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Keulen-de Vos M, Herzog-Evans M, Benbouriche M. Emotional States Related to Sexual Offending Versus Violent Offending Using a Schema Therapy Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024; 68:1179-1196. [PMID: 35808835 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the emotional states preceding and during sexual and violent offenses in a Dutch sample of male forensic inpatients. Moreover, the predictive impact of these emotional states on institutional violence in the first year of mandated care was examined using an incident scheme. Observer-ratings of emotional states by 103 male offenders and 97 sex offenders were examined using Mann-Whitney U tests. Using hierarchical multiple regression analyses, the predictive relationship between crime-related emotional states and incidents was examined. Sexual and violent crimes were equally preceded by painful emotions, primarily feelings of abandonment. During violent crimes, a state of bully and attack was dominant whereas sexual crimes were also characterized by self-aggrandizement and manipulation. These emotional states were not predictive for institutional violence. This study emphasizes the importance of emotional states in offending behavior and usefulness of schema therapy's crime theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Keulen-de Vos
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre de Rooyse Wissel, Venray, The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Massil Benbouriche
- University of Lille, France
- National Institute of Forensic Psychiatry Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Vos MKD, Giesbers G, Hülsken J. Relationships Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Emotional States in Individuals With Sexual Convictions. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2024; 36:233-250. [PMID: 36943900 DOI: 10.1177/10790632231153635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study seeks to add to the existing knowledge and available literature on schema therapy elements in forensic inpatient samples. Early maladaptive schemas and emotional states were assessed in Dutch individuals with sexual convictions and compared to individuals with nonsexual violent convictions. Self-ratings of the Young Schema Questionnaire and the Schema Mode Inventory of 95 patients with either convictions for child sexual abuse (N = 30), sexual violence against adults (N = 34), and nonsexual violent convictions (N = 31) were examined using one-way multivariate ANOVAs. Regardless of victim type, forensic patients convicted for sexual offending, and patients with convictions for nonsexual violent offending, seem to make equal use of specific maladaptive cognitive schemas and schema modes during mandated inpatient care. Other studies have shown that people with sexual offense histories are typically characterized by insecure attachment, overvigilance towards women, or a child-like self-concept. Our study indicates that forensic patient in Dutch mandated care may be qualitatively different from typical patients with sexual offense histories and that Dutch patients with violent or sexual offense histories are more similar than they are dissimilar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Keulen-de Vos
- Forensic Psychiatric Center de Rooyse Wissel, Venray, Netherlands
- Radboud University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Geertje Giesbers
- Forensic Psychiatric Hospital Pompe Foundation, Zeeland, the Netherlands
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Janovsky T, Rock AJ, Thorsteinsson EB, Clark GI, Polad V, Cosh S. Assessing the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems using interpersonal scenarios depicting rejection. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288543. [PMID: 37874818 PMCID: PMC10597527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) have been theorised to contribute to reoccurring interpersonal problems. This study developed a novel experimental paradigm that aimed to assess if EMSs moderate the impact of interpersonal situations on interpersonal responses by manipulating the degree of rejection in a series of interpersonal vignettes depicting acceptance, ambiguous rejection and rejection. METHOD In a sample of 158 first-year psychology students (27.2% male; 72.2% female; 0.6% other) participant responses to interpersonal scenarios were measured including degree of perceived rejection, emotional distress, conviction in varying cognitive appraisals consistent with attribution theory and behavioural responses to scenarios. Qualitative data was analysed using inductive content analysis and statistical analyses were conducted using multi-level mixed effect linear and logistic regression models using the software Jamovi. RESULTS People reporting higher EMSs reported increased emotional distress (F(1, 156) = 24.85, p < .001), perceptions of rejection (F(1, 156) = 34.33, p < .001), self-blame (F(1, 156) = 53.25, p < .001), other-blame (F(1, 156) = 13.16, p < .001) and more intentional (F(1, 156) = 9.24, p = .003), stable (F(1, 156) = 25.22, p < .001) and global (F(1, 156) = 19.55, p < .001) attributions but no differences in reported behavioural responses. The results also supported that EMSs moderate the relationship between interpersonal rejection and perceptions of rejection (F(2, 1252) = 18.43, p < .001), emotional distress (F(2, 1252) = 12.64, p < .001) and self-blame (F(2, 1252) = 14.00, p < .001). CONCLUSION Together these findings suggest that people with EMSs experience increased distress and select negative cognitions in situations where there are higher levels of rejection but that distress and negative cognitions are generally higher in people with EMSs irrespective of the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Janovsky
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam J. Rock
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Gavin I. Clark
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, England, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Polad
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Cosh
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Perks DLC, Watt BD, Fritzon KM. Offence-specific scripts among juvenile deliberate firesetters: a possible explanation for fire proclivity. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2023; 31:76-96. [PMID: 38476296 PMCID: PMC10929673 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2023.2175067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The study employed inductive-thematic analysis to identify dynamic cognitive-emotional processes occurring in proximity to deliberate firesetting among a sample of N = 35 adjudicated juvenile firesetters. Six fire-specific themes were determined. Three of these themes are akin to an implicit theory (i.e. a belief system informed by previous experiences): Fire Interest, Fire is Controllable, and Fire Denial/Accidental. Three of these themes are consistent with a cognitive script (i.e. a behavioural guide for how and when to use fire): (a) fire is destructive; (b) fire conceals evidence; and (c) fire creates calm. When reviewed more closely, the theme 'fire is destructive' is composed of two separate subcategories: 'fire creates destructive fun' and 'fire is a destructive tool for revenge'. The findings have risk assessment and treatment implications for juvenile firesetters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. C. Perks
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Bruce D. Watt
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Katarina M. Fritzon
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
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Hosie J, Dunne A, Simpson K, Daffern M. Aggressive Script Rehearsal in Adult Offenders: Characteristics and Association With Self-Reported Aggression. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21902-NP21926. [PMID: 34961425 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211062992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the frequency, recency, content, severity, and targets of aggressive scripts reported by 94 incarcerated Australian males. The scripts of participants who reported a history of repeated and severe aggression were compared with the scripts of participants who reported a history of less severe and less frequent aggression. As hypothesized, participants with a history of more frequent and severe aggressive behavior reported more severe aggressive script content and more frequent script rehearsal. Furthermore, participants with a history of more frequent and severe aggressive behavior reported feelings of anticipation and excitement when they rehearsed aggressive scripts as well as an increase in the severity of aggressive scripts rehearsed over time. These results have important implications for risk assessment and treatment of violent offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hosie
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, 3783Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley Dunne
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, 3783Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina Simpson
- 2541School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Daffern
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, 3783Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Simmons M, McEwan TE, Purcell R. A Social-Cognitive Investigation of Young Adults Who Abuse Their Parents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP327-NP349. [PMID: 32370583 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520915553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Within the past decade, there has been an increase in research focusing on young people who abuse their parents. However, most research has narrowly focused on adolescent children, neglecting to investigate the nature, pattern, and factors related to child-to-parent abuse perpetrated by young adults. This article integrated two complementary social-cognitive theories of aggression to explore factors associated with perpetration of child-to-parent abuse among university students (N = 435, aged 18-25 years). Participants completed the Abusive Behavior by Children-Indices, a self-report measure that was designed to differentiate abusive and normative child-to-parent behavior. The results highlight that abuse is not limited to adolescent children, as one in seven young adults were categorized as abusive toward a parent over the previous 12 months. Sons were more likely than daughters to report abusing their parents. Specifically, sons disclosed greater rates of father abuse than daughters, but similar rates of mother abuse. Hierarchical logistic regression found that exposure to marital violence, parent-to-child aggression, trait anger, and aggressive scripts were significant predictors of both mother and father abuse. However, other factors related to abuse differed according to which parent was the target of abuse. For instance, male sex was a significant predictor of father abuse, whereas rumination and impulsive emotional regulation were significant predictors of mother abuse. Overall, father abuse was better explained by the model than mother abuse. The results suggest that although factors related to general aggressive behavior may be good predictors for father abuse, additional factors may be needed to explain mother abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Simmons
- Swinburne University of Technology, Alphington, VIC, Australia
- Forensicare, Clifton Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Troy E McEwan
- Swinburne University of Technology, Alphington, VIC, Australia
- Forensicare, Clifton Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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A preliminary psychometric study of the Turkish Schema mode inventory-forensic (SMI-F). CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lewis D, Dunne AL, Meyer D, Daffern M. Assessing Schema Modes Using Self- and Observer-Rated Instruments: Associations With Aggression. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP9908-NP9929. [PMID: 31303102 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519860088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the associations between schema modes and aggression in 59 male forensic psychiatric inpatients. Two instruments were used to assess schema modes: One measured modes through self-report, the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI), and one measured modes via observer (nurse) judgments, the Mode Observation Scale (MOS). Aggression was measured in two ways: Self-reported aggression during participants' lifetimes was assessed using the Life History of Aggression-Self-Report-Aggression Scale (LHA-S-A), and incidents of aggression during hospitalization in the month following schema mode assessment, were identified through review of medical records. Self-reported (SMI) and observer-reported (MOS) measures of schema modes were poorly related and produced disparate associations with aggression. As hypothesized, the observer-reported MOS Angry-Child and MOS Impulsive-Undisciplined-Child modes were significantly associated with aggression during the follow-up. A number of other schema modes (MOS-Healthy-Adult, SMI-Angry-Child, MOS-Complaining-Protector, SMI-Undisciplined-Child, and MOS-Angry-Protector) were unexpectedly associated with aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Lewis
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley L Dunne
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Alphington, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Fairfield, Australia
| | - Denny Meyer
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Daffern
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Alphington, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Fairfield, Australia
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Bertsch K, Back S, Flechsenhar A, Neukel C, Krauch M, Spieß K, Panizza A, Herpertz SC. Don't Make Me Angry: Frustration-Induced Anger and Its Link to Aggression in Women With Borderline Personality Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:695062. [PMID: 34122197 PMCID: PMC8195331 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggression is a prominent interpersonal dysfunction of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). In BPD aggression is predominantly reactive in nature, often triggered by frustration, provocation, or social threat and is associated with intense anger and an inability to regulate this strong, negative emotion. Building on previous research, we were interested in investigating negative emotionality in general and anger in particular in women with BPD before and after frustration induction. To achieve this, 60 medication-free women with BPD and 32 healthy women rated the intensity of negative emotions (angry, frustrated, upset, embarrassed, nervous) before and after performing a Titrated Mirror Tracing Task, which reliably induces frustration and distress. As expected, women with BPD reported significantly greater intensity of negative emotions before and after frustration than healthy women. Specifically, they showed a significantly stronger frustration-induced increase in anger, while other negative emotions remained unaffected by frustration induction. This anger increase was significantly related to aggressive behavior reported in the 2 weeks prior to the experiment, as well as to the level of frustration experienced in the experiment itself, but not with emotion dysregulation. The current data confirm the important role of frustration-induced anger independent of emotion dysregulation in BPD, in particular with regard to aggression, a prominent interpersonal dysfunction of this disorder. These findings underline the importance of interventions with particular focus on anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Bertsch
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of General Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Back
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aleya Flechsenhar
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Corinne Neukel
- Department of General Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marlene Krauch
- Department of General Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karen Spieß
- Department of General Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Panizza
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine C Herpertz
- Department of General Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Janovsky T, Rock AJ, Thorsteinsson EB, Clark GI, Murray CV. The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems: A meta‐analytic review. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 27:408-447. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Janovsky
- School of PsychologyUniversity of New England Armidale New South Wales Australia
| | - Adam J. Rock
- School of PsychologyUniversity of New England Armidale New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Gavin I. Clark
- School of PsychologyNewcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Clara V. Murray
- School of PsychologyUniversity of New England Armidale New South Wales Australia
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Early Maladaptive Schemas and Cognitive-Behavioral Aspect of Anger: Schema Model Perspective. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-018-0311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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