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Quijano Cardé EM, Anenson K, Waldbieser G, Brown CT, Griffin M, Henderson E, Yun S, Soto E. Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 genome and partial validation of a qPCR for its detection in white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 157:45-59. [PMID: 38299849 DOI: 10.3354/dao03768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
White sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus is the primary species used for caviar and sturgeon meat production in the USA. An important pathogen of white sturgeon is acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2). In this study, 4 archived isolates from temporally discrete natural outbreaks spanning the past 30 yr were sequenced via Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies platforms. Assemblies of approximately 134 kb were obtained for each isolate, and the putative ATPase subunit of the terminase gene was selected as a potential quantitative PCR (qPCR) target based on sequence conservation among AciHV-2 isolates and low sequence homology with other important viral pathogens. The qPCR was repeatable and reproducible, with a linear dynamic range covering 5 orders of magnitude, an efficiency of approximately 96%, an R2 of 0.9872, and an analytical sensitivity of 103 copies per reaction after 35 cycles. There was no cross-reaction with other known viruses or closely related sturgeon species, and no inhibition by sturgeon DNA. Clinical accuracy was assessed from white sturgeon juveniles exposed to AciHV-2 by immersion. Viral culture (gold standard) and qPCR were in complete agreement for both cell culture negative and cell culture positive samples, indicating that this assay has 100% relative accuracy compared to cell culture during an active outbreak. The availability of a whole-genome sequence for AciHV-2 and a highly specific and sensitive qPCR assay for detection of AciHV-2 in white sturgeon lays a foundation for further studies on host-pathogen interactions while providing a specific and rapid test for AciHV-2 in captive and wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey Anenson
- University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Geoffrey Waldbieser
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA
| | - C Titus Brown
- University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Matt Griffin
- Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA
| | | | - Susan Yun
- University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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First Isolation of a Herpesvirus (Family Alloherpesviridae) from Great Lakes Lake Sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233230. [PMID: 36496751 PMCID: PMC9740441 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens; LST) is the only native sturgeon species in the Great Lakes (GL), but due to multiple factors, their current populations are estimated to be <1% of historical abundances. Little is known about infectious diseases affecting GL-LST in hatchery and wild settings. Therefore, a two-year disease surveillance study was undertaken, resulting in the detection and first in vitro isolation of a herpesvirus from grossly apparent cutaneous lesions in wild adult LST inhabiting two GL watersheds (Erie and Huron). Histological and ultrastructural examination of lesions revealed proliferative epidermitis associated with herpesvirus-like virions. A virus with identical ultrastructural characteristics was recovered from cells inoculated with lesion tissues. Partial DNA polymerase gene sequencing placed the virus within the Family Alloherpesviridae, with high similarity to a lake sturgeon herpesvirus (LSHV) from Wisconsin, USA. Genomic comparisons revealed ~84% Average Nucleotide Identity between the two isolates, leading to the proposed classification of LSHV-1 (Wisconsin) and LSHV-2 (Michigan) for the two viruses. When naïve juvenile LST were immersion-exposed to LSHV-2, severe disease and ~33% mortality occurred, with virus re-isolated from representative skin lesions, fulfilling Rivers’ postulates. Results collectively show LSHV-2 is associated with epithelial changes in wild adult LST, disease and mortality in juvenile LST, and is a potential threat to GL-LST conservation.
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Purbayu MA, Shavalier MA, Faisal M, Loch TP. Experimental Evidence of Epizootic Epitheliotropic Disease Virus (Salmoid Herpesvirus-3, Alloherpesviridae) Transmission via Contaminated Fomites and Subsequent Prevention Using a Disinfectant. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060724. [PMID: 34207532 PMCID: PMC8227329 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic epitheliotropic disease virus (EEDV) has caused considerable mortality in hatchery-reared lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in the Great Lakes Basin, and yet the routes of transmission and efficacious means of prevention remain poorly understood. To determine whether EEDV can be transmitted via contaminated fomites and clarify whether such transmission could be prevented via fomite disinfection, juvenile lake trout (n = 20 per treatment) were handled in nets previously soaked in an EEDV suspension (7.29 × 104–2.25 × 105 virus copies/mL of water) that were further immersed in either 1% Virkon® Aquatic (“disinfected” treatment, in triplicate) or in sample diluent (“EEDV-contaminated” treatment). Negative control nets were soaked in sterile sample diluent only. Characteristic gross signs of EED developed in the “EEDV-contaminated” treatment group, which was followed by 80% mortality, whereas no gross signs of disease and 0–5% mortality occurred in the negative control and “disinfected” treatment groups, respectively. EEDV was detected via qPCR in 90% of the “EEDV-contaminated” treatment fish, however, it was not detected in any fish within the negative control or “disinfected” treatment groups. Study findings not only demonstrate that EEDV can be readily transmitted via contaminated fomites, but importantly suggest that Virkon® Aquatic is an efficacious option for preventing EEDV contagion via the disinfection of hatchery tools, thereby highlighting a promising tool for improving lake trout hatchery biosecurity and minimizing EEDV-linked losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochamad A. Purbayu
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.A.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Megan A. Shavalier
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.A.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Thomas P. Loch
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.A.P.); (M.F.)
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, Room 340G, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence:
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Faisal M, Purbayu M, Shavalier MA, Marsh TL, Loch TP. Shedding of the Salmonid Herpesvirus-3 by Infected Lake Trout ( Salvelinus namaycush). Viruses 2019; 11:E580. [PMID: 31247927 PMCID: PMC6669692 DOI: 10.3390/v11070580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonid Herpesvirus-3, commonly known as the Epizootic Epitheliotropic Disease virus (EEDV), causes a disease of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) that has killed millions of fish over the past several decades. Currently, most aspects of EEDV disease ecology remain unknown. In this study, we investigated EEDV shedding in experimentally challenged (intracoelomic injection) lake trout that were individually microchipped. In order to assess viral shedding, each infected fish was placed in individual static, aerated aquaria for a period of 8 h, after which the water was assessed for the presence of EEDV DNA using quantitative PCR. Water sampling was conducted every seven days for 93 days post-infection (pi), followed by additional sampling after one year. Results demonstrated that lake trout began shedding EEDV into the water as early as 9 days pi. Shedding peaked approximately three weeks pi and ceased after nine weeks pi. In contrast, mortalities did not occur until 40 days pi. Although mortality reached 73.9%, surviving fish ceased shedding and continued to grow. However, additional shedding was detected 58 weeks after infection in 66% of surviving fish. Findings of this study demonstrate that EEDV is shed into the water by infected lake trout hosts for extended periods of time, a mechanism that favors virus dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mochamad Purbayu
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Megan A Shavalier
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Terence L Marsh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Thomas P Loch
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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