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McGrory MR, Shepherd RH, King MD, Davidson N, Pope FD, Watson IM, Grainger RG, Jones AC, Ward AD. Mie scattering from optically levitated mixed sulfuric acid-silica core-shell aerosols: observation of core-shell morphology for atmospheric science. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5813-5822. [PMID: 35226003 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04068e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfuric acid is shown to form a core-shell particle on a micron-sized, optically-trapped spherical silica bead. The refractive indices of the silica and sulfuric acid, along with the shell thickness and bead radius were determined by reproducing Mie scattered optical white light as a function of wavelength in Mie spectroscopy. Micron-sized silica aerosols (silica beads were used as a proxy for atmospheric silica minerals) were levitated in a mist of sulfuric acid particles; continuous collection of Mie spectra throughout the collision of sulfuric acid aerosols with the optically trapped silica aerosol demonstrated that the resulting aerosol particle had a core-shell morphology. Contrastingly, the collision of aqueous sulfuric acid aerosols with optically trapped polystyrene aerosol resulted in a partially coated system. The light scattering from the optically levitated aerosols was successfully modelled to determine the diameter of the core aerosol (±0.003 μm), the shell thickness (±0.0003 μm) and the refractive index (±0.007). The experiment demonstrated that the presence of a thin film rapidly changed the light scattering of the original aerosol. When a 1.964 μm diameter silica aerosol was covered with a film of sulfuric acid 0.287 μm thick, the wavelength dependent Mie peak positions resembled sulfuric acid. Thus mineral aerosol advected into the stratosphere would likely be coated with sulfuric acid, with a core-shell morphology, and its light scattering properties would be effectively indistinguishable from a homogenous sulfuric acid aerosol if the film thickness was greater than a few 100 s of nm for UV-visible wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R McGrory
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK. .,Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Rosalie H Shepherd
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK. .,Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Martin D King
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Nicholas Davidson
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Francis D Pope
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - I Matthew Watson
- School of Earth Science, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Roy G Grainger
- National Centre for Earth Observation, Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Anthony C Jones
- Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK.,College of Engineering Maths and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Andrew D Ward
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK.
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Medhaug I, Stolpe MB, Fischer EM, Knutti R. Reconciling controversies about the 'global warming hiatus'. Nature 2017; 545:41-47. [PMID: 28470193 DOI: 10.1038/nature22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Between about 1998 and 2012, a time that coincided with political negotiations for preventing climate change, the surface of Earth seemed hardly to warm. This phenomenon, often termed the 'global warming hiatus', caused doubt in the public mind about how well anthropogenic climate change and natural variability are understood. Here we show that apparently contradictory conclusions stem from different definitions of 'hiatus' and from different datasets. A combination of changes in forcing, uptake of heat by the oceans, natural variability and incomplete observational coverage reconciles models and data. Combined with stronger recent warming trends in newer datasets, we are now more confident than ever that human influence is dominant in long-term warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iselin Medhaug
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin B Stolpe
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erich M Fischer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Knutti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Rollins AW, Thornberry TD, Watts LA, Yu P, Rosenlof KH, Mills M, Baumann E, Giorgetta FR, Bui TV, Höpfner M, Walker KA, Boone C, Bernath PF, Colarco PR, Newman PA, Fahey DW, Gao RS. The Role of Sulfur Dioxide in Stratospheric Aerosol Formation Evaluated Using In-Situ Measurements in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 44:4280-4286. [PMID: 29225384 PMCID: PMC5719884 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl072754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stratospheric aerosols (SAs) are a variable component of the Earth's albedo that may be intentionally enhanced in the future to offset greenhouse gases (geoengineering). The role of tropospheric-sourced sulfur dioxide (SO2) in maintaining background SAs has been debated for decades without in-situ measurements of SO2 at the tropical tropopause to inform this issue. Here we clarify the role of SO2 in maintaining SAs by using new in-situ SO2 measurements to evaluate climate models and satellite retrievals. We then use the observed tropical tropopause SO2 mixing ratios to estimate the global flux of SO2 across the tropical tropopause. These analyses show that the tropopause background SO2 is about 5 times smaller than reported by the average satellite observations that have been used recently to test atmospheric models. This shifts the view of SO2 as a dominant source of SAs to a near-negligible one, possibly revealing a significant gap in the SA budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Rollins
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T D Thornberry
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L A Watts
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Yu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K H Rosenlof
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Mills
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E Baumann
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F R Giorgetta
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T V Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - M Höpfner
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K A Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - C Boone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - P F Bernath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - P R Colarco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Corresponding author: Andrew Rollins
| | - P A Newman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Corresponding author: Andrew Rollins
| | - D W Fahey
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R S Gao
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
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4
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Thomas BC, Goracke BD, Dalton SM. Atmospheric constituents and surface-level UVB: Implications for a paleoaltimetry proxy and attempts to reconstruct UV exposure during volcanic episodes. EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS 2016; 453:141-151. [PMID: 30034018 PMCID: PMC6052448 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and morphological features of spores and pollens have been linked to changes in solar ultraviolet radiation (specifically UVB, 280-315 nm) at Earth's surface. Variation in UVB exposure as inferred from these features has been suggested as a proxy for paleoaltitude; such proxies are important in understanding the uplift history of high altitude plateaus, which in turn is important for testing models of the tectonic processes responsible for such uplift. While UVB irradiance does increase with altitude above sea level, a number of other factors affect the irradiance at any given place and time. In this modeling study we use the TUV atmospheric radiative transfer model to investigate dependence of surface-level UVB irradiance and relative biological impact on a number of constituents in Earth's atmosphere that are variable over long and short time periods. We consider changes in O3 column density, and SO2 and sulfate aerosols due to periods of volcanic activity, including that associated with the formation of the Siberian Traps. We find that UVB irradiance may be highly variable under volcanic conditions and variations in several of these atmospheric constituents can easily mimic or overwhelm changes in UVB irradiance due to changes in altitude. On the other hand, we find that relative change with altitude is not very sensitive to different sets of atmospheric conditions. Any paleoaltitude proxy based on UVB exposure requires confidence that the samples under comparison were located at roughly the same latitude, under very similar O3 and SO2 columns, with similar atmospheric aerosol conditions. In general, accurate estimates of the surface-level UVB exposure at any time and location require detailed radiative transfer modeling taking into account a number of atmospheric factors; this result is important for paleoaltitude proxies as well as attempts to reconstruct the UV environment through geologic time and to tie extinctions, such as the end-Permian mass extinction, to UVB irradiance changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Thomas
- Correspondence to: 1700 SW College Ave., Topeka, KS 66604, United States. (B.C. Thomas)
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