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Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are known to play important roles in disease. More than 40 chemokine ligands and 20 chemokine receptors have been identified, but, to date, only two small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists have been approved by the FDA. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 was identified in 1996, and nearly 20 years later, new areas of CXCR3 disease biology continue to emerge. Several classes of small molecule CXCR3 antagonists have been developed, and two have shown efficacy in preclinical models of inflammatory disease. However, only one CXCR3 antagonist has been evaluated in clinical trials, and there remain many opportunities to further investigate known classes of CXCR3 antagonists and to identify new chemotypes. This Perspective reviews the known CXCR3 antagonists and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Andrews
- Heptares Therapeutics , BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona J Cox
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity IMED , Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Scholten DJ, Wijtmans M, van Senten JR, Custers H, Stunnenberg A, de Esch IJP, Smit MJ, Leurs R. Pharmacological Characterization of [3H]VUF11211, a Novel Radiolabeled Small-Molecule Inverse Agonist for the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:639-48. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Exploring the CXCR3 Chemokine Receptor with Small-Molecule Antagonists and Agonists. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Scholten DJ, Roumen L, Wijtmans M, Verkade-Vreeker MCA, Custers H, Lai M, de Hooge D, Canals M, de Esch IJP, Smit MJ, de Graaf C, Leurs R. Identification of Overlapping but Differential Binding Sites for the High-Affinity CXCR3 Antagonists NBI-74330 and VUF11211. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 85:116-26. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.088633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Wijtmans M, Scholten DJ, Roumen L, Canals M, Custers H, Glas M, Vreeker MCA, de Kanter FJJ, de Graaf C, Smit MJ, de Esch IJP, Leurs R. Chemical Subtleties in Small-Molecule Modulation of Peptide Receptor Function: The Case of CXCR3 Biaryl-Type Ligands. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10572-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301240t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maikel Wijtmans
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for
Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny J. Scholten
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for
Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Roumen
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for
Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for
Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Custers
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for
Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Glas
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for
Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies C. A. Vreeker
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for
Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans J. J. de Kanter
- Division of Organic and Inorganic
Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for
Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J. Smit
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for
Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J. P. de Esch
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for
Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for
Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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