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Bostick CD, Mukhopadhyay S, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D, Lederman D. Protein bioelectronics: a review of what we do and do not know. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:026601. [PMID: 29303117 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa85f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We review the status of protein-based molecular electronics. First, we define and discuss fundamental concepts of electron transfer and transport in and across proteins and proposed mechanisms for these processes. We then describe the immobilization of proteins to solid-state surfaces in both nanoscale and macroscopic approaches, and highlight how different methodologies can alter protein electronic properties. Because immobilizing proteins while retaining biological activity is crucial to the successful development of bioelectronic devices, we discuss this process at length. We briefly discuss computational predictions and their connection to experimental results. We then summarize how the biological activity of immobilized proteins is beneficial for bioelectronic devices, and how conductance measurements can shed light on protein properties. Finally, we consider how the research to date could influence the development of future bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Bostick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States of America. Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
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Wherland S, Miyazaki K, Pecht I. Intramolecular Electron Transfer in the Bacterial Two-Domain Multicopper Oxidase mgLAC. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2960-6. [PMID: 27126506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the intramolecular electron transfer process in mgLAC, a bacterial two-domain multicopper oxidase (MCO), were investigated by pulse radiolysis. The reaction is initiated by CO2(-) radicals produced in anaerobic, aqueous solutions of the enzyme by microsecond pulses of radiation. A sequence of pulses of CO2(-) radicals enables examination of the reductive half-cycle of the MCO catalysis. This is done by titrations of the Type 1 (T1) Cu(II) site and monitoring of the time course and amplitude of its reoxidation by internal electron transfer (ET) to the Type 3 site. Comparison of the internal ET kinetics observed for mgLAC with those of other MCOs studied by pulse radiolysis shows that they exhibit distinct reactivities. One main cause for the different reactivities is the broad range of T1 copper redox potentials, from the moderate potential of bacterial enzymes to the high potential of fungal laccases, and this possibly also reflects evolutionary quaternary structural adaptation of the MCO family to the wide range of reducing substrates that they oxidize while maintaining efficient reduction of the common substrate, molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot Wherland
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
| | - Kentaro Miyazaki
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba Central 6, 10101 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 205-8566, Japan
| | - Israel Pecht
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Wu F, Wang B, Wang R, Shan Y, Liu D, Wong KY, Chen T, Zhu L. Investigation on a dopant-free hole transport material for perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07603c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate a dopant free hole transport material for planar perovskite solar cells using a tetraphenylethene derivative, delivering an overall power conversion efficiency of 9.12% in the absence of additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy
- Faculty of Materials & Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - Baohua Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
- Department of Physics
| | - Rui Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy
- Faculty of Materials & Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - Yahan Shan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy
- Faculty of Materials & Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - Dingyu Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy
- Faculty of Materials & Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - King Young Wong
- Department of Physics
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- N.T
- China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Linna Zhu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy
- Faculty of Materials & Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
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Gratia P, Magomedov A, Malinauskas T, Daskeviciene M, Abate A, Ahmad S, Grätzel M, Getautis V, Nazeeruddin MK. A Methoxydiphenylamine-Substituted Carbazole Twin Derivative: An Efficient Hole-Transporting Material for Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11409-13. [PMID: 26184563 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The small-molecule-based hole-transporting material methoxydiphenylamine-substituted carbazole was synthesized and incorporated into a CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell, which displayed a power conversion efficiency of 16.91%, the second highest conversion efficiency after that of Spiro-OMeTAD. The investigated hole-transporting material was synthesized in two steps from commercially available and relatively inexpensive starting reagents. Various electro-optical measurements (UV/Vis, IV, thin-film conductivity, hole mobility, DSC, TGA, ionization potential) have been carried out to characterize the new hole-transporting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gratia
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials and Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Artiom Magomedov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas (Lithuania)
| | - Tadas Malinauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas (Lithuania)
| | - Maryte Daskeviciene
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas (Lithuania)
| | - Antonio Abate
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials and Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Shahzada Ahmad
- Department Abengoa Research, C/Energía Solar no1, Campus Palmas Altas, 41014 Sevilla (Spain)
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials and Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, 50254 Kaunas (Lithuania).
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials and Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland). .,Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (Saudi Arabia).
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Gratia P, Magomedov A, Malinauskas T, Daskeviciene M, Abate A, Ahmad S, Grätzel M, Getautis V, Nazeeruddin MK. Methoxydiphenylamin-substituiertes Carbazol-Zwillingsderivat: ein effizienter organischer Lochleiter für Perowskit-Solarzellen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Amdursky N, Sepunaru L, Raichlin S, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D. Electron Transfer Proteins as Electronic Conductors: Significance of the Metal and Its Binding Site in the Blue Cu Protein, Azurin. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1400026. [PMID: 27980928 PMCID: PMC5115354 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201400026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer (ET) proteins are biomolecules with specific functions, selected by evolution. As such they are attractive candidates for use in potential bioelectronic devices. The blue copper protein azurin (Az) is one of the most-studied ET proteins. Traditional spectroscopic, electrochemical, and kinetic methods employed for studying ET to/from the protein's Cu ion have been complemented more recently by studies of electrical conduction through a monolayer of Az in the solid-state, sandwiched between electrodes. As the latter type of measurement does not require involvement of a redox process, it also allows monitoring electronic transport (ETp) via redox-inactive Az-derivatives. Here, results of macroscopic ETp via redox-active and -inactive Az derivatives, i.e., Cu(II) and Cu(I)-Az, apo-Az, Co(II)-Az, Ni(II)-Az, and Zn(II)-Az are reported and compared. It is found that earlier reported temperature independence of ETp via Cu(II)-Az (from 20 K until denaturation) is unique, as ETp via all other derivatives is thermally activated at temperatures >≈200 K. Conduction via Cu(I)-Az shows unexpected temperature dependence >≈200 K, with currents decreasing at positive and increasing at negative bias. Taking all the data together we find a clear compensation effect of Az conduction around the Az denaturation temperature. This compensation can be understood by viewing the Az binding site as an electron trap, unless occupied by Cu(II), as in the native protein, with conduction of the native protein setting the upper transport efficiency limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Amdursky
- Departments of Materials and Interfaces Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel; Departments of Organic Chemistry Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Lior Sepunaru
- Departments of Materials and Interfaces Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Sara Raichlin
- Departments of Materials and Interfaces Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel; Departments of Organic Chemistry Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Israel Pecht
- Departments of Immunology Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Departments of Organic Chemistry Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - David Cahen
- Departments of Materials and Interfaces Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
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Amdursky N, Marchak D, Sepunaru L, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D. Electronic transport via proteins. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:7142-61. [PMID: 25256438 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A central vision in molecular electronics is the creation of devices with functional molecular components that may provide unique properties. Proteins are attractive candidates for this purpose, as they have specific physical (optical, electrical) and chemical (selective binding, self-assembly) functions and offer a myriad of possibilities for (bio-)chemical modification. This Progress Report focuses on proteins as potential building components for future bioelectronic devices as they are quite efficient electronic conductors, compared with saturated organic molecules. The report addresses several questions: how general is this behavior; how does protein conduction compare with that of saturated and conjugated molecules; and what mechanisms enable efficient conduction across these large molecules? To answer these questions results of nanometer-scale and macroscopic electronic transport measurements across a range of organic molecules and proteins are compiled and analyzed, from single/few molecules to large molecular ensembles, and the influence of measurement methods on the results is considered. Generalizing, it is found that proteins conduct better than saturated molecules, and somewhat poorer than conjugated molecules. Significantly, the presence of cofactors (redox-active or conjugated) in the protein enhances their conduction, but without an obvious advantage for natural electron transfer proteins. Most likely, the conduction mechanisms are hopping (at higher temperatures) and tunneling (below ca. 150-200 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Amdursky
- Dept. of Materials & Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76305, Israel
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Liu J, Chakraborty S, Hosseinzadeh P, Yu Y, Tian S, Petrik I, Bhagi A, Lu Y. Metalloproteins containing cytochrome, iron-sulfur, or copper redox centers. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4366-469. [PMID: 24758379 PMCID: PMC4002152 DOI: 10.1021/cr400479b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Saumen Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Parisa Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shiliang Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Igor Petrik
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ambika Bhagi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Ron I, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D. Proteins as solid-state electronic conductors. Acc Chem Res 2010; 43:945-53. [PMID: 20329769 DOI: 10.1021/ar900161u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein structures can facilitate long-range electron transfer in solution. But a fundamental question remains: can these structures also serve as solid-state electronic conductors? Answering this question requires methods for studying conductivity of the "dry" protein (which only contains tightly bound structured water molecules) sandwiched between two electronic conductors in a solid-state type configuration. If successful, such systems could serve as the basis for future, bioinspired electronic device technology. In this Account, we survey, analyze, and compare macroscopic and nanoscopic (scanning probe) solid-state conductivities of proteins, noting the inherent constraints of each of these, and provide the first status report on this research area. This analysis shows convincing evidence that "dry" proteins pass orders of magnitude higher currents than saturated molecules with comparable thickness and that proteins with known electrical activity show electronic conductivity, nearly comparable to that of conjugated molecules ("wires"). These findings suggest that the structural features of proteins must have elements that facilitate electronic conductivity, even if they do not have a known electron transfer function. As a result, proteins could serve not only as sensing, polar,or photoactive elements in devices (such as field-effect transistor configurations) but also as electronic conductors. Current knowledge of peptide synthesis and protein modification paves the way toward a greater understanding of how changes in a protein's structure affect its conductivity. Such an approach could minimize the need for biochemical cascades in systems such as enzyme-based circuits, which transduce the protein's response to electronic current. In addition, as precision and sensitivity of solid-state measurements increase, and as knowledge of the structure and function of "dry" proteins grows, electronic conductivity may become an additional approach to study electron transfer in proteins and solvent effects without the introduction of donor or acceptor moieties. We are particularly interested in whether evolution might have prompted the electronic carrier transport capabilities of proteins for which no electrically active function is known in their native biological environment and anticipate that further research may help address this fascinating question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ron
- Materials & Interfaces, Immunology and Organic Chemistry Departments, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - Israel Pecht
- Materials & Interfaces, Immunology and Organic Chemistry Departments, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Materials & Interfaces, Immunology and Organic Chemistry Departments, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - David Cahen
- Materials & Interfaces, Immunology and Organic Chemistry Departments, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
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Intramolecular electron transfer in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cd(1) nitrite reductase: thermodynamics and kinetics. Biophys J 2009; 96:2849-56. [PMID: 19348767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cd(1) nitrite reductases, which catalyze the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide, are homodimers of 60 kDa subunits, each containing one heme-c and one heme-d(1). Heme-c is the electron entry site, whereas heme-d(1) constitutes the catalytic center. The 3D structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa nitrite reductase has been determined in both fully oxidized and reduced states. Intramolecular electron transfer (ET), between c and d(1) hemes is an essential step in the catalytic cycle. In earlier studies of the Pseudomonas stutzeri enzyme, we observed that a marked negative cooperativity is controlling this internal ET step. In this study we have investigated the internal ET in the wild-type and His369Ala mutant of P. aeruginosa nitrite reductases and have observed similar cooperativity to that of the Pseudomonas stutzeri enzyme. Heme-c was initially reduced, in an essentially diffusion-controlled bimolecular process, followed by unimolecular electron equilibration between the c and d(1) hemes (k(ET) = 4.3 s(-1) and K = 1.4 at 298 K, pH 7.0). In the case of the mutant, the latter ET rate was faster by almost one order of magnitude. Moreover, the internal ET rate dropped (by approximately 30-fold) as the level of reduction increased in both the WT and the His mutant. Equilibrium standard enthalpy and entropy changes and activation parameters of this ET process were determined. We concluded that negative cooperativity is a common feature among the cd(1) nitrite reductases, and we discuss this control based on the available 3D structure of the wild-type and the H369A mutant, in the reduced and oxidized states.
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