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de Almeida Piai K, Nogueira T, Kaneshiro Olympio KP, Nardocci AC. Assessment of human health risks associated with airborne arsenic, nickel and lead exposure in particulate matter from vehicular sources in Sao Paulo city. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1926-1943. [PMID: 36745741 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2173153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a critical public health concern. The present study assessed the risk to human health of airborne Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) arsenic, nickel and lead exposure in particulate matter (PM10-2.5) in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Statistical analysis was performed using R Software and the risk assessment for human health was carried out according to the methods of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The results for mean annual concentration of PTE (ng m-3) were within the limits stipulated for air-quality by international agencies (arsenic <6, nickel <20 and lead <150). Airborne arsenic and lead showed higher mean concentrations during the winter than the other seasons (p < 0.05). However, the results showed a greater health risk for the adult population and during the winter season. These findings highlight the importance of air pollution as a risk factor for population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila de Almeida Piai
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental - Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental - Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Adelaide Cassia Nardocci
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental - Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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2
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Ahmad S, Zeb B, Ditta A, Alam K, Shahid U, Shah AU, Ahmad I, Alasmari A, Sakran M, Alqurashi M. Morphological, Mineralogical, and Biochemical Characteristics of Particulate Matter in Three Size Fractions (PM 10, PM 2.5, and PM 1) in the Urban Environment. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31661-31674. [PMID: 37692244 PMCID: PMC10483683 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in megacities is increasing due to the dense population index, increasing vehicles, industries, and burning activities that negatively impact human health and climate. There is limited study of air pollution in many megacities of the world including Pakistan. Lahore is a megacity in Pakistan in which the continuous investigation of particulate matter is very important. Therefore, this study investigates particulate matter in three size fractions (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) in Lahore, a polluted city in south Asia. The particulate matter was collected daily during the winter season of 2019. The average values of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 were found to be 102.00 ± 64.03, 188.31 ± 49.21, and 279.73 ± 75.04 μg m-3, respectively. Various characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used. FT-IR and XRD techniques identified the minerals and compounds like quartz, peroxides, calcites and vaterite, feldspar group, kaolinite clay minerals, chrysotile, vaterite, illite, hematite, dolomite, calcite, magnesium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, calcium iron oxide, gypsum, vermiculite, CuSO4, and FeSO4. Morphology and elemental composition indicated quartz, iron, biological particles, carbonate, and carbonaceous particles. In addition, various elements like C, O, B, Mg, Si, Ca, Cl, Al, Na, K, Zn, and S were identified. Based on the elemental composition and morphology, different particles along with their percentage were found like carbonaceous- (38%), biogenic- (14%), boron-rich particle- (14%), feldspar- (10%), quartz- (9%), calcium-rich particle- (5%), chlorine-rich particle- (5%), and iron-rich particle (5%)-based. The main sources of the particulate matter included vehicular exertion, biomass consumption, resuspended dust, biological emissions, activities from construction sites, and industrial emissions near the sampling area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiq Ahmad
- Department
of Physics, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Bahadar Zeb
- Department
of Mathematics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18000, Pakistan
| | - Allah Ditta
- Department
of Environmental Science, Shaheed Benazir
Bhutto University, Sheringal 18000, Pakistan
- School
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Western Australia, 35
Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Khan Alam
- Department
of Physics, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Umer Shahid
- Department
of Geology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18000, Pakistan
| | - Atta Ullah Shah
- National
Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NILOP-C,
PIEAS), Nilore 44000, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department
of Physics, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Abdulrahman Alasmari
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Sakran
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Section, Chemistry Department, Faculty of
Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alqurashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of
Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
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Aldhaif AM, Lopez DH, Dadashazar H, Painemal D, Peters AJ, Sorooshian A. An Aerosol Climatology and Implications for Clouds at a Remote Marine Site: Case Study Over Bermuda. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2020JD034038. [PMID: 34159044 PMCID: PMC8216143 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd034038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol characteristics and aerosol-cloud interactions remain uncertain in remote marine regions. We use over a decade of data (2000-2012) from the NASA AErosol RObotic NETwork, aerosol and wet deposition samples, satellite remote sensors, and models to examine aerosol and cloud droplet number characteristics at a representative open ocean site (Bermuda) over the Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO). Annual mean values were as follows: aerosol optical depth (AOD) = 0.12, Ångström Exponent (440/870 nm) = 0.95, fine mode fraction = 0.51, asymmetry factor = 0.72 (440 nm) and 0.68 (1020 nm), and Aqua-MODIS cloud droplet number concentrations = 51.3 cm-3. The winter season (December-February) was characterized by high sea salt optical thickness and the highest aerosol extinction in the lowest 2 km. Extensive precipitation over the WNAO in winter helps contribute to the low FMFs in winter (~0.40-0.50) even though air trajectories often originate over North America. Spring and summer had more pronounced influence from sulfate, dust, organic carbon, and black carbon. Volume size distributions were bimodal with a dominant coarse mode (effective radii: 1.85-2.09 μm) and less pronounced fine mode (0.14-0.16 μm), with variability in the coarse mode likely due to different characteristic sizes for transported dust (smaller) versus regional sea salt (larger). Extreme pollution events highlight the sensitivity of this site to long-range transport of urban emissions, dust, and smoke. Differing annual cycles are identified between AOD and cloud droplet number concentrations, motivating a deeper look into aerosol-cloud interactions at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmonam M Aldhaif
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David H Lopez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Painemal
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Corral AF, Braun RA, Cairns B, Gorooh VA, Liu H, Ma L, Mardi AH, Painemal D, Stamnes S, van Diedenhoven B, Wang H, Yang Y, Zhang B, Sorooshian A. An Overview of Atmospheric Features Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean and North American East Coast - Part 1: Analysis of Aerosols, Gases, and Wet Deposition Chemistry. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2020JD032592. [PMID: 34211820 PMCID: PMC8243758 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd032592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) and adjoining East Coast of North America are of great importance for atmospheric research and have been extensively studied for several decades. This broad region exhibits complex meteorological features and a wide range of conditions associated with gas and particulate species from many sources regionally and other continents. As Part 1 of a 2-part paper series, this work characterizes quantities associated with atmospheric chemistry, including gases, aerosols, and wet deposition, by analyzing available satellite observations, ground-based data, model simulations, and reanalysis products. Part 2 provides insight into the atmospheric circulation, boundary layer variability, three-dimensional cloud structure, properties, and precipitation over the WNAO domain. Key results include spatial and seasonal differences in composition along the North American East Coast and over the WNAO associated with varying sources of smoke and dust and meteorological drivers such as temperature, moisture, and precipitation. Spatial and seasonal variations of tropospheric carbon monoxide and ozone highlight different pathways toward the accumulation of these species in the troposphere. Spatial distributions of speciated aerosol optical depth and vertical profiles of aerosol mass mixing ratios show a clear seasonal cycle highlighting the influence of different sources in addition to the impact of intercontinental transport. Analysis of long-term climate model simulations of aerosol species and satellite observations of carbon monoxide confirm that there has been a significant decline in recent decades among anthropogenic constituents owing to regulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vesta Afzali Gorooh
- Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing (CHRS), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hongyu Liu
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Bastiaan van Diedenhoven
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University Center for Climate System Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Corral AF, Dadashazar H, Stahl C, Edwards EL, Zuidema P, Sorooshian A. Source Apportionment of Aerosol at a Coastal Site and Relationships with Precipitation Chemistry: A Case Study over the Southeast United States. ATMOSPHERE 2020; 11:1212. [PMID: 34211764 PMCID: PMC8243544 DOI: 10.3390/atmos11111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the long-term aerosol and precipitation chemistry measurements from colocated monitoring sites in Southern Florida between 2013 and 2018. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified six potential emission sources impacting the study area. The PMF model solution yielded the following source concentration profiles: (i) combustion; (ii) fresh sea salt; (iii) aged sea salt; (iv) secondary sulfate; (v) shipping emissions; and (vi) dust. Based on these results, concentration-weighted trajectory maps were developed to identify sources contributing to the PMF factors. Monthly mean precipitation pH values ranged from 4.98 to 5.58, being positively related to crustal species and negatively related to SO4 2-. Sea salt dominated wet deposition volume-weighted concentrations year-round without much variability in its mass fraction in contrast to stronger seasonal changes in PM2.5 composition where fresh sea salt was far less influential. The highest mean annual deposition fluxes were attributed to Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, and Na+ between April and October. Nitrate is strongly correlated with dust constituents (unlike sea salt) in precipitation samples, indicative of efficient partitioning to dust. Interrelationships between precipitation chemistry and aerosol species based on long-term surface data provide insight into aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F. Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Eva-Lou Edwards
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Dadashazar H, Ma L, Sorooshian A. Sources of pollution and interrelationships between aerosol and precipitation chemistry at a central California site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1776-1787. [PMID: 30316095 PMCID: PMC6246821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examines co-located aerosol and precipitation chemistry data between 2010 and 2016 at Pinnacles National Monument ~65 km east of the coastline in central California. Positive matrix factorization analysis of the aerosol composition data revealed seven distinct pollutant sources: aged sea salt (25.7% of PM2.5), biomass burning (24.2% of PM2.5), fresh sea salt (15.0% of PM2.5), secondary sulfate (11.7% of PM2.5), dust (10.0% of PM2.5), vehicle emissions (8.2% of PM2.5), and secondary nitrate (5.2% of PM2.5). The influence of meteorology and transport on monthly patterns of PM2.5 composition is discussed. Only secondary sulfate exhibited a statistically significant change (a reduction) over time among the PM2.5 source factors. In contrast, PMcoarse exhibited a significant increase most likely due to dust influence. Monthly profiles of precipitation chemistry are summarized showing that the most abundant species in each month was either SO42-, NO3-, or Cl-. Intercomparisons between the precipitation and aerosol data revealed several features: (i) precipitation pH was inversely related to factors associated with more acidic aerosol constituents such as secondary sulfate and aged sea salt, in addition to being reduced by uptake of HNO3 in the liquid phase; (ii) two aerosol source factors (dust and aged sea salt) and PMcoarse exhibited a positive association with Ca2+ in precipitation, suggestive of directly emitted aerosol types with larger sizes promoting precipitation; and (iii) sulfate levels in both the aerosol and precipitation samples analyzed were significantly correlated with dust and aged sea salt PMF factors, pointing to the partitioning of secondary sulfate to dust and sea salt particles. The results of this work have implications for the region's air quality and hydrological cycle, in addition to demonstrating that the use of co-located aerosol and precipitation chemistry data can provide insights relevant to aerosol-precipitation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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7
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Keshavarzi B, Abbasi S, Moore F, Mehravar S, Sorooshian A, Soltani N, Najmeddin A. Contamination Level, Source Identification and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Street Dust of an Important Commercial Center in Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 62:803-818. [PMID: 30014346 PMCID: PMC6148378 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The geochemical nature and health hazards of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the street dust of Bandar Abbas, Iran, are investigated in this study based on 27 street dust samples. Mean concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Sb, and Hg revealed elevated concentrations as compared to the world soil average. Calculated enrichment factors (EFs) indicated that there is very high contamination in dust particles owing to anthropogenic emissions. Two main sources of PTEs are traffic emissions (Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Mn, Fe, As, Cd, Sb, and Hg) and resuspended soil particles (Al, Ti, Ni, and Cr). Statistical analysis shows that Al, Mn, Ni, Ti, Cr, Fe, and Co are geogenic, whereas PAHs are mainly derived from traffic emissions. Values of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), as derived from a modified model of the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), indicate that Bandar Abbas residents are potentially exposed to high cancer risk, especially via dust ingestion and dermal contact, whereas the level of hazard index (HI), hazard quotients (HQ), and cancer risk associated with exposure to the elements in street dust fall lower than threshold values representative of health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
| | - Sajjad Abbasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
| | - Soheila Mehravar
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Naghmeh Soltani
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
| | - Ali Najmeddin
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
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Zeb B, Alam K, Sorooshian A, Blaschke T, Ahmad I, Shahid I. On the Morphology and Composition of Particulate Matter in an Urban Environment. AEROSOL AND AIR QUALITY RESEARCH 2018; 18:1431-1447. [PMID: 30344547 PMCID: PMC6192059 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2017.09.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) plays a vital role in altering air quality, human health, and climate change. There are sparse data relevant to PM characteristics in urban environments of the Middle East, including Peshawar city in Pakistan. This work reports on the morphology and composition of PM in two size fractions (PM2.5 and PM10) during November 2016 in Peshawar. The 24 hous mass concentration of PM2.5 varied from 72 μg m-3 to 500 μg m-3 with an average value of 286 μg m-3. The 24 hours PM10 concentration varied from 300 μg m-3 to 1440 μg m-3 with an average of 638 μg m-3. The morphology, size, and elemental composition of PM were measured using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy. The size of the analyzed particles by EDX ranged from 916 nm to 22 μm. Particles were classified into the following groups based on their elemental composition and morphology: silica (12%), aluminosilicates (23%), calcium rich (3%), chloride (2%), Fe/Ti oxides (3%), carbonaceous (49%), sulfate (5%), biogenic (3%). The major identified sources of PM are vehicular emissions, biomass burning, soil and re-suspended road dust, biological emissions, and construction activities in and around the vicinity of the sampling site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahadar Zeb
- Department of Physics, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Khan Alam
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Thomas Blaschke
- Department of Geoinformatics Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ifthikhar Ahmad
- Department of Physics, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Imran Shahid
- Institute of Space Technology (IST), Islamabad, Pakistan
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