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Castañeda-Tamez P, Chiquete-Félix N, Uribe-Carvajal S, Cabrera-Orefice A. The mitochondrial respiratory chain from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, an extremophile yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2024; 1865:149035. [PMID: 38360260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa survives extreme conditions through several mechanisms, among them its carotenoid production and its branched mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC). Here, the branched RC composition was analyzed by biochemical and complexome profiling approaches. Expression of the different RC components varied depending on the growth phase and the carbon source present in the medium. R. mucilaginosa RC is constituted by all four orthodox respiratory complexes (CI to CIV) plus several alternative oxidoreductases, in particular two type-II NADH dehydrogenases (NDH2) and one alternative oxidase (AOX). Unlike others, in this yeast the activities of the orthodox and alternative respiratory complexes decreased in the stationary phase. We propose that the branched RC adaptability is an important factor for survival in extreme environmental conditions; thus, contributing to the exceptional resilience of R. mucilaginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Castañeda-Tamez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Natalia Chiquete-Félix
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Salvador Uribe-Carvajal
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Niehoff PJ, Müller W, Pastoors J, Miebach K, Ernst P, Hemmerich J, Noack S, Wierckx N, Büchs J. Development of an itaconic acid production process with Ustilaginaceae on alternative feedstocks. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:34. [PMID: 37661280 PMCID: PMC10476437 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, Aspergillus terreus is used for the industrial production of itaconic acid. Although, alternative feedstock use in fermentations is crucial for cost-efficient and sustainable itaconic acid production, their utilisation with A. terreus most often requires expensive pretreatment. Ustilaginacea are robust alternatives for itaconic acid production, evading the challenges, including the pretreatment of crude feedstocks regarding reduction of manganese concentration, that A. terreus poses. RESULTS In this study, five different Ustilago strains were screened for their growth and production of itaconic acid on defined media. The most promising strains were then used to find a suitable alternative feedstock, based on the local food industry. U. cynodontis ITA Max pH, a highly engineered production strain, was selected to determine the biologically available nitrogen concentration in thick juice and molasses. Based on these findings, thick juice was chosen as feedstock to ensure the necessary nitrogen limitation for itaconic acid production. U. cynodontis ITA Max pH was further characterised regarding osmotolerance and product inhibition and a successful scale-up to a 2 L stirred tank reactor was accomplished. A titer of 106.4 gitaconic acid/L with a theoretical yield of 0.50 gitaconic acid/gsucrose and a space-time yield of 0.72 gitaconic acid/L/h was reached. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the utilisation of alternative feedstocks to produce ITA with Ustilaginaceae, without drawbacks in either titer or yield, compared to glucose fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Joachim Niehoff
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Waldemar Müller
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Pastoors
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Miebach
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ernst
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Hemmerich
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Noack
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nick Wierckx
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Esparza-Perusquía M, Langner T, García-Cruz G, Feldbrügge M, Zavala G, Pardo JP, Martínez F, Flores-Herrera O. Deletion of the ATP20 gene in Ustilago maydis produces an unstable dimer of F 1F O-ATP synthase associated with a decrease in mitochondrial ATP synthesis and a high H 2O 2 production. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148950. [PMID: 36509127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The F1FO-ATP synthase uses the energy stored in the electrochemical proton gradient to synthesize ATP. This complex is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane as a monomer and dimer. The dimer shows higher ATPase activity than the monomer and is essential for cristae folding. The monomer-monomer interface is constituted by subunits a, i/j, e, g, and k. The role of the subunit g in a strict respiratory organism is unknown. A gene knockout was generated in Ustilago maydis to study the role of subunit g on mitochondrial metabolism and cristae architecture. Deletion of the ATP20 gene, encoding the g subunit, did not affect cell growth or glucose consumption, but biomass production was lower in the mutant strain (gΔ strain). Ultrastructure observations showed that mitochondrial size and cristae shape were similar in wild-type and gΔ strains. The mitochondrial membrane potential in both strains had a similar magnitude, but oxygen consumption was higher in the WT strain. ATP synthesis was 20 % lower in the gΔ strain. Additionally, the mutant strain expressed the alternative oxidase in the early stages of growth (exponential phase), probably as a response to ROS stress. Dimer from mutant strain was unstable to digitonin solubilization, avoiding its isolation and kinetic characterization. The isolated monomeric state activated by n-dodecyl-β-D-maltopyranoside showed similar kinetic constants to the monomer from the WT strain. A decrease in mitochondrial ATP synthesis and the presence of the AOX during the exponential growth phase suggests that deletion of the g gene induces ROS stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Esparza-Perusquía
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-159, Coyoacán, 04510 México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Thorsten Langner
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni García-Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-159, Coyoacán, 04510 México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Guadalupe Zavala
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001 Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Pardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-159, Coyoacán, 04510 México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Federico Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-159, Coyoacán, 04510 México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Oscar Flores-Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-159, Coyoacán, 04510 México, D. F., Mexico.
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Romero-Aguilar L, Vázquez-Meza H, Guerra-Sánchez G, Luqueño-Bocardo OI, Pardo JP. The Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase in Ustilago maydis Is Not Involved in Response to Oxidative Stress Induced by Paraquat. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1221. [PMID: 36422042 PMCID: PMC9693204 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that the alternative oxidase in mitochondria of fungi and plants has important functions in the response against stress conditions, although their role in some organisms is still unknown. This is the case of Ustilago maydis. There is no evidence of the participation of the U. maydis Aox1 in stressful conditions such as desiccation, high or low temperature, and low pH, among others. Therefore, in this work, we studied the role of the U. maydis Aox1 in cells exposed to oxidative stress induced by methyl viologen (paraquat). To gain insights into the role of this enzyme, we took advantage of four strains: the FB2 wild-type, a strain without the alternative oxidase (FB2aox1Δ), other with the Aox1 fused to the Gfp under the control of the original promoter (FB2aox1-Gfp), and one expressing constitutively de Aox1-Gfp (FB2Potef:aox1-Gfp). Cells were incubated for various times in the presence of 1 mM paraquat and growth, replicative capacities, mitochondrial respiratory activity, Aox1 capacity, and the activities of several antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase) were assayed. The results show that (1) the response of U. maydis against oxidative stress was the same in the presence or absence of the Aox1; (2) the activities of the antioxidant enzymes remained constant despite the oxidative stress; and (3) there was a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio in U. maydis cells incubated with paraquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Romero-Aguilar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Héctor Vázquez-Meza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Guerra-Sánchez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología, Plan de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Oscar Ivan Luqueño-Bocardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Pardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico
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Liao H, Wen X, Deng X, Wu Y, Xu J, Li X, Zhou S, Li X, Zhu C, Luo F, Ma Y, Zheng J. Integrated proteomic and metabolomic analyses reveal significant changes in chloroplasts and mitochondria of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) during Sclerotium rolfsii infection. J Microbiol 2022; 60:511-525. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lucero RA, Mercedes EP, Thorsten L, Giovanni GC, Michael F, Guadalupe Z, Pablo PJ, Federico M, Oscar FH. Deletion of the natural inhibitory protein Inh1 in Ustilago maydis has no effect on the dimeric state of the F 1F O-ATP synthase but increases the ATPase activity and reduces the stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148429. [PMID: 33862003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Transduction of electrochemical proton gradient into ATP synthesis is performed by F1FO-ATP synthase. The reverse reaction is prevented by the regulatory subunit Inh1. Knockout of the inh1 gene in the basidiomycete Ustilago maydis was generated in order to study the function of this protein in the mitochondrial metabolism and cristae architecture. Deletion of inh1 gen did not affect cell growth, glucose consumption, and biomass production. Ultrastructure and fluorescence analyzes showed that size, cristae shape, network, and distribution of mitochondria was similar to wild strain. Membrane potential, ATP synthesis, and oxygen consumption in wild type and mutant strains had similar values. Kinetic analysis of ATPase activity of complex V in permeabilized mitochondria showed similar values of Vmax and KM for both strains, and no effect of pH was observed. Interestingly, the dimeric state of complex V occurs in the mutant strain, indicating that this subunit is not essential for dimerization. ATPase activity of the isolated monomeric and dimeric forms of complex V indicated Vmax values 4-times higher for the mutant strain than for the WT strain, suggesting that the absence of Inh1 subunit increased ATPase activity, and supporting a regulatory role for this protein; however, no effect of pH was observed. ATPase activity of WT oligomers was stimulated several times by dodecyl-maltoside (DDM), probably by removal of ADP from F1 sector, while DDM induced an inactive form of the mutant oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romero-Aguilar Lucero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-159, Coyoacán 04510, México, Mexico
| | - Esparza-Perusquía Mercedes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-159, Coyoacán 04510, México, Mexico
| | - Langner Thorsten
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - García-Cruz Giovanni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-159, Coyoacán 04510, México, Mexico
| | - Feldbrügge Michael
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zavala Guadalupe
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001 Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pardo Juan Pablo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-159, Coyoacán 04510, México, Mexico
| | - Martínez Federico
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-159, Coyoacán 04510, México, Mexico
| | - Flores-Herrera Oscar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-159, Coyoacán 04510, México, Mexico.
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Matuz-Mares D, Flores-Herrera O, Guerra-Sánchez G, Romero-Aguilar L, Vázquez-Meza H, Matus-Ortega G, Martínez F, Pardo JP. Carbon and Nitrogen Sources Have No Impact on the Organization and Composition of Ustilago maydis Respiratory Supercomplexes. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010042. [PMID: 33440829 PMCID: PMC7827470 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory supercomplexes are found in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and some bacteria. A hypothetical role of these supercomplexes is electron channeling, which in principle should increase the respiratory chain efficiency and ATP synthesis. In addition to the four classic respiratory complexes and the ATP synthase, U. maydis mitochondria contain three type II NADH dehydrogenases (NADH for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and the alternative oxidase. Changes in the composition of the respiratory supercomplexes due to energy requirements have been reported in certain organisms. In this study, we addressed the organization of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes in U. maydis under diverse energy conditions. Supercomplexes were obtained by solubilization of U. maydis mitochondria with digitonin and separated by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). The molecular mass of supercomplexes and their probable stoichiometries were 1200 kDa (I1:IV1), 1400 kDa (I1:III2), 1600 kDa (I1:III2:IV1), and 1800 kDa (I1:III2:IV2). Concerning the ATP synthase, approximately half of the protein is present as a dimer and half as a monomer. The distribution of respiratory supercomplexes was the same in all growth conditions. We did not find evidence for the association of complex II and the alternative NADH dehydrogenases with other respiratory complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyamira Matuz-Mares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Copilco, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (D.M.-M.); (O.F.-H.); (L.R.-A.); (H.V.-M.); (G.M.-O.); (F.M.)
| | - Oscar Flores-Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Copilco, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (D.M.-M.); (O.F.-H.); (L.R.-A.); (H.V.-M.); (G.M.-O.); (F.M.)
| | - Guadalupe Guerra-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología de Hongos, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11350, Mexico
- Correspondence: (G.G.-S.); (J.P.P.)
| | - Lucero Romero-Aguilar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Copilco, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (D.M.-M.); (O.F.-H.); (L.R.-A.); (H.V.-M.); (G.M.-O.); (F.M.)
| | - Héctor Vázquez-Meza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Copilco, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (D.M.-M.); (O.F.-H.); (L.R.-A.); (H.V.-M.); (G.M.-O.); (F.M.)
| | - Genaro Matus-Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Copilco, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (D.M.-M.); (O.F.-H.); (L.R.-A.); (H.V.-M.); (G.M.-O.); (F.M.)
| | - Federico Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Copilco, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (D.M.-M.); (O.F.-H.); (L.R.-A.); (H.V.-M.); (G.M.-O.); (F.M.)
| | - Juan Pablo Pardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Copilco, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (D.M.-M.); (O.F.-H.); (L.R.-A.); (H.V.-M.); (G.M.-O.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: (G.G.-S.); (J.P.P.)
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Shao W, Sun J, Zhang X, Chen C. Amino Acid Polymorphism in Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit C Involved in Biological Fitness of Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:580-589. [PMID: 31922928 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0187-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is an important respiratory enzyme which participates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. A previous study of the baseline sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea against SDH inhibitors (SDHIs) showed that intrinsic sensitivity of the small population against the SDHIs exhibited significant differences. In the sequencing assay, we found five kinds of amino acid polymorphism in SDH subunit C (SdhC) of B. cinerea isolates which were never exposed to the SDHIs. To validate that amino acid polymorphism in the SdhC of B. cinerea confers intrinsic sensitivity against the SDHIs, the replacement mutants containing each kind of amino acid polymorphism of SdhC exhibited phenotype differences in intrinsic sensitivity to SDHIs, mycelial growth, sporulation, virulence, oxidative stress response, and carbon source utilization. These results indicated that SdhC of B. cinerea experienced positive selection during evolution and resulted in amino acid polymorphism which is involved in intrinsic sensitivity to SDHIs and biological fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Shao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jingtao Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoke Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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