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Ferreras-Colino E, Contreras M, Risalde MA, Sevilla IA, Delgado E, Domínguez L, Gortazar C, de la Fuente J. Heat-inactivated mycobacteria activate the toll-like receptor 2 and 4 pathways in the zebrafish model of tuberculosis. Vaccine 2024; 42:403-409. [PMID: 38184390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Based on previous evidence demonstrating the efficacy of inactivated mycobacteria for the control of fish mycobacteriosis, we explored the protective efficacy of two inactivated Mycobacterium bovis administered via parenteral and mucosal routes against Mycobacterium marinum infection mimicking natural conditions in the zebrafish model of tuberculosis. Although we did not observe a clear effect of any of the immunostimulants on mycobacterial burden, the results showed a significant increase in TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression levels in fishes parenterally immunized with inactivated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Our findings demonstrated that the TLR2 and the TLR4 signaling pathways are involved in the immune response elicited by inactivated mycobacteria in the zebrafish model of tuberculosis and support the use of inactivated mycobacteria in vaccine formulations for the control of mycobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ferreras-Colino
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER - Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Encarnación Delgado
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain.
| | - Jose de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Host–Pathogen Interactions of Marine Gram-Positive Bacteria. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091316. [PMID: 36138795 PMCID: PMC9495620 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Complex interactions between marine Gram-positive pathogens and fish hosts in the marine environment can result in diseases of economically important finfish, which cause economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Understanding how these pathogens interact with the fish host and generate disease will contribute to efficient prophylactic measures and treatments. To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews on marine Gram-positive pathogens. Therefore, here we reviewed the host–pathogen interactions of marine Gram-positive pathogens from the pathogen-centric and host-centric points of view. Abstract Marine Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, including Renibacterium salmoninarum, Mycobacterium marinum, Nocardia seriolae, Lactococcus garvieae, and Streptococcus spp. cause economic losses in marine fish aquaculture worldwide. Comprehensive information on these pathogens and their dynamic interactions with their respective fish–host systems are critical to developing effective prophylactic measures and treatments. While much is known about bacterial virulence and fish immune response, it is necessary to synthesize the knowledge in terms of host–pathogen interactions as a centerpiece to establish a crucial connection between the intricate details of marine Gram-positive pathogens and their fish hosts. Therefore, this review provides a holistic view and discusses the different stages of the host–pathogen interactions of marine Gram-positive pathogens. Gram-positive pathogens can invade fish tissues, evade the fish defenses, proliferate in the host system, and modulate the fish immune response. Marine Gram-positive pathogens have a unique set of virulence factors that facilitate adhesion (e.g., adhesins, hemagglutination activity, sortase, and capsules), invasion (e.g., toxins, hemolysins/cytolysins, the type VII secretion system, and immune-suppressive proteins), evasion (e.g., free radical quenching, actin-based motility, and the inhibition of phagolysosomal fusion), and proliferation and survival (e.g., heme utilization and siderophore-mediated iron acquisition systems) in the fish host. After infection, the fish host initiates specific innate and adaptive immune responses according to the extracellular or intracellular mechanism of infection. Although efforts have continued to be made in understanding the complex interplay at the host–pathogen interface, integrated omics-based investigations targeting host–pathogen–marine environment interactions hold promise for future research.
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Mondal H, Thomas J. A review on the recent advances and application of vaccines against fish pathogens in aquaculture. AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL : JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE SOCIETY 2022; 30:1971-2000. [PMID: 35528247 PMCID: PMC9059915 DOI: 10.1007/s10499-022-00884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Globally, aquaculture has faced serious economic problems due to bacterial, viral, and various other infectious diseases of different origins. Even though such diseases are being detected and simultaneously treated with several therapeutic and prophylactic methods, the broad-spectrum activity of vaccines plays a vital role as a preventive measure in aquaculture. However, treatments like use of antibiotics and probiotics seem to be less effective when new mutant strains develop and disease causing pathogens become resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Therefore, vaccines developed by using recent advanced molecular techniques can be considered as an effective way of treating disease causing pathogens in aquatic organisms. The present review emphasizes on the current advances in technology and future outlook with reference to different types of vaccines used in the aquaculture industries. Beginning with traditional killed/inactivated and live attenuated vaccines, this work culminates in the review of modern new generation ones including recombinant, synthetic peptides, mucosal and DNA, subunit, nanoparticle-based and plant-based edible vaccines, reverse vaccinology, and monovalent and polyvalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimanti Mondal
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - John Thomas
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
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Smyrli M, Anka IZ, Koutsoni O, Dotsika E, Kyriazis ID, Pavlidis M, Katharios P. Development of autogenous vaccines for farmed European seabass against Aeromonas veronii using zebrafish as a model for efficacy assessment. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:381-387. [PMID: 35318138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii bv. sobria is an emerging pathogen for the European seabass cultured in the Aegean Sea (Mediterranean) causing significant problems in the Greek and Turkish aquaculture industry since no licensed vaccine is currently available for the disease. A bivalent vaccine was developed based on two phenotypically distinct strains of the pathogen, PDB (motile, pigment-producing strain) and NS (non-motile, non-pigment-producing). The two strains comprising the bivalent vaccine were evaluated as monovalent products in zebrafish before the seabass trials. Challenges using the homologous or the heterologous strain showed that both vaccines were protective with RPS values ranging between 66 and 100% in zebrafish. The bivalent vaccine was then tested in European seabass following dip or intraperitoneal administration. Efficacy was evaluated separately against both strains comprising the bivalent vaccine. Dip vaccination applied to juvenile seabass of 2.5 g average weight provided protection following challenge tests 30 days post vaccination only in one of the two strains tested (strain PDB, RPS: 88%). This was also the case in the injection vaccination of adult seabass of 60 g average weight where the vaccine was effective only against the PDB strain (RPS: 63%). High antibody titers against both strains were found at 30 and 60 days after intraperitoneal vaccination in the adult seabass. The use of zebrafish as a model for vaccine development for aquaculture species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Smyrli
- University of Crete, Department of Biology, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, 70013, Greece; Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Former American Base of Gournes, Heraklion, 71500, Greece
| | - Ishrat Zahan Anka
- University of Crete, Department of Biology, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, 70013, Greece; Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Olga Koutsoni
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Greece
| | - Eleni Dotsika
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Greece
| | - Ioannis D Kyriazis
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Greece; University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Greece
| | - Michail Pavlidis
- University of Crete, Department of Biology, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Pantelis Katharios
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Former American Base of Gournes, Heraklion, 71500, Greece.
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Pathogenicity of fish pathogen Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and preparation of its inactivated vaccine. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105488. [PMID: 35367573 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Many fishes infected with Pseudomonas plecoglossicida generally suffer from "visceral white spot disease" or even die. In this study, a dominant pathogen strain was isolated from the intestinal tract of diseased crucian carp in the Wangcheng Lake area, Changsha, and it was identified as P. plecoglossicida. The selected strain was a new strain named as P. plecoglossicida LQJ06.Strain LQJ06 basically colonized the intestine and poisoned zebrafish as show by fluorescent labelling.Pathological structural analysis of tissue sections indicated that the intestinal tract was seriously damaged, epithelial cells in the intestinal tissue were necrotic, intestinal villi were sloughed, liver cells were vacuolated, nuclei were pyknotic and shifted, and lymphocytes were proliferated in the spleen. P. plecoglossicida LQJ06 strain could invade and proliferate in the grass carp liver cell line L8824, which led to a stress response, including apoptosis.Cell morphology was changed owing to the toxicity of the culture supernatant of the LQJ06 strain, which mainly manifested as aggregation between cells, pyknosisd and slow growth or even death.An inactivated vaccine derived from P. plecoglossicida LQJ06 prepared in this study was safe and nontoxic to grass carp liver cells. Compared with those after oral administration, most of the cellular immune factors were expressed earlier and at a higher level after injection immunization. The intestinal tract and liver from zebrafish mainly expressed the IFN-γ2 and IL-1β genes, respectively, after immunization. The upregulation of these immune-related genes proved that the vaccine could strengthen the immunity of zebrafish, induce inflammation and promote resistance to pathogenic infection. The results of these preliminary tests provide a scientific basis for further research on the prevention and control of P. plecoglossicida, and an essential preliminary basis for the development of an inactivated vaccine against P. plecoglossicida.
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Miccoli A, Manni M, Picchietti S, Scapigliati G. State-of-the-Art Vaccine Research for Aquaculture Use: The Case of Three Economically Relevant Fish Species. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:140. [PMID: 33578766 PMCID: PMC7916455 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, the aquaculture sector has experienced a 527% growth, producing 82 million tons for a first sale value estimated at 250 billion USD. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites are the major causes of mortality and economic losses in commercial aquaculture. Some pathologies, especially those of bacterial origin, can be treated with commercially available drugs, while others are poorly managed. In fact, despite having been recognized as a useful preventive measure, no effective vaccination against many economically relevant diseases exist yet, such as for viral and parasitic infections. The objective of the present review is to provide the reader with an updated perspective on the most significant and innovative vaccine research on three key aquaculture commodities. European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were chosen because of their economic relevance, geographical distinctiveness, and representativeness of different culture systems. Scientific papers about vaccines against bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases will be objectively presented; their results critically discussed and compared; and suggestions for future directions given.
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Mycobacteriosis and Infections with Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria in Aquatic Organisms: A Review. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091368. [PMID: 32906655 PMCID: PMC7564596 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacteriaceae constitute a family of varied Gram-positive organisms that include a large number of pathogenic bacteria. Among these, non-tuberculous mycobacteria are endemic worldwide and have been associated with infections in a large number of organisms, including humans and other mammals and reptiles, as well as fish. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings regarding this group of pathogens in fish. There, four species are most commonly associated with disease outbreaks: Mycobacterium marinum, the most common of these fish mycobacterial pathogens, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium gordonae, and Mycobacterium chelonae. These bacteria have a broad host range: they are zoonotic, and infections have been reported in a large number of fish species. The main route of entry of the bacterium into the fish is through the gastrointestinal route, and the disease is associated with ulcerative dermatitis as well as organomegaly and the development of granulomatous lesions in the internal organs. Mycobacteriaceae are slow-growing and fastidious and isolation is difficult and time consuming and diagnostic is mostly performed using serological and molecular tools. Control of the disease is also difficult: there is currently no effective vaccine and infections react poorly to antibiotherapy. For this reason, more research is needed on the subject of these vexing pathogens.
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Saralahti AK, Uusi-Mäkelä MIE, Niskanen MT, Rämet M. Integrating fish models in tuberculosis vaccine development. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/8/dmm045716. [PMID: 32859577 PMCID: PMC7473647 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that results in over 1.5 million deaths worldwide each year. Currently, there is only one vaccine against tuberculosis, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Despite widespread vaccination programmes, over 10 million new M. tuberculosis infections are diagnosed yearly, with almost half a million cases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Novel vaccination strategies concentrate mainly on replacing BCG or boosting its efficacy and depend on animal models that accurately recapitulate the human disease. However, efforts to produce new vaccines against an M. tuberculosis infection have encountered several challenges, including the complexity of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and limited knowledge of the protective immune responses. The preclinical evaluation of novel tuberculosis vaccine candidates is also hampered by the lack of an appropriate animal model that could accurately predict the protective effect of vaccines in humans. Here, we review the role of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other fish models in the development of novel vaccines against tuberculosis and discuss how these models complement the more traditional mammalian models of tuberculosis. Summary: In this Review, we discuss how zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other fish models can complement the more traditional mammalian models in the development of novel vaccines against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni K Saralahti
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Meri I E Uusi-Mäkelä
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Mirja T Niskanen
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Mika Rämet
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland .,Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland.,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu FI-90029, Finland
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Ravid-Peretz S, Colorni A, Sharon G, Ucko M. Vaccination of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax with avirulent Mycobacterium marinum (iipA::kan mutant). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:317-327. [PMID: 31039442 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis is a chronic progressive disease affecting teleost fishes all over the world. No vaccine is commercially available against its main etiological agent, Mycobacterium marinum. The mycobacterial gene responsible for invasion and intracellular persistence, iipA, is known to modulate M. marinum pathology. The innate and adaptive immune responses in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) vaccinated with M. marinum iipA::kan mutant with (and without) the use of adjuvant, with (and without) a booster vaccination were monitored. The adjuvanted vaccine induced enhanced immune responses. TNF-α transcription levels were extremely high in spleen of the fish vaccinated with the addition of adjuvant in both fish vaccinated once and twice, followed by an IgM response highly specific for M. marinum. Also, histologically, granulomas started appearing in spleen and head-kidney tissues (but with no visible bacteria) within a month after vaccination, mainly with the adjuvanted vaccine. This was followed by reduction in pathology, as demonstrated by the lower number of granulomas (with visible bacteria), indicating that even heat-killed bacteria were able to elicit granulomatous formations. Adhesion of the internal organs and moderate pigmentation were observed in the perivisceral adipose tissue of nearly all vaccinated fish. Although the adjuvanted heat-killed avirulent iipA::kan mutant clearly induced a strong humoral and adaptive immune response, the booster treatment did not seem to have produced a significantly higher degree of protection from the disease compared to fish that received a single vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Ravid-Peretz
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, 8811201, Israel
| | - Angelo Colorni
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, 8811201, Israel
| | - Galit Sharon
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, 8811201, Israel
| | - Michal Ucko
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, 8811201, Israel.
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