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Zhang J, Xu Y, Wang C, Tuo X, Zhao X, Qiao W, Tan J. PREB inhibits the replication of prototype foamy virus by affecting its transcription. Virol J 2023; 20:244. [PMID: 37885034 PMCID: PMC10604407 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foamy viruses (FVs) are unique nonpathogenic retroviruses, which remain latent in the host for a long time. Therefore, they may be safe, effective gene transfer vectors. In this study, were assessed FV-host cell interactions and the molecular mechanisms underlying FV latent infection. METHODS We used the prototype FV (PFV) to infect HT1080 cells and a PFV indicator cell line (PFVL) to measure virus titers. After 48 h of infection, the culture supernatant (i.e., cell-free PFV particles) and transfected cells (i.e., cell-associated PFV particles) were harvested and incubated with PFVL. After another 48 h, the luciferase activity was used to measure virus titers. RESULTS Through transcriptomics sequencing, we found that PREB mRNA expression was significantly upregulated. Moreover, PREB overexpression reduced PFV replication, whereas endogenous PREB knockdown increased PFV replication. PREB interacted with the Tas DNA-binding and transcriptional activation domains and interfered with its binding to the PFV long terminal repeat and internal promoter, preventing the recruitment of transcription factors and thereby inhibiting the transactivation function of Tas. PREB C-terminal 329-418 aa played a major role in inhibiting PFV replication; PREB also inhibited bovine FV replication. Therefore, PREB has a broad-spectrum inhibitory effect on FV replication. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that PREB inhibits PFV replication by impeding its transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Centrer, Tianjin Union Medical Center, No.190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121, P. R. China
| | - Yali Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaopeng Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xingli Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Centrer, Tianjin Union Medical Center, No.190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Ma Y, Wei J, Song J, Hu Z, Zhang R, Li Z, Sun Y. The DACH1 Gene Transcriptional Activation and Protein Degradation Mediated by Transactivator Tas of Prototype Foamy Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1899. [PMID: 37766305 PMCID: PMC10534306 DOI: 10.3390/v15091899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses are members of the Retroviridae family's Spumaretrovirinae subfamily. They induce cell vacuolation and exhibit a foamy pathogenic impact after infecting cells. DACH1 (dachshund family transcription factor 1) is a crucial cytokine linked to tumor development, and is associated with the growth of many different malignant tumor cells. Additionally, DACH1 suppresses pancreatic cell proliferation and is involved in diabetes insulin signaling. Prototype foamy viruses (PFVs) were used for the investigation of the regulatory mechanism of FVs on cellular DACH1 expression. The results show that DACH1 expression in PFV-infected cells was inconsistent at both the transcriptional and protein levels. At the transcriptional level, DACH1 was significantly activated by PFV transactivator Tas, and dual-luciferase reporter gene tests, EMSA, and ChIP assays found a Tas response element of 21 nucleotides in the DACH1 promoter. PFV and Tas did not boost the levels of DACH1 protein in a manner consistent with the high levels of DACH1 transcription expression. It was noted that Tas increased the expression of the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PPM1E, causing PPM1E-mediated post-translational SUMOylation alterations of DACH1 to prompt DACH1 to degrade. The reason for DACH1 protein degradation is that DACH1 inhibits PFV replication. To sum up, these findings show that PFV upregulated the transcription of DACH1, while urging its protein into PPM1E-mediated SUMOylation, to eliminate the adverse effect of DACH1 overexpression of host cells on viral replication and promote virus survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Ma
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jie Wei
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- College of Environment and Life Sciences, Weinan Normal University, Weinan 714099, China
| | - Jing Song
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Zhongxiang Hu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Ruifen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
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Li R, Wang Z, Liu C, Qiao W, Tan J. Effects of Chemokine Ligand 2 on Budding of Bovine Foamy Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1867. [PMID: 37766274 PMCID: PMC10536199 DOI: 10.3390/v15091867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is essential for the budding of retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and bovine foamy virus (BFV), which rely on their late domain to recruit ESCRT complexes to facilitate budding. However, the impact of intracellular host proteins on BFV budding remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of CCL2 on BFV budding and interactions with key host proteins. Our results indicate that CCL2 promotes BFV budding in an ALG-2-interacting protein X (Alix)-dependent manner by enhancing the interaction between Alix and BFV Gag (BGag). Notably, we found a link between Alix, BGag and CCL2, with Alix mediating the interaction between the latter two. Furthermore, we observed that natural host bovine CCL2 also has a facilitating role in the budding process of BFV, similar to human CCL2. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CCL2 promotes BFV budding by enhancing the Alix-BGag association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (R.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (W.Q.)
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SGK1, a Serine/Threonine Kinase, Inhibits Prototype Foamy Virus Replication. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0199521. [PMID: 35438526 PMCID: PMC9241813 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01995-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are complex retroviruses belonging to the Spumaretrovirinae subfamily of the Retroviridae family. In contrast to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), another member of the Retroviridae family, FVs are nonpathogenic in their natural hosts or in experimentally infected animals. Prototype foamy virus (PFV) is the only foamy virus that can infect humans through cross-species transmission and does not show any pathogenicity after infection. Consequently, PFV is considered a safe and efficient gene transfer vector. Understanding the host proteins involved in the replication of PFV and the mechanism of interaction between the host and the virus might lead to studies to improve the efficiency of gene transfer. To date, only a few host factors have been identified that affect PFV replication. In the present study, we report that PFV infection enhances the promoter activity of SGK1 (encoding serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1) via the Tas protein signaling pathway, and then upregulates the mRNA and protein levels of SGK1. Overexpression of SGK1 reduced PFV replication, whereas its depletion using small interfering RNA increased PFV replication. SGK1 inhibits PFV replication by impairing the function of the PFV Tas activation domain in a kinase-independent manner and reducing the stability of the Gag protein in a kinase-dependent manner. In addition, both human and bovine SGK1 proteins inhibit the replication of bovine foamy virus (BFV) and PFV. These findings not only improved our understanding of the function of SGK1 and its relationship with foamy viruses, but also contributed to determining the antiviral mechanism of the host. IMPORTANCE Foamy viruses can integrate into the host chromosome and are nonpathogenic in natural hosts or in experimentally infected animals. Therefore, foamy viruses are considered to be safe and efficient gene transfer vectors. Persistent infection of foamy viruses is partly caused by the restrictive effect of host factors on the virus. However, only a few cellular proteins are known to influence the replication of foamy viruses. In this study, we report that SGK1 inhibits the replication of prototype foamy virus by affecting the function of the transcription activator, Tas, and reducing the stability of the structural protein, Gag. These results will increase our understanding of the interaction between the virus and host factors, deepening our perception of host antiviral defenses and the function of SGK1, and could improve the gene transfer efficiency of foamy viruses.
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Jie W, Rui-Fen Z, Zhong-Xiang H, Yan W, Wei-Na L, Yong-Ping M, Jing S, Jing-Yi C, Wan-Hong L, Xiao-Hua H, Zhi L, Yan S. Inhibition of cell proliferation by Tas of foamy viruses through cell cycle arrest or apoptosis underlines the different mechanisms of virus-host interactions. Virulence 2022; 13:342-354. [PMID: 35132916 PMCID: PMC8837258 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2029329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses belong to the Spumaretrovirinae subfamily member of the Retroviridae family and produce nonpathogenic infection to hosts in the natural conditions. However, infections of foamy viruses can dramatically cause severe cytopathic effects in vitro. To date, the exact molecular mechanism has remained unclear which implied the tremendous importance of virus-host cell immune reactions. In this study, we found that the transactivator Tas in two foamy viruses isolated from Old World Monkey (OWM) induced obvious inhibition of cell proliferation via the upregulation of Foxo3a expression. It was mediated by the generation of ROS and the initiation of ER stress, and ultimately, the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was triggered. Notably, PFV Tas contributed to the accumulation of G0/G1 phase cycle arrest induced by the activation of the p53 signaling pathway and the nuclear transportation of HDAC4 via upregulating PPM1E expression. Together, these results demonstrated the different survival strategies by which foamy virus can hijack host cell cytokines and regulate virus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jie
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Rui-Fen
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Hu Zhong-Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Wu Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Liu Wei-Na
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Ma Yong-Ping
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Song Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Chen Jing-Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Liu Wan-Hong
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - He Xiao-Hua
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Sun Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Wei J, Sun Y, Wang TT, Zhu G, Liu WH, He XH, Li Z. The Regulation of Prototype Foamy Virus 5'Long Terminal Repeats and Internal Promoter by Endogenous Transcription Factors. Intervirology 2021; 65:17-28. [PMID: 34438397 DOI: 10.1159/000517539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For foamy virus, the transactivator of spumaretrovirus (Tas) could bind directly to target DNA sequences termed as Tas responsive elements and trigger the viral internal promoter (IP) and long terminal repeat (LTR) promoters. The cellular endogenous factors also play an important role in viral gene expressions. We hypothesized that except the viral transcription factor Tas, the cellular endogenous factors also affect the viral gene expression. METHODS The full length of the prototype foamy virus (PFV) genome (U21247) was used to predict the potential binding sites of the transcription factors by online software JASPAR (http://jaspar.genereg.net) and Softberry (http://linux1.softberry.com/berry.phtml?topic=index&group=programs&subgroup=promoter). The Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System (Promega, USA) was used to confirm the relative luciferase activities of the test groups. The different representative activating agents or inhibitors of each canonical signal pathway were used to identify the impact of these pathways on PFV 5'LTR and IP promoters. RESULTS The results showed different cellular endogenous factors might have respective effects on PFV 5'LTR and IP. It is worth mentioning that activator protein-1 and BCL2-associated athanogene 3, 2 kinds of vital proteins associated with NF-κB and PKC pathways, could activate the basal activity of 5'LTR and IP promoters but inhibit the Tas-regulated activity of both promoters. Furthermore, PFV Tas was identified to trigger the transcription of the NF-κB promoter. CONCLUSION NF-κB had a negative effect on PFV 5'LTR and IP promoter activities, the PKC pathway might upregulate 5'LTR and IP promoter activities, and the JNK and NF-AT signal pathway could increase the Tas-regulated promoter activity of PFV 5'LTR. This study sheds light on the interaction between PFV and the host cell and may help utilize the viral promoters in retroviral vectors designed for gene transfer experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China,
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gui Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wan-Hong Liu
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua He
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Yan J, Zheng Y, Yuan P, Wang S, Han S, Yin J, Peng B, Li Z, Sun Y, He X, Liu W. Novel Host Protein TBC1D16, a GTPase Activating Protein of Rab5C, Inhibits Prototype Foamy Virus Replication. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658660. [PMID: 34367131 PMCID: PMC8339588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prototype foamy virus (PFV) is a member of the oldest family of retroviruses and maintains lifelong latent infection in the host. The lifelong latent infection of PFV may be maintained by the restriction factors of viral replication in the host. However, the mechanisms involved in PFV latent infection are poorly understood. Here, we found that TBC1D16, a TBC domain-containing protein, is significantly down-regulated after PFV infection. Tre2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC) domain-containing proteins function as Rab GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and are participates in the progression of some diseases and many signaling pathways. However, whether TBC proteins are involved in PFV replication has not been determined. Here, we found that TBC1D16 is a novel antiviral protein that targets Rab5C to suppress PFV replication. Overexpression TBC1D16 inhibited the transcription and expression of Tas and Gag, and silencing TBC1D16 enhanced the PFV replication. Moreover, the highly conserved amino acid residues R494 and Q531 in the TBC domain of TBC1D16 were essential for inhibiting PFV replication. We also found that TBC1D16 promoted the production of PFV-induced IFN-β and the transcription of downstream genes. These results suggest that TBC1D16 might be the first identified TBC proteins that inhibited PFV replication and the mechanism by which TBC1D16 inhibited PFV replication could provide new insights for PFV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingcheng Zheng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peipei Yuan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Han
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, China
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