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Shakya AK, Nandakumar KS. Polymer Chemistry Defines Adjuvant Properties and Determines the Immune Response against the Antigen or Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1395. [PMID: 37766073 PMCID: PMC10537360 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the immune system is a needed for designing new antigen/drug delivery systems to develop new therapeutics and for developing animal disease models to study the disease pathogenesis. A weak antigen alone is insufficient to activate the immune system. Sometimes, assistance in the form of polymers is needed to control the release of antigens under in vivo conditions or in the form of an adjuvant to activate the immune system efficiently. Many kinds of polymers from different functional groups are suitable as microbial antigens for inducing therapeutic immune responses against infectious diseases at the preclinical level. The choice of the functionality of polymer varies as per the application type. Polymers from the acid and ester groups are the most common types investigated for protein-based antigens. However, electrostatic interaction-displaying polymers like cationic polymers are the most common type for nucleic acid-based antigens. Metal coordination chemistry is commonly used in polymers designed for cancer immunotherapeutic applications to suppress inflammation and induce a protective immune response. Amide chemistry is widely deployed in polymers used to develop antigen-specific disease models like the experimental autoimmune arthritis murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Department of Environmental and Biosciences, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, 30118 Halmstad, Sweden
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Hua Y, Huo Y, Bai B, Hao J, Hu G, Ci Z, Wu X, Yu M, Wang X, Chen H, Ren W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhou G. Fabrication of biphasic cartilage-bone integrated scaffolds based on tissue-specific photo-crosslinkable acellular matrix hydrogels. Mater Today Bio 2022; 17:100489. [PMID: 36388453 PMCID: PMC9663535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of biphasic cartilage-bone integrated scaffolds is an attractive alternative for osteochondral repair but has proven to be extremely challenging. Existing three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds are insufficient to accurately biomimic the biphasic cartilage-bone integrated microenvironment. Currently, photo-crosslinkable hydrogels based on tissue-specific decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) have been considered as an important technique to fabricate biomimetic scaffolds, but so far there has been no breakthrough in the photo-crosslinkable hydrogel scaffolds with biphasic cartilage-bone biomimetic microenvironment. Here, we report a novel strategy for the preparation of biomimetic cartilage-bone integrated scaffolds based on photo-crosslinkable cartilage/bone-derived dECM hydrogels, which are able to reconstruct biphasic cartilage-bone biomimetic microenvironment. The biphasic cartilage-bone integrated scaffolds provided a 3D microenvironment for osteochondral regeneration. The cartilage biomimetic scaffolds, consisting of cartilage-derived dECM hydrogels, efficiently regulated chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The bone biomimetic scaffolds, composed of cartilage/bone-derived dECM hydrogels, first regulated chondrogenesis of BMSCs, followed by endochondral ossification over time. Taken together, the biphasic cartilage-bone integrated tissue could be successfully reconstructed by subcutaneous culture based on cartilage-bone bilayered structural design. Furthermore, the biphasic cartilage-bone biomimetic scaffolds (cell-free) achieved satisfactory cartilage-bone integrated regeneration in the osteochondral defects of rabbits’ knee joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Hua
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai, PR China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Yingying Huo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai, PR China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Baoshuai Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shangdong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shangdong University, Shangdong, PR China
| | - Junxiang Hao
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, PR China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guanhuai Hu
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Zheng Ci
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, PR China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Wu
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, PR China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Yu
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo Sixth Hospital, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo Sixth Hospital, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Wenjie Ren
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai, PR China
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, PR China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai, PR China.
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhou G, Liu Y, Cao Y. Biological Evaluation of Acellular Cartilaginous and Dermal Matrixes as Tissue Engineering Scaffolds for Cartilage Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:624337. [PMID: 33505975 PMCID: PMC7829663 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.624337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An acellular matrix (AM) as a kind of natural biomaterial is gaining increasing attention in tissue engineering applications. An acellular cartilaginous matrix (ACM) and acellular dermal matrix (ADM) are two kinds of the most widely used AMs in cartilage tissue engineering. However, there is still debate over which of these AMs achieves optimal cartilage regeneration, especially in immunocompetent large animals. In the current study, we fabricated porous ADM and ACM scaffolds by a freeze-drying method and confirmed that ADM had a larger pore size than ACM. By recolonization with goat auricular chondrocytes and in vitro culture, ADM scaffolds exhibited a higher cell adhesion rate, more homogeneous chondrocyte distribution, and neocartilage formation compared with ACM. Additionally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) indicated that expression of cartilage-related genes, including ACAN, COLIIA1, and SOX9, was significantly higher in the ADM group than the ACM group. Furthermore, after subcutaneous implantation in a goat, histological evaluation showed that ADM achieved more stable and matured cartilage compared with ACM, which was confirmed by quantitative data including the wet weight, volume, and contents of DNA, GAG, total collagen, and collagen II. Additionally, immunological assessment suggested that ADM evoked a low immune response compared with ACM as evidenced by qPCR and immunohistochemical analyses of CD3 and CD68, and TUNEL. Collectively, our results indicate that ADM is a more suitable AM for cartilage regeneration, which can be used for cartilage regeneration in immunocompetent large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Wang
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Weifang, China.,National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Weifang, China.,National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Weifang, China.,National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Cao
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Weifang, China.,National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shakya AK, Nandakumar KS. An update on smart biocatalysts for industrial and biomedical applications. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20180062. [PMID: 29491182 PMCID: PMC5832743 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, smart biocatalysts, where enzymes are conjugated to stimuli-responsive (smart) polymers, have gained significant attention. Based on the presence or absence of external stimuli, the polymer attached to the enzyme changes its conformation to protect the enzyme from the external environment and regulate the enzyme activity, thus acting as a molecular switch. Owing to this behaviour, smart biocatalysts can be separated easily from a reaction mixture and re-used several times. Several such smart polymer-based biocatalysts have been developed for industrial and biomedical applications. In addition, they have been used in biosensors, biometrics and nano-electronic devices. This review article covers recent advances in developing different kinds of stimuli-responsive enzyme bioconjugates, including conjugation strategies, and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Shakya AK, Kumar A, Holmdahl R, Nandakumar KS. Macrophage-derived reactive oxygen species protects against autoimmune priming with a defined polymeric adjuvant. Immunology 2015; 147:125-32. [PMID: 26455429 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the nature of adjuvants and the immune priming events in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, is a key challenge to identify their aetiology. Adjuvants are, however, complex structures with inflammatory and immune priming properties. Synthetic polymers provide a possibility to separate these functions and allow studies of the priming mechanisms in vivo. A well-balanced polymer, poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide (PNiPAAm) mixed with collagen type II (CII) induced relatively stronger autoimmunity and arthritis compared with more hydrophilic (polyacrylamide) or hydrophobic (poly-N-isopropylacrylamide-co-poly-N-tertbutylacrylamide and poly-N-tertbutylacrylamide) polymers. Clearly, all the synthesized polymers except the more hydrophobic poly-N-tertbutylacrylamide induced arthritis, especially in Ncf1-deficient mice, which are deficient in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We identified macrophages as the major infiltrating cells present at PNiPAAm-CII injection sites and demonstrate that ROS produced by the macrophages attenuated the immune response and the development of arthritis. Our results reveal that thermo-responsive polymers with high immune priming capacity could trigger an autoimmune response to CII and the subsequent arthritis development, in particular in the absence of NOX2 derived ROS. Importantly, ROS from macrophages protected against the autoimmune priming, demonstrating a critical regulatory role of macrophages in immune priming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar Shakya
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Adjunct Faculty of University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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