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Zhu S, Chen W, Masson A, Li YP. Cell signaling and transcriptional regulation of osteoblast lineage commitment, differentiation, bone formation, and homeostasis. Cell Discov 2024; 10:71. [PMID: 38956429 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The initiation of osteogenesis primarily occurs as mesenchymal stem cells undergo differentiation into osteoblasts. This differentiation process plays a crucial role in bone formation and homeostasis and is regulated by two intricate processes: cell signal transduction and transcriptional gene expression. Various essential cell signaling pathways, including Wnt, BMP, TGF-β, Hedgehog, PTH, FGF, Ephrin, Notch, Hippo, and Piezo1/2, play a critical role in facilitating osteoblast differentiation, bone formation, and bone homeostasis. Key transcriptional factors in this differentiation process include Runx2, Cbfβ, Runx1, Osterix, ATF4, SATB2, and TAZ/YAP. Furthermore, a diverse array of epigenetic factors also plays critical roles in osteoblast differentiation, bone formation, and homeostasis at the transcriptional level. This review provides an overview of the latest developments and current comprehension concerning the pathways of cell signaling, regulation of hormones, and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the commitment and differentiation of osteoblast lineage, as well as in bone formation and maintenance of homeostasis. The paper also reviews epigenetic regulation of osteoblast differentiation via mechanisms, such as histone and DNA modifications. Additionally, we summarize the latest developments in osteoblast biology spurred by recent advancements in various modern technologies and bioinformatics. By synthesizing these insights into a comprehensive understanding of osteoblast differentiation, this review provides further clarification of the mechanisms underlying osteoblast lineage commitment, differentiation, and bone formation, and highlights potential new therapeutic applications for the treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhu
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Alasdair Masson
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Cassuto J, Folestad A, Göthlin J, Malchau H, Kärrholm J. The importance of BMPs and TGF-βs for endochondral bone repair - A longitudinal study in hip arthroplasty patients. Bone Rep 2023; 19:101723. [PMID: 38047271 PMCID: PMC10690547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osseointegration of hip implants, although a decade-long process, shows striking similarities with the four major phases of endochondral bone repair. In the current study we investigated the spatiotemporal involvement of bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and transforming growth factor betas (TGF-βs) throughout the process of bone repair leading to successfully osseointegrated hip implants. Materials and methods Twenty-four patients that had undergone primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) due to one-sided osteoarthritis (OA) were investigated during a period of 18 years (Y) with repeated measurements of plasma biomarkers as well as clinical and radiological variables. All implants were clinically and radiographically well anchored throughout the follow-up. Eighty-one healthy donors divided in three gender- and age-matched groups and twenty OA patients awaiting THA, served as controls. Plasma was analyzed for BMP-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7 -9 and TGF-β1, -β2, -β3 by use of a high-sensitivity and wide dynamic range electrochemiluminescence technique allowing for detection of minor changes. Results Spatiotemporal changes during the follow-up are presented in the context of the four phases of endochondral bone repair shown in earlier studies and transposed to the current study based on similarities in biomarker responses. Phase 1: Primary proinflammatory phase lasting from surgery until day 7, Phase 2: Chondrogenic phase from day 7 until 18 months postsurgery, Phase 3: Secondary proinflammatory and cartilage remodeling phase lasting from 18 months until 7Y, Phase 4: coupled bone remodeling from 7Y until 18Y postsurgery. BMP-1 increased sharply shortly after surgery and remained significantly above healthy during the chondrocyte recruitment, proliferation, and hypertrophy phases with a subsequent return to control level at 5Y postsurgery. BMP-2 was above healthy controls before surgery and 1 day after surgery before decreasing to control level and remaining there throughout the follow-up. BMP-3 was at control level from presurgery until 6M after surgery when it increased to a peak at 2Y during the cartilage hypertrophy phase followed by a gradual decrease to control level at 10Y during the phase of bone formation. In the following, BMP-3 decreased below controls to a nadir 15Y postsurgery during coupled bone remodeling. BMP-4 was at control level from presurgery until 10Y postsurgery when it increased to a sharp peak at 15Y after surgery followed by a return to the level of healthy at 18Y. BMP-6 did not differ from healthy during the follow-up. BMP-7 was at control level from presurgery until 1Y postsurgery before gradually increasing to a peak at 10Y during the early phase of osteogenesis with a gradual return to control level at 18Y during the phase of coupled bone remodeling. BMP-9 was above OA before surgery followed by a decrease to basal level on day 1 after surgery and a renewed increase to a plateau above controls lasting from 6 W until returning to the level of healthy at 18Y postsurgery, i.e., throughout the phases of cartilage formation, cartilage hypertrophy and remodeling, bone formation and coupled bone remodeling. TGF-β1 was above controls presurgery before decreasing to baseline shortly after surgery followed by a renewed increase at 6 M to a peak at 2Y during cartilage hypertrophy/remodeling followed by a gradual return to baseline at 10Y during early osteoblastogenesis. TGF-β2 was at control level from presurgery until the phase of cartilage remodeling at 5Y when it increased sharply to a peak at 7Y with a gradual return to baseline at 18Y postsurgery. TGF-β3 remained at control level throughout the study. Conclusion This study shows that the involvement of BMPs and TGF-βs in endochondral bone repair is a process of stepwise recruitment of individual biomarkers characterized by distinct, yet overlaping, spatiotemporal patterns that extend from the early phase of pre-chondrocyte recruitment until the late phase of coupled bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cassuto
- Orthopedic Research Unit & Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Institution of Clinical Sciences, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Agnetha Folestad
- Department of Orthopedics, CapioLundby Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jan Göthlin
- Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Institution of Clinical Sciences, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Malchau
- Orthopedic Research Unit & Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Johan Kärrholm
- Orthopedic Research Unit & Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Institution of Clinical Sciences, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Riaz Z, Hussain M, Parveen S, Sultana M, Saeed S, Ishaque U, Faiz Z, Tayyab M. In Silico Analysis: Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Evolutionary Adaptations of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Gene Family in Homo sapiens. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00944-3. [PMID: 37914865 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
We systematically analyzed BMP gene family in H. sapiens to elucidate genetic structure, phylogenetic relationships, adaptive evolution and tissue-specific expression pattern. Total of 13 BMPs genes were identified in the H. sapiens genome. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are composed of a variable number of exons ranging from 2 to 21. They exhibit a molecular weight ranging from 31,081.81 to 82,899.61 Da. These proteins possess hydrophilic characteristics, display thermostability, and exhibit a pH range from acidic to basic. We identified four segmental and two tandem duplication events in BMP gene family of H. sapiens. All of the vertebrate species that were studied show the presence of BMPs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8A, and 15, however only Homo sapiens demonstrated the presence of BMP9 and BMP11. The pathway and process enrichment analysis of BMPs genes showed that these were considerably enriched in positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation (92%) and cartilage development (77%) biological processes. These genes exhibited positive selection signals that were shown to be conserved across vertebrate lineages. The results showed that BMP2/3/5/6/8a/15 proteins underwent adaptive selection at many amino acid locations and increased positive selection was detected in TGF-β propeptide and TGF-β super family domains which were involved in dorso-ventral patterning, limb bud development. More over the expression pattern of BMP genes revealed that BMP1 and BMP5; BMP4 and BMP6 exhibited substantially identical expression patterns in all tissues while BMP10, BMP15, and BMP3 showed tissue-specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Riaz
- Department of Zoology, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hussain
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shakeela Parveen
- Department of Zoology, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan.
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Mehwish Sultana
- Department of Zoology, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Saba Saeed
- Department of Zoology, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
- Institue of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Urwah Ishaque
- Department of Zoology, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Zunaira Faiz
- Department of Zoology, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
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Moore ER, Maridas DE, Gamer L, Chen G, Burton K, Rosen V. A periosteum-derived cell line to study the role of BMP/TGFβ signaling in periosteal cell behavior and function. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1221152. [PMID: 37799511 PMCID: PMC10547901 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1221152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The periosteum is a thin tissue surrounding each skeletal element that contains stem and progenitor cells involved in bone development, postnatal appositional bone growth, load-induced bone formation, and fracture repair. BMP and TGFβ signaling are important for periosteal activity and periosteal cell behavior, but thorough examination of the influence of these pathways on specific cell populations resident in the periosteum is lacking due to limitations associated with primary periosteal cell isolations and in vitro experiments. Here we describe the generation of a novel periosteum-derived clonal cell (PDC) line from postnatal day 14 mice and use it to examine periosteal cell behavior in vitro. PDCs exhibit key characteristics of periosteal cells observed during skeletal development, maintenance, and bone repair. Specifically, PDCs express established periosteal markers, can be expanded in culture, demonstrate the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes, and exhibit an osteogenic response to physical stimulation. PDCs also engage in BMP and/or TGFβ signaling when treated with the activating ligands BMP2 and TGFβ-1, and in response to mechanical stimulation via fluid shear. We believe that this PDC line will be useful for large-scale, long-term experiments that were not feasible when using primary periosteal cells. Anticipated future uses include advancing our understanding of the signaling interactions that occur during appositional bone growth and fracture repair and developing drug screening platforms to discover novel growth and fracture healing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Moore
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Niu Z, Xue H, Jiang Z, Chai L, Wang H. Effects of temperature on metamorphosis and endochondral ossification in Rana chensinensis tadpoles. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 45:101057. [PMID: 36657230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the important factors affecting the growth, development, and metamorphosis of amphibians. Endochondral ossification during metamorphosis plays a crucial role in amphibian survival and adaptation on land. In this study, we explored the effects of different temperature treatments on the growth, development, and endochondral ossification of Rana chensinensis tadpoles during metamorphosis. The results showed that high temperature exposure may affect the skeletal development of tadpoles during metamorphosis, such as reduction of bone length and ossification of limbs, thyroid gland damage and change of ossification-related genes expression levels,and ultimately affect the movement and survival of tadpoles in the terrestrial environment. These results provide an experimental reference for further research on the effects of temperature on amphibian growth and development and provide an important theoretical basis for the decline of the amphibian population caused by temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Niu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - HaoYu Xue
- School of Philosophy and Government, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jiang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Long Noncoding RNA Zinc Finger Antisense 1 Affects Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head by Performing as a ceRNA for MicroRNA-124-3p and Accelerating Transforming Growth Factor Type III Receptor. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4487864. [PMID: 35898479 PMCID: PMC9313949 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4487864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, plentiful studies have uncovered the long noncoding RNA's (lncRNA's) momentous functions in osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), but the specific mechanism has not been fully illustrated. The study was to figure out lncRNA Zinc finger antisense 1 (LncZFAS1)'s biological function and its latent downstream molecular mechanism in glucocorticoid- (GC-) induced ONFH. The results manifested LncZFAS1 and transforming growth factor type III receptor (TGFBR3) were elevated, while microRNA- (miR-) 124-3p was reduced in ONFH tissues and cells. Knockdown LncZFA1 reduced rat femoral cell apoptosis, perfected bone microstructure and bone density, and accelerated osteogenic proteins bone morphogenetic protein- (BMP-) 9, BMP-3, and osteocalcin. In vitro studies manifested knockdown LncZFAS1 prevented GC-induced reduction in osteoblast advancement with facilitating osteoblast calcification capacity, ALP activity, and osteogenic proteins. Elevation of LncZFAS1 further aggravated GC-induced osteoblast injury, but this effect was turned around by enhancement of miR-124-3p or knockdown of TGFBR3. Mechanistically, LncZFAS1 performed as a sponge for miR-124-3p to mediate TGFBR3 expression to motivate GC-induced ONFH. All in all, the results of this study indicate the LncZFAS1/miR-124-3p/TGFBR3 axis is supposed to be a latent therapeutic molecular target for GC-induced ONFH.
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Venkatesan JK, Schmitt G, Speicher-Mentges S, Orth P, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Effects of rAAV-mediated overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP-3) on the chondrogenic fate of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:950-958. [PMID: 35722904 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation of genetically modified chondrogenically competent human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) is an attractive strategy to improve cartilage repair. The goal of this study was to examine the potential benefits of transferring a sequence coding for the bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP-3) that modulates bone and cartilage formation, using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors on the chondroreparative activities of hMSCs. Undifferentiated and chondrogenically induced primary human MSCs were treated with an rAAV-hBMP-3 construct to evaluate its effects on the proliferative, metabolic, and chondrogenic activities of the cells compared with control (reporter rAAV-lacZ vector) condition. Effective BMP-3 expression was noted both in undifferentiated and chondrogenically differentiated cells in the presence of rAAV-hBMP-3 relative to rAAV-lacZ, stimulating cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (proteoglycans, type-II collagen) deposition together with higher levels of chondrogenic SOX9 expression. rAAV-hBMP-3 also advantageously decreased terminal differentiation, hypertrophy, and osteogenesis (type-I/-X collagen and alkaline phosphatase expression), with reduced levels of osteoblast-related RUNX-2 transcription factor and β-catenin (osteodifferentiation mediator) and enhanced PTHrP expression (inhibitor of hypertrophic maturation, calcification, and bone formation). This study shows the advantage of modifying hMSCs with rAAV-hBMP-3 to trigger adapted chondroreparative activities as a source of improved cells for transplantation protocols in cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Kumar Venkatesan
- Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, 39072, Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Homburg, Saarland, Germany;
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, 39072, Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Homburg, Saarland, Germany;
| | - Susanne Speicher-Mentges
- Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, 39072, Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Homburg, Saarland, Germany;
| | - Patrick Orth
- Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, 39072, Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Homburg, Saarland, Germany;
| | - Henning Madry
- Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, 39072, Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Homburg, Saarland, Germany;
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, 39072, Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Homburg, Germany, 66421;
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Vesela B, Killinger M, Rihova K, Benes P, Svandová E, Kratochvilová A, Trcka F, Kleparnik K, Matalova E. Caspase-8 Deficient Osteoblastic Cells Display Alterations in Non-Apoptotic Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:794407. [PMID: 35372363 PMCID: PMC8964645 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.794407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-8 is the key component of the receptor-mediated (extrinsic) apoptotic pathway. Immunological localization of active caspase-8 showed its presence in osteoblasts, including non-apoptotic ones. Further in vivo exploration of caspase-8 functions in the bone is hindered by the fact that the caspase-8 knock-out is lethal prenatally. Examinations were thus performed using individual cell populations in vitro. In this study, caspase-8 was eliminated by the CRISPR/cas9 technology in MC3T3-E1 cells, the most common in vitro model of osteoblastic populations. The aim of the work was to specify the consequences of caspase-8 deficiency on non-apoptotic pathways. The impact on the osteogenic gene expression of the osteoblastic cells along with alterations in proliferation, caspase cascades and rapamycin induced autophagy response were evaluated. Osteogenic differentiation of caspase-8 deficient cells was inhibited as these cells displayed a decreased level of mineralization and lower activity of alkaline phosphatase. Among affected osteogenic genes, based on the PCR Array, major changes were observed for Ctsk, as down-regulated, and Gdf10, as up-regulated. Other significantly down-regulated genes included those coding osteocalcin, bone morphogenetic proteins (-3, -4 and -7), collagens (-1a1, -14a1) or Phex. The formation of autophagosomes was not altered in rapamycin-treated caspase-8 deficient cells, but expression of some autophagy-related genes, including Tnfsf10, Cxcr4, Dapk1 and Igf1, was significantly downregulated. These data provide new insight into the effects of caspase-8 on non-apoptotic osteogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Vesela
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Barbora Vesela,
| | - Michael Killinger
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kamila Rihova
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Benes
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Eva Svandová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Adela Kratochvilová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Filip Trcka
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Karel Kleparnik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Eva Matalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
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Gorbacheva A, Eremkina A, Goliusova D, Krupinova J, Mokrysheva N. The role of menin in bone pathology. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:EC-21-0494.R2. [PMID: 35148273 PMCID: PMC8942318 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is the most common cause of hereditary primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Bone disorders are considered one of the key symptoms in PHPT present with the significant reduction in bone mineral density and low-energy fractures. Previously, these bone disorders were believed to be caused solely by the increase in the level of parathyroid hormone and its subsequent effect on bone resorption. The current paradigm, however, states that the mutations in the menin gene, which cause the development of MEN1, can also affect the metabolism of the cells of the osteoid lineage. This review analyzes both the proven and the potential intracellular mechanisms through which menin can affect bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorbacheva
- Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Gorbacheva:
| | - Anna Eremkina
- Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha regulates myogenesis to inhibit differentiation and promote proliferation in satellite cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 580:35-40. [PMID: 34619550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
TNF-α and NF-κB signaling is involved in the wasting of skeletal muscle in various conditions, in addition to cancer cachexia. TNF-α and NF-κB signaling promotes the expression level of muscle RING finger protein 1, a ubiquitin ligase, causing muscle degradation. Several studies have indicated that of TNF-α and NF-κB signaling suppresses muscle differentiation by reducing the levels of MyoD protein. On the other hand, TNF-α and NF-κB is required for myoblast proliferation. Thus, the role of TNF-α and NF-κB signaling in the process of myogenesis and regeneration of skeletal muscle is not completely elucidated. Here, we reported that TNF-α reduced the width of single fibers of skeletal muscle in an organ culture model. TNF-α and p65 repressed the transactivation of MyoD and suppressed myoblast differentiation. In addition, TNF-α increased the number of satellite cells, and NF-κB signaling was promoted at the proliferation stage during skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo. TNF-α and NF-κB signaling regulate myogenesis to inhibit differentiation and promote proliferation in satellite cells.
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Zeng HB, Dong LQ, Huang YL, Xu C, Zhao XH, Wu LG. USF2 reduces BMP3 expression via transcriptional activation of miR-34a, thus promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:997-1008. [PMID: 34350522 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-021-01254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis is the most susceptible disease for people over 60. The main cause of osteoporosis is the decreased osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Here we showed that upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2)/microRNA-34a (miR-34a)/bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP3) axis regulated osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS USF2 and miR-34a expression were examined using qPCR. Protein levels of BMP3 and osteogenic markers expression were evaluated using both western blot and qPCR. Activity of ALP was determined by ALP assay kit. Mineralization capacity of hBMSCs was assessed using ARS. Besides, CHIP assay was employed to verify whether USF2 could bind to miR-34a promoter. Finally, RIP assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay were employed to verify whether miR-34a directly bound to BMP3. RESULTS Our results suggested that miR-34a was upregulated during osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and miR-34a overexpression could enhance osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. USF2 could positively regulate miR-34a expression by interacting with its promoter. USF2 overexpression enhanced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, while miR-34a inhibition reversed the effect. Besides, BMP3 was the target of miR-34a. MiR-34a overexpression enhanced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which was abolished by BMP3 overexpression. CONCLUSION Taken together, USF2 enhanced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via downregulating BMP3 by interacting with miR-34a promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Bing Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.318, Chaowang Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310005, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Qiang Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.318, Chaowang Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310005, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Liang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.318, Chaowang Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310005, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.318, Chaowang Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310005, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xu-Hui Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.318, Chaowang Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310005, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lian-Guo Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.318, Chaowang Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310005, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Anghel SA, Ioniță-Mîndrican CB, Luca I, Pop AL. Promising Epigenetic Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4965. [PMID: 34638449 PMCID: PMC8508438 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In CRC, screening compliance is decreased due to the experienced discomfort associated with colonoscopy, although this method is the gold standard in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Promoter DNA methylation (hypomethylation or hypermethylation) has been linked to all CRC stages. Study objectives: to systematically review the current knowledge on approved biomarkers, reveal new potential ones, and inspect tactics that can improve performance. This research was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines; the risk of bias was evaluated using the revised Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies criteria (QUADAS-2). The Web of Science® Core Collection, MEDLINE® and Scopus® databases were searched for original articles published in peer-reviewed journals with the specific keywords "colorectal cancer", "early detection", "early-stage colorectal cancer", "epigenetics", "biomarkers", "DNA methylation biomarkers", "stool or blood or tissue or biopsy", "NDRG4", "BMP3", "SEPT9", and "SDC2". Based on eligibility criteria, 74 articles were accepted for analysis. mSDC2 and mSEPT9 were frequently assessed in studies, alone or together as part of the ColoDefense panel test-the latter with the greatest performance. mBMP3 may not be an appropriate marker for detecting CRC. A panel of five methylated binding sites of the CTCF gene holds the promise for early-stage specific detection of CRC. CRC screening compliance and accuracy can be enhanced by employing a stool mt-DNA methylation test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorina Andreea Anghel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Food Safety, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Splaiul Independentei 296, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina-Bianca Ioniță-Mîndrican
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Food Safety, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Luca
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Food Safety, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Lucia Pop
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Food Safety, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Divya D, Bhattacharya TK. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their role in poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1959274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Divya
- Molecular Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - T. K. Bhattacharya
- Molecular Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, India
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14
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Patil KC, Soekmadji C. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Bone Remodeling and Bone Metastasis: Implications in Prostate Cancer. Subcell Biochem 2021; 97:297-361. [PMID: 33779922 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the tendency of certain primary tumors to spawn and dictate secondary neoplasia in the bone. The process of bone metastasis is regulated by the dynamic crosstalk between metastatic cancer cells, cellular components of the bone marrow microenvironment (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes), and the bone matrix. The feed-forward loop mechanisms governs the co-option of homeostatic bone remodeling by cancer cells in bone. Recent developments have highlighted the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their diverse roles in distant outgrowths. Several studies have implicated EV-mediated interactions between cancer cells and the bone microenvironment in synergistically promoting pathological skeletal metabolism in the metastatic site. Nevertheless, the potential role that EVs serve in arbitrating intricate sequences of coordinated events within the bone microenvironment remains an emerging field. In this chapter, we review the role of cellular participants and molecular mechanisms in regulating normal bone physiology and explore the progress of current research into bone-derived EVs in directly triggering and coordinating the processes of physiological bone remodeling. In view of the emerging role of EVs in interorgan crosstalk, this review also highlights the multiple systemic pathophysiological processes orchestrated by the EVs to direct organotropism in bone in prostate cancer. Given the deleterious consequences of bone metastasis and its clinical importance, in-depth knowledge of the multifarious role of EVs in distant organ metastasis is expected to open new possibilities for prognostic evaluation and therapeutic intervention for advanced bone metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani C Patil
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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15
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Liu D, He S, Chen S, Yang L, Yang J, Bao Q, Qin H, Zhao Y, Zong Z. Wnt/β-catenin signalling promotes more effective fracture healing in aged mice than in adult mice by inducing angiogenesis and cell differentiation. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211013223. [PMID: 33950750 PMCID: PMC10358591 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211013223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether activating the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway differentially promotes fracture healing in aged and adult individuals. CatnbTM2Kem, Catnblox(ex3) and wild-type adult and aged mice were used in this study. The femur was electroporated through a hole with a diameter of 0.6 mm. On the 7th, 14th and 21st days after fracture establishment, repair of the femoral diaphyseal bone was examined using X-ray and CT, the levels of mRNAs related to Wnt/β-catenin signalling were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and angiogenesis and cell differentiation were observed using immunohistochemistry. The numbers of osteoclasts were determined by TRAP staining. Wnt/β-catenin activation accelerated fracture healing in adult mice, with more pronounced effects on aged mice. Compared with wild-type mice at the corresponding ages, Wnt/β-catenin signalling activation induced higher levels of angiogenesis and cell differentiation in aged mice than in adult mice and promoted fracture healing. The administration of medications targeting Wnt/β-catenin signalling to aged patients may accelerate fracture healing to a greater extent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sihao He
- Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sixu Chen
- Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | - Hao Qin
- Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Bertrand AA, Malapati SH, Yamaguchi DT, Lee JC. The Intersection of Mechanotransduction and Regenerative Osteogenic Materials. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000709. [PMID: 32940024 PMCID: PMC7864218 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical signals play a central role in cell fate determination and differentiation in both physiologic and pathologic circumstances. Such signals may be delivered using materials to generate discrete microenvironments for the purposes of tissue regeneration and have garnered increasing attention in recent years. Unlike the addition of progenitor cells or growth factors, delivery of a microenvironment is particularly attractive in that it may reduce the known untoward consequences of the former two strategies, such as excessive proliferation and potential malignant transformation. Additionally, the ability to spatially modulate the fabrication of materials allows for the creation of multiple microenvironments, particularly attractive for regenerating complex tissues. While many regenerative materials have been developed and tested for augmentation of specific cellular responses, the intersection between cell biology and material interactions have been difficult to dissect due to the complexity of both physical and chemical interactions. Specifically, modulating materials to target individual signaling pathways is an avenue of interdisciplinary research that may lead to a more effective method of optimizing regenerative materials. In this work, the aim is to summarize the major mechanotransduction pathways for osteogenic differentiation and to consolidate the known materials and material properties that activate such pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Bertrand
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sri Harshini Malapati
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dean T. Yamaguchi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Research Service, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justine C. Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Research Service, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, California
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17
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The Administration of 4-Hexylresorcinol Accelerates Orthodontic Tooth Movement and Increases the Expression Level of Bone Turnover Markers in Ovariectomized Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041526. [PMID: 32102282 PMCID: PMC7073238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical methods for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement are limited by possible damage to the tooth root and patient discomfort. 4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) has been shown to increase bone remodeling and may potentially facilitate tooth movement. This study investigated the (1) effect of 4HR administration on osteoblast-like cells and (2) effect of 4HR administration on tooth movement in ovariectomized rats. Saos-2 cells were treated with either 4HR or solvent (control). Protein expression levels were investigated 2, 8, and 24 h after treatment. Thirty ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two experimental groups (A and B) and one control group. After installation of an orthodontic tooth movement device, groups A and B received subcutaneous weekly injections of 4HR (1.28 and 128 mg/kg). Micro-computerized tomography and histological analyses were performed after 2 weeks of tooth movement. The application of 4HR elevated expression of osteogenic markers in Saos-2 cells. Movement of the first molars was significantly greater in rats administered 4HR. Furthermore, the expression of bone morphogenic protein-2, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, osteocalcin, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were increased after 4HR administration. 4HR application demonstrated increased expression of osteogenic markers in Saos-2 cells and accelerated orthodontic tooth movement in rats.
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Qiu C, Yu F, Su K, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Xu C, Hu W, Wang Z, Zhao L, Tian Q, Wang Y, Deng H, Shen H. Multi-omics Data Integration for Identifying Osteoporosis Biomarkers and Their Biological Interaction and Causal Mechanisms. iScience 2020; 23:100847. [PMID: 32058959 PMCID: PMC6997862 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD). The advancement of high-throughput technologies and integrative approaches provided an opportunity for deciphering the mechanisms underlying osteoporosis. Here, we generated genomic, transcriptomic, methylomic, and metabolomic datasets from 119 subjects with high (n = 61) and low (n = 58) BMDs. By adopting sparse multiple discriminative canonical correlation analysis, we identified an optimal multi-omics biomarker panel with 74 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 75 differentially methylated CpG sites (DMCs), and 23 differential metabolic products (DMPs). By linking genetic data, we identified 199 targeted BMD-associated expression/methylation/metabolite quantitative trait loci (eQTLs/meQTLs/metaQTLs). The reconstructed networks/pathways showed extensive biomarker interactions, and a substantial proportion of these biomarkers were enriched in RANK/RANKL, MAPK/TGF-β, and WNT/β-catenin pathways and G-protein-coupled receptor, GTP-binding/GTPase, telomere/mitochondrial activities that are essential for bone metabolism. Five biomarkers (FADS2, ADRA2A, FMN1, RABL2A, SPRY1) revealed causal effects on BMD variation. Our study provided an innovative framework and insights into the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Qiu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112, LA, USA
| | - Fangtang Yu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112, LA, USA
| | - Kuanjui Su
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112, LA, USA
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis 38163, TN, USA
| | - Lan Zhang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112, LA, USA
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73104, OK, USA
| | - Wenxing Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans 70118, LA, USA
| | - Zun Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112, LA, USA; Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lanjuan Zhao
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112, LA, USA
| | - Qing Tian
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112, LA, USA
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans 70118, LA, USA
| | - Hongwen Deng
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112, LA, USA; School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112, LA, USA.
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19
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Shupp AB, Kolb AD, Mukhopadhyay D, Bussard KM. Cancer Metastases to Bone: Concepts, Mechanisms, and Interactions with Bone Osteoblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E182. [PMID: 29867053 PMCID: PMC6025347 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is a unique structure capable of providing support for the body. Bone resorption and deposition are controlled in a tightly regulated balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts with no net bone gain or loss. However, under conditions of disease, the balance between bone resorption and deposition is upset. Osteoblasts play an important role in bone homeostasis by depositing new bone osteoid into resorption pits. It is becoming increasingly evident that osteoblasts additionally play key roles in cancer cell dissemination to bone and subsequent metastasis. Our laboratory has evidence that when osteoblasts come into contact with disseminated breast cancer cells, the osteoblasts produce factors that initially reduce breast cancer cell proliferation, yet promote cancer cell survival in bone. Other laboratories have demonstrated that osteoblasts both directly and indirectly contribute to dormant cancer cell reactivation in bone. Moreover, we have demonstrated that osteoblasts undergo an inflammatory stress response in late stages of breast cancer, and produce inflammatory cytokines that are maintenance and survival factors for breast cancer cells and osteoclasts. Advances in understanding interactions between osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone metastatic cancer cells will aid in controlling and ultimately preventing cancer cell metastasis to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Shupp
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Alexus D Kolb
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Dimpi Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Karen M Bussard
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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