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Rabani J, Mamane H, Pousty D, Bolton JR. Practical Chemical Actinometry-A Review. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:873-902. [PMID: 34124787 DOI: 10.1111/php.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Actinometers are physical or chemical systems that can be employed to determine photon fluxes. Chemical actinometers are photochemical systems with known quantum yields that can be employed to determine accurate photon fluxes for specific photochemical reactions. This review explores in detail several practical chemical actinometers (ferrioxalate, iodide-iodate, uranyl oxalate, nitrate, uridine, hydrogen peroxide and several actinometers for the vacuum ultraviolet). Each actinometer is described with recommended conditions for its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Rabani
- The Accelerator Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadas Mamane
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dana Pousty
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Saenko EV, Feldman VI. Radiation-induced transformations of methanol molecules in low-temperature solids: a matrix isolation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:32503-32513. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06082j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced transformations of methanol in inert solids at 6 K reveal remarkable matrix effects, and mechanisms and astrochemical implications are discussed.
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Bastian E, Potzinger P, Ritter A, Schuchmann HP, von Sonntag C, Weddle G. The Direct Photolysis of Tetramethylsilane in the Gas and Liquid Phases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19800840112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ashfold MNR, King GA, Murdock D, Nix MGD, Oliver TAA, Sage AG. πσ* excited states in molecular photochemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:1218-38. [DOI: 10.1039/b921706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xu K, Amaral G, Zhang J. Photodissociation dynamics of ethanol at 193.3 nm: The H-atom channel and ethoxy vibrational distribution. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ihmels H, Patrick BO, Scheffer JR, Trotter J. 11,12-Bis(diethylaminomethyl)-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethenoanthracene: A probe for the heavy atom effect in solid state photoreactions. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wen Y, Segall J, Dulligan M, Wittig C. Photodissociation of methanol at 193.3 nm: Translational energy release spectra. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.467352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nohr R, MacDonald J, Kogelschatz U, Mark G, Schuchmann HP, von Sonntag C. Application of excimer incoherent-UV sources as a new tool in photochemistry: photodegradation of chlorinated dibenzodioxins in solution and adsorbed on aqueous pulp sludge. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(93)03752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Getoff N. Radiation- and photoinduced degradation of pollutants in water. A comparative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/1359-0197(91)90166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schuchmann HP, Von Sonntag C. The 185 nm photolysis of 1,4-dioxan in aqueous solution in the presence of N2O:N2 formation via dioxan photoionization or photoexcitation? J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(90)87095-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hildenbrand K, Schuchmann HP, von Sonntag C. The vacuum UV photolysis of aqueous solutions of two saturated ditertiary ethers: a product and CIDNP study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(89)87003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The UV photolysis (λ = 254 and 185/254 nm) of cyclohexene in oxygen-saturated and oxygen-free cyclopentane solution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(88)80115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Park HR, Getoff N. Photoinduced decomposition of aqueous formaldehyde in the absence and the presence of CO. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(88)80015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tao W, Golde MF, Ho GH, Moyle AM. Energy transfer from metastable electronically excited N2, Ar, Kr, and Xe to CH3OH, H2O2, CH3NH2, and N2H4. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.453337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Buenker RJ. Ab initio MRD-CI Calculations for the decay of molecular excited states via radiative and dissociative mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-1280(87)80041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Radical cation intermediates in the formation of schiff bases on irradiated semiconductor powders. Tetrahedron 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)88091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bielski BH. Generation of superoxide radicals in aqueous and ethanolic solutions by vacuum-UV photolysis. Methods Enzymol 1984; 105:81-8. [PMID: 6328208 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(84)05011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lemmes R, von Sonntag C. On the formation of deoxy sugars from halogenated carbohydrates by α-hydroxyalkyl radicals: considerations for the optimisation of reaction conditions. Carbohydr Res 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)84978-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schuchmann HP, von Sonntag C. Photolysis at 185 nm of dimethyl ether in aqueous solution: involvement of the hydroxymethyl radical. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-2670(81)80051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Schuchmann HP, von Sonntag C, Srinivasan R. Quantum yields in the photolysis of cis-cyclooctene at 185 nm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-2670(81)85007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schuchmann HP, von Sonntag C. Photolysis at 185 nm of dimethyl ether in aqueous solution: involvement of the hydroxymethyl radical. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-2670(81)80039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Matsumi Y, Obi K. Relaxation processes of electronically excited trimethylamine. I. Energy dependence of intramolecular processes in isolated molecule. Chem Phys 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(80)85042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Detection of the open-chain forms of d-fructose and L-sorbose in aqueous solution by using 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)84649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Srinivasan R, Studebaker J, Brown KH. Organic photochemistry with 6.7eV photons: 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines and tropidine. Tetrahedron Lett 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)86236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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