Statistical Mechanics and Kinetic Modeling of Electrochemical Reactions on Single‐Crystal Electrodes Using the Lattice‐Gas Approximation

Mean field approach applied to surface deposition on a modified electrode

In this work we study the deposition phenomena on a modified electrode in the framework of the mean field theory. The electrode surface is modified by irreversible deposition of impurities which can block a fraction of the adsorption sites. Then, an electroactive species is allowed to adsorb on the accessible sites, transferring electric charge and generating a current that can be calculated and measured. Nearest-neighbor lateral interactions are considered both between electroactive particles and between particles and impurities. A modified Bragg-Williams theoretical approach considers both the blocking effects of impurities and the lateral interactions, through different concentrations of impurities and particles. The analysis is based on the study of adsorption isotherms and voltammograms, considering different interaction energies and impurity concentrations. The potentialities and limitations of the analytical approximation are discussed by comparing theoretical predictions with Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements in which artificial clay represents the impurity and a [Fe(CN)₆]⁴ redox probe is the species that transfers the charge.

Kinetic Implications of the Presence of Intermolecular Interactions in the Response of Binary Self-Assembled Electroactive Monolayers

Quantitative analysis of the influence of intermolecular interactions on the response of electroactive binary monolayers, incorporating the presence of electroinactive coadsorbed species and Marcus-Hush kinetic formalism, has been deduced as an extension of previous models. An expression for the current-potential relationship in terms of two global phenomenological interaction parameters and the apparent charge-transfer rate constant and formal potential has been obtained and applied to multipotential chronoamperometry for the analysis of intermolecular interaction effects on the kinetics of the charge transfer. Experimental verification of the theoretical framework has been performed with binary ferrocenylundecanethiol/decanethiol monolayers on gold and platinum substrates for different coverage degrees of the redox probe. The increase of the ferrocene coverage gives rise to a slowing down of the charge-transfer process through a decrease of the apparent rate constant above a 90% for gold and platinum electrodes when the surface coverage increases from 1-2 to 15-30%. Significant differences in the magnitude of intermolecular interactions and the symmetry degree of the charge-transfer process are observed between gold and platinum electrodes. Moreover, for high surface coverages of ferrocene, two different domains appear, from which it is possible to carry out a kinetic discrimination of the two responses. Values of the interaction and kinetic parameters have been obtained for the different monolayers under study, and the limit of applicability of this treatment is discussed.