-PR130 complex dephosphorylates and thereby prevents the aggregation of proteins in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nguyen
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher St. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Al-Hassan M Mustafa
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher St. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Alessa K Leydecker
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher St. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Melisa Halilovic
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher St. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Janine Murr
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher St. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Liao M, Yao D, Wu L, Luo C, Wang Z, Zhang J, Liu B. Targeting the Warburg effect: A revisited perspective from molecular mechanisms to traditional and innovative therapeutic strategies in cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:953-1008. [PMID: 38487001 PMCID: PMC10935242 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer reprogramming is an important facilitator of cancer development and survival, with tumor cells exhibiting a preference for aerobic glycolysis beyond oxidative phosphorylation, even under sufficient oxygen supply condition. This metabolic alteration, known as the Warburg effect, serves as a significant indicator of malignant tumor transformation. The Warburg effect primarily impacts cancer occurrence by influencing the aerobic glycolysis pathway in cancer cells. Key enzymes involved in this process include glucose transporters (GLUTs), HKs, PFKs, LDHs, and PKM2. Moreover, the expression of transcriptional regulatory factors and proteins, such as FOXM1, p53, NF-κB, HIF1α, and c-Myc, can also influence cancer progression. Furthermore, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circular RNAs play a vital role in directly regulating the Warburg effect. Additionally, gene mutations, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and immune system interactions are closely associated with the Warburg effect. Notably, the development of drugs targeting the Warburg effect has exhibited promising potential in tumor treatment. This comprehensive review presents novel directions and approaches for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients by conducting in-depth research and summarizing the bright prospects of targeting the Warburg effect in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minru Liao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dahong Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Lifeng Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chaodan Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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5
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Wang Y, Hu J, Chen C, Li Y. PTTG1 induces pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and promotes aerobic glycolysis by regulating c-myc. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220813. [PMID: 38465336 PMCID: PMC10921497 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the role of pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) in proliferation, migration, invasion, and aerobic glycolysis of pancreatic cancer cells, and evaluate the potential of PTTG1 as a therapeutic target. PTTG1 expression in pancreatic cancers was analyzed using the GEPIA databank. In the Panc1 cell with the PTTG1 knockdown or Mia-PaCa2 cells with PTTG1 overexpression, the cell proliferation was evaluated using cell viability curves and colony formation, and wound heal assay and transwell assay were performed to evaluate the migration and invasion, respectively. Furthermore, a western blot was performed to evaluate the expressions of PTTG1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and c-myc. Meanwhile, the glucose uptake, extracellular acidification rates (ECAR), and oxygen consumption rates (OCR) were analyzed. Our results showed that PTTG1 expression is upregulated in pancreatic cancer, which promoted cell proliferation. Low PTTG1 contributed to higher disease-free survival and overall survival. In Panc1 cell, PTTG1 knockdown resulted in reduced cell viability and colony formation. The migration and invasion abilities of the cells were also reduced in Panc1 with PTTG1 knockdown. Correspondingly, PTTG1 knockdown decreased c-myc expression, glucose uptake, ECAR, and OCR in Panc1 cells. In Mia-PaCa2 cells, PTTG1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, aerobic glycolysis, and translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus by regulating c-myc. In conclusion, PTTG1 induces proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promotes aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer cells via regulating c-myc, demonstrating the potential of PTTG1 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Suqian First Hospital, No. 120 Suzhi Road, Sucheng District, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, 223800, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Suqian First Hospital, No. 120 Suzhi Road, Sucheng District, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, 223800, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Suqian First Hospital, No. 120 Suzhi Road, Sucheng District, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, 223800, China
| | - Yongbo Li
- Department of General Surgery, Suqian First Hospital, No. 120 Suzhi Road, Sucheng District, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, 223800, China
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6
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Alors-Pérez E, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Blázquez-Encinas R, Moreno-Montilla MT, García-Vioque V, Berbel I, Luque RM, Sainz B, Ibáñez-Costa A, Castaño JP. Splicing alterations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a new molecular landscape with translational potential. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:282. [PMID: 37880792 PMCID: PMC10601233 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, mainly due to its late diagnosis and lack of effective therapies, translating into a low 5-year 12% survival rate, despite extensive clinical efforts to improve outcomes. International cooperative studies have provided informative multiomic landscapes of PDAC, but translation of these discoveries into clinical advances are lagging. Likewise, early diagnosis biomarkers and new therapeutic tools are sorely needed to tackle this cancer. The study of poorly explored molecular processes, such as splicing, can provide new tools in this regard. Alternative splicing of pre-RNA allows the generation of multiple RNA variants from a single gene and thereby contributes to fundamental biological processes by finely tuning gene expression. However, alterations in alternative splicing are linked to many diseases, and particularly to cancer, where it can contribute to tumor initiation, progression, metastasis and drug resistance. Splicing defects are increasingly being associated with PDAC, including both mutations or dysregulation of components of the splicing machinery and associated factors, and altered expression of specific relevant gene variants. Such disruptions can be a key element enhancing pancreatic tumor progression or metastasis, while they can also provide suitable tools to identify potential candidate biomarkers and discover new actionable targets. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current information about dysregulation of splicing-related elements and aberrant splicing isoforms in PDAC, and to describe their relationship with the development, progression and/or aggressiveness of this dismal cancer, as well as their potential as therapeutic tools and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Alors-Pérez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ricardo Blázquez-Encinas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
| | - María Trinidad Moreno-Montilla
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Víctor García-Vioque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Berbel
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Area 3, Cancer, Madrid, Spain
- Gastrointestinal Tumours Research Programme, Biomedical Research Network in Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofía University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERObn), Córdoba, Spain.
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Simmler P, Ioannidi EI, Mengis T, Marquart KF, Asawa S, Van-Lehmann K, Kahles A, Thomas T, Schwerdel C, Aceto N, Rätsch G, Stoffel M, Schwank G. Mutant SF3B1 promotes malignancy in PDAC. eLife 2023; 12:e80683. [PMID: 37823551 PMCID: PMC10629822 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The splicing factor SF3B1 is recurrently mutated in various tumors, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The impact of the hotspot mutation SF3B1K700E on the PDAC pathogenesis, however, remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that Sf3b1K700E alone is insufficient to induce malignant transformation of the murine pancreas, but that it increases aggressiveness of PDAC if it co-occurs with mutated KRAS and p53. We further show that Sf3b1K700E already plays a role during early stages of pancreatic tumor progression and reduces the expression of TGF-β1-responsive epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes. Moreover, we found that SF3B1K700E confers resistance to TGF-β1-induced cell death in pancreatic organoids and cell lines, partly mediated through aberrant splicing of Map3k7. Overall, our findings demonstrate that SF3B1K700E acts as an oncogenic driver in PDAC, and suggest that it promotes the progression of early stage tumors by impeding the cellular response to tumor suppressive effects of TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Simmler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Eleonora I Ioannidi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tamara Mengis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Kim Fabiano Marquart
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Simran Asawa
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Kjong Van-Lehmann
- Department of Computer Science, Biomedical Informatics Group, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Andre Kahles
- Department of Computer Science, Biomedical Informatics Group, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Tinu Thomas
- Department of Computer Science, Biomedical Informatics Group, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Cornelia Schwerdel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nicola Aceto
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Gunnar Rätsch
- Department of Computer Science, Biomedical Informatics Group, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Biomedical Informatics Research, University Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Gerald Schwank
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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8
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Fujiki H, Sueoka E, Watanabe T, Komori A, Suganuma M. Cancer progression by the okadaic acid class of tumor promoters and endogenous protein inhibitors of PP2A, SET and CIP2A. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04800-4. [PMID: 37097392 PMCID: PMC10374699 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Okadaic acid class of tumor promoters are transformed into endogenous protein inhibitors of PP2A, SET, and CIP2A in human cancers. This indicates that inhibition of PP2A activity is a common mechanism of cancer progression in humans. It is important to study the roles of SET and CIP2A vis-à-vis their clinical significance on the basis of new information gathered from a search of PubMed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The first part of this review introduces the carcinogenic roles of TNF-α and IL-1, which are induced by the okadaic acid class of compounds. The second part describes unique features of SET and CIP2A in cancer progression for several types of human cancer: (1) SET-expressing circulating tumor cells (SET-CTCs) in breast cancer, (2) knockdown of CIP2A and increased PP2A activity in chronic myeloid leukemia, (3) CIP2A and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity in erlotinib sensitive- and resistant-non-small cell lung cancer, (4) SET antagonist EMQA plus radiation therapy against hepatocellular carcinoma, (5) PP2A inactivation as a common event in colorectal cancer, (6) prostate cancer susceptibility variants, homeobox transcription factor (HOXB13 T) and CIP2A T, and (7) SET inhibitor OP449 for pre-clinical investigation of pancreatic cancer. In the Discussion, the binding complex of SET is briefly introduced, and overexpression of SET and CIP2A proteins is discussed in relation to age-associated chronic inflammation (inflammaging). CONCLUSION This review establishes the concept that inhibition of PP2A activity is a common mechanism of human cancer progression and activation of PP2A activity leads to effective anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirota Fujiki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Eisaburo Sueoka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Watanabe
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Atsumasa Komori
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center and Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Masami Suganuma
- Department of Strategic Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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9
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Abstract
C-Myc overexpression is a common finding in pancreatic cancer and predicts the aggressive behavior of cancer cells. It binds to the promoter of different genes, thereby regulating their transcription. C-Myc is downstream of KRAS and interacts with several oncogenic and proliferative pathways in pancreatic cancer. C-Myc enhances aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells and regulates glutamate biosynthesis from glutamine. It provides enough energy for cancer cells' metabolism and sufficient substrate for the synthesis of organic molecules. C-Myc overexpression is associated with chemoresistance, intra-tumor angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Despite its title, c-Myc is not "undruggable" and recent studies unveiled that it can be targeted, directly or indirectly. Small molecules that accelerate c-Myc ubiquitination and degradation have been effective in preclinical studies. Small molecules that hinder c-Myc-MAX heterodimerization or c-Myc/MAX/DNA complex formation can functionally inhibit c-Myc. In addition, c-Myc can be targeted through transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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10
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Li X, Ma S, Gao T, Mai Y, Song Z, Yang J. The main battlefield of mRNA vaccine – Tumor immune microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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RNA splicing: a dual-edged sword for hepatocellular carcinoma. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:173. [PMID: 35972700 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA splicing is the fundamental process that brings diversity at the transcriptome and proteome levels. The spliceosome complex regulates minor and major processes of RNA splicing. Aberrant regulation is often associated with different diseases, including diabetes, stroke, hypertension, and cancer. In the majority of cancers, dysregulated alternative RNA splicing (ARS) events directly affect tumor progression, invasiveness, and often lead to poor survival of the patients. Alike the rest of the gastrointestinal malignancies, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which alone contributes to ~ 75% of the liver cancers, a large number of ARS events have been observed, including intron retention, exon skipping, presence of alternative 3'-splice site (3'SS), and alternative 5'-splice site (5'SS). These events are reported in spliceosome and non-spliceosome complexes genes. Molecules such as MCL1, Bcl-X, and BCL2 in different isoforms can behave as anti-apoptotic or pro-apoptotic, making the spliceosome complex a dual-edged sword. The anti-apoptotic isoforms of such molecules bring in resistance to chemotherapy or cornerstone drugs. However, in contrast, multiple malignant tumors, including HCC that target the pro-apoptotic favoring isoforms/variants favor apoptotic induction and make chemotherapy effective. Herein, we discuss different splicing events, aberrations, and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in modulating RNA splicing in HCC tumorigenesis with a possible therapeutic outcome.
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12
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Zhang Z, Zhang HJ. Glycometabolic rearrangements-aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC): roles, regulatory networks, and therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:1077-1093. [PMID: 34874212 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.2015321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycometabolic rearrangements (aerobic glycolysis) is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and contributes to tumorigenesis and progression through numerous mechanisms. The targeting of aerobic glycolysis is recognized as a potential therapeutic strategy which offers the possibility of improving treatment outcomes for PDAC patients. AREAS COVERED In this review, the role of aerobic glycolysis and its regulatory networks in PDAC are discussed. The targeting of aerobic glycolysis in PDAC is examined, and its therapeutic potential is evaluated. The relevant literature published from 2001 to 2021 was searched in databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. EXPERT OPINION Regulatory networks of aerobic glycolysis in PDAC are based on key factors such as c-Myc, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, and non-coding RNAs. Experimental evidence suggests that modulators or inhibitors of aerobic glycolysis promote therapeutic effects in preclinical tumor models. Nevertheless, successful clinical translation of drugs that target aerobic glycolysis in PDAC is an obstacle. Moreover, it is necessary to identify the potential targets for future interventions from regulatory networks to design efficacious and safer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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13
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Alors-Perez E, Blázquez-Encinas R, Alcalá S, Viyuela-García C, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Herrero-Aguayo V, Jiménez-Vacas JM, Mafficini A, Sánchez-Frías ME, Cano MT, Abollo-Jiménez F, Marín-Sanz JA, Cabezas-Sainz P, Lawlor RT, Luchini C, Sánchez L, Sánchez-Hidalgo JM, Ventura S, Martin-Hijano L, Gahete MD, Scarpa A, Arjona-Sánchez Á, Ibáñez-Costa A, Sainz B, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Dysregulated splicing factor SF3B1 unveils a dual therapeutic vulnerability to target pancreatic cancer cells and cancer stem cells with an anti-splicing drug. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:382. [PMID: 34857016 PMCID: PMC8638119 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal cancer, requiring novel treatments to target both cancer cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Altered splicing is emerging as both a novel cancer hallmark and an attractive therapeutic target. The core splicing factor SF3B1 is heavily altered in cancer and can be inhibited by Pladienolide-B, but its actionability in PDAC is unknown. We explored the presence and role of SF3B1 in PDAC and interrogated its potential as an actionable target. Methods SF3B1 was analyzed in PDAC tissues, an RNA-seq dataset, and publicly available databases, examining associations with splicing alterations and key features/genes. Functional assays in PDAC cell lines and PDX-derived CSCs served to test Pladienolide-B treatment effects in vitro, and in vivo in zebrafish and mice. Results SF3B1 was overexpressed in human PDAC and associated with tumor grade and lymph-node involvement. SF3B1 levels closely associated with distinct splicing event profiles and expression of key PDAC players (KRAS, TP53). In PDAC cells, Pladienolide-B increased apoptosis and decreased multiple tumor-related features, including cell proliferation, migration, and colony/sphere formation, altering AKT and JNK signaling, and favoring proapoptotic splicing variants (BCL-XS/BCL-XL, KRASa/KRAS, Δ133TP53/TP53). Importantly, Pladienolide-B similarly impaired CSCs, reducing their stemness capacity and increasing their sensitivity to chemotherapy. Pladienolide-B also reduced PDAC/CSCs xenograft tumor growth in vivo in zebrafish and in mice. Conclusion SF3B1 overexpression represents a therapeutic vulnerability in PDAC, as altered splicing can be targeted with Pladienolide-B both in cancer cells and CSCs, paving the way for novel therapies for this lethal cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02153-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Alors-Perez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ricardo Blázquez-Encinas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sonia Alcalá
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cancer Biology, Chronic Diseases and Cancer Area 3-Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Viyuela-García
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Surgery Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Vicente Herrero-Aguayo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan M Jiménez-Vacas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Andrea Mafficini
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marina E Sánchez-Frías
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María T Cano
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Fernando Abollo-Jiménez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Computer Sciences, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan A Marín-Sanz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Computer Sciences, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pablo Cabezas-Sainz
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchini
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Juan M Sánchez-Hidalgo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Surgery Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sebastián Ventura
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Computer Sciences, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laura Martin-Hijano
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cancer Biology, Chronic Diseases and Cancer Area 3-Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Álvaro Arjona-Sánchez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Surgery Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área Cáncer, CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
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14
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Total Syntheses of Pladienolide-Derived Spliceosome Modulators. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195938. [PMID: 34641481 PMCID: PMC8512135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pladienolides, an emerging class of naturally occurring spliceosome modulators, exhibit interesting structural features, such as highly substituted 12-membered macrocycles and epoxide-containing diene side chains. The potential of pladienolides as anti-cancer agents is confirmed by H3B-8800, a synthetic analog of this natural product class, which is currently under Phase I clinical trials. Since its isolation in 2004 and the first total synthesis in 2007, a dozen total syntheses and synthetic approaches toward the pladienolide class have been reported to date. This review focuses on the eight completed total syntheses of naturally occurring pladienolides or their synthetic analogs, in addition to a synthetic approach to the main framework of the natural product.
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