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Zhao J, Cao Q, Xing M, Xiao H, Cheng Z, Song S, Ji A. Advances in the Study of Marine Products with Lipid-Lowering Properties. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E390. [PMID: 32726987 PMCID: PMC7459887 DOI: 10.3390/md18080390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With twice the number of cancer's deaths, cardiovascular diseases have become the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis, in particular, is a progressive, chronic inflammatory cardiovascular disease caused by persistent damage to blood vessels due to elevated cholesterol levels and hyperlipidemia. This condition is characterized by an increase in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein, and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein. Although existing therapies with hypolipidemic effects can improve the living standards of patients with cardiovascular diseases, the drugs currently used in clinical practice have certain side effects, which insists on the need for the development of new types of drugs with lipid-lowering effects. Some marine-derived substances have proven hypolipidemic activities with fewer side effects and stand as a good alternative for drug development. Recently, there have been thousands of studies on substances with lipid-lowering properties of marine origin, and some are already implemented in clinical practice. Here, we summarize the active components of marine-derived products having a hypolipidemic effect. These active constituents according to their source are divided into algal, animal, plant and microbial and contribute to the development and utilization of marine medicinal products with hypolipidemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Zhao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (J.Z.); (Q.C.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Z.C.)
| | - Qi Cao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (J.Z.); (Q.C.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Z.C.)
| | - Maochen Xing
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (J.Z.); (Q.C.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Z.C.)
| | - Han Xiao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (J.Z.); (Q.C.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zeyu Cheng
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (J.Z.); (Q.C.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Z.C.)
| | - Shuliang Song
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (J.Z.); (Q.C.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Z.C.)
| | - Aiguo Ji
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (J.Z.); (Q.C.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Z.C.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Zdarta J, Machałowski T, Degórska O, Bachosz K, Fursov A, Ehrlich H, Ivanenko VN, Jesionowski T. 3D Chitin Scaffolds from the Marine Demosponge Aplysina archeri as a Support for Laccase Immobilization and Its Use in the Removal of Pharmaceuticals. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040646. [PMID: 32331371 PMCID: PMC7226420 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, 3D chitin scaffolds from the marine demosponge Aplysina archeri were used for adsorption and immobilization of laccase from Trametes versicolor. The resulting chitin-enzyme biocatalytic systems were applied in the removal of tetracycline. Effective enzyme immobilization was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Immobilization yield and kinetic parameters were investigated in detail, in addition to the activity of the enzyme after immobilization. The designed systems were further used for the removal of tetracycline under various process conditions. Optimum process conditions, enabling total removal of tetracycline from solutions at concentrations up to 1 mg/L, were found to be pH 5, temperature between 25 and 35 °C, and 1 h process duration. Due to the protective effect of the chitinous scaffolds and stabilization of the enzyme by multipoint attachment, the storage stability and thermal stability of the immobilized biomolecules were significantly improved as compared to the free enzyme. The produced biocatalytic systems also exhibited good reusability, as after 10 repeated uses they removed over 90% of tetracycline from solution. Finally, the immobilized laccase was used in a packed bed reactor for continuous removal of tetracycline, and enabled the removal of over 80% of the antibiotic after 24 h of continuous use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Zdarta
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland; (T.M.); (O.D.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (T.J.)
| | - Tomasz Machałowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland; (T.M.); (O.D.); (K.B.)
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (A.F.); (H.E.)
| | - Oliwia Degórska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland; (T.M.); (O.D.); (K.B.)
| | - Karolina Bachosz
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland; (T.M.); (O.D.); (K.B.)
| | - Andriy Fursov
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (A.F.); (H.E.)
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (A.F.); (H.E.)
- Wielkopolska Center for Advanced Technologies (WCAT), Poznan University str. 10, 61614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Viatcheslav N. Ivanenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland; (T.M.); (O.D.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (T.J.)
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Bagal-Kestwal DR, Chiang BH. Exploration of Chitinous Scaffold-Based Interfaces for Glucose Sensing Assemblies. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1958. [PMID: 31795230 PMCID: PMC6960682 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
: The nanomaterial-integrated chitinous polymers have promoted the technological advancements in personal health care apparatus, particularly for enzyme-based devices like the glucometer. Chitin and chitosan, being natural biopolymers, have attracted great attention in the field of biocatalysts engineering. Their remarkable tunable properties have been explored for enhancing enzyme performance and biosensor advancements. Currently, incorporation of nanomaterials in chitin and chitosan-based biosensors are also widely exploited for enzyme stability and interference-free detection. Therefore, in this review, we focus on various innovative multi-faceted strategies used for the fabrication of biological assemblies using chitinous biomaterial interface. We aim to summarize the current development on chitin/chitosan and their nano-architecture scaffolds for interdisciplinary biosensor research, especially for analytes like glucose. This review article will be useful for understanding the overall multifunctional aspects and progress of chitin and chitosan-based polysaccharides in the food, biomedical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and other diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali R. Bagal-Kestwal
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Been-Huang Chiang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Urrutia P, Bernal C, Wilson L, Illanes A. Use of chitosan heterofunctionality for enzyme immobilization: β-galactosidase immobilization for galacto-oligosaccharide synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:182-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zang L, Qiao X, Hu L, Yang C, Liu Q, Wei C, Qiu J, Mo H, Song G, Yang J, Liu C. Preparation and Evaluation of Coal Fly Ash/Chitosan Composites as Magnetic Supports for Highly Efficient Cellulase Immobilization and Cellulose Bioconversion. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050523. [PMID: 30966557 PMCID: PMC6415424 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two magnetic supports with different morphologies and particle sizes were designed and prepared for cellulase immobilization based on chitosan and industrial by-product magnetic coal fly ash (MCFA). One was prepared by coating chitosan onto spherical MCFA particles to form non-porous MCFA@chitosan gel microcomposites (Support I) with a size of several micrometers, and the other was prepared using the suspension method to form porous MCFA/chitosan gel beads (Support II) with a size of several hundred micrometers. Cellulase was covalent binding to the support by glutaraldehyde activation method. The morphology, structure and magnetic property of immobilized cellulase were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a vibrating-sample magnetometer. The cellulase loading on Support I was 85.8 mg/g with a relatlvely high activity recovery of 76.6%, but the immobilized cellulase exhibited low thermal stability. The cellulase loading on Support II was 76.8 mg/g with a relative low activity recovery of 51.9%, but the immobilized cellulase showed high thermal stability. Cellulase immobilized on Support I had a glucose productivity of 219.8 mg glucose/g CMC and remained 69.9% of the original after 10 cycles; whereas the glucose productivity was 246.4 mg glucose/g CMC and kept 75.5% of its initial value after 10 repeated uses for Support II immobilized cellulase. The results indicate that the two supports can be used as cheap and effective supports to immobilize enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xuan Qiao
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Lei Hu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-773-5896-672 (C.Y. & C.L.)
| | - Qifan Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Chun Wei
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo 015-0055, Japan; (J.Q.); (H.M.)
| | - Haodao Mo
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo 015-0055, Japan; (J.Q.); (H.M.)
| | - Ge Song
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Chanjuan Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (L.Z.); (X.Q.); (L.H); (Q.L.); (C.W.); (G.S.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-773-5896-672 (C.Y. & C.L.)
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Krajewska B. Chitosan Membrane-Immobilized Urease. Kinetic Behavior in Phosphate Buffer in the pH Range 5.76-8.19. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391150001500204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of phosphate buffer on the kinetic behavior of jack bean urease covalently immobilized on chitosan membrane was studied in the pH range 5.76-8.19, and compared with that of the free enzyme in an attempt to elucidate the effects of heterogeneity of the system on its kinetics. The chemical inhibition by the buffer, occurring between pH 5.76 and 7.50, was found to consist of two antagonistic effects: a decrease in the intrinsic enzyme activity and a reduction in the degree of environment-related inhibition. The apparent kinetic constants of the immobilized urease: v xmax., K x M and K i,buffer exhibited both pH- and buffer concentration-dependence, anomalous as compared to the free enzyme: the optimum pH and the pK i,buffer values were displaced toward more acidic pH values, and the p K x M values were leveled off. The anomalies were gradually suppressed by increasing the buffer concentration. The anomalous behavior of chitosan membrane-immobilized urease was accounted for by a combined effect of: a) the increase in local pH on the membrane produced by both the enzymatic reaction and the electric charge of the support, and b) diffusional limitations imposed on substrate and product in the external solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Krajewska
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, 30-060 Krakow, Ingardena 3, Poland
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Molecular interactions, characterization and photoactivity of Chlorophyll a/chitosan/2-HP-β-cyclodextrin composite films as functional and active surfaces for ROS production. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Trusek-Holownia A, Noworyta A. Efficient utilisation of hydrogel preparations with encapsulated enzymes - a case study on catalase and hydrogen peroxide degradation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 28626692 PMCID: PMC5466259 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We present a model for the process of enzyme encapsulation in hydrogels. Parameters influencing the process efficiency and substrate conversion rate are selected. The diameter of the gel capsule used for enzymatic preparation influences the process efficiency. Encapsulated enzymes remain more active than native enzymes and enzymes immobilised on solid supports.
The size of the gel preparation, the concentration of the encapsulated enzyme and the ratio of the preparation volume to the volume of the reaction mixture influence the reaction efficiency with encapsulated biocatalysts. A model of first order enzymatic reaction with substrate diffusion is presented and validated by the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. The Thiele modulus (Ф) contains the modified (including the enzyme concentration) enzymatic reaction constant (k′). Based on the model analysis, the Thiele modulus should not exceed a value of 2 (optimally less than 0.5). This value can be controlled by appropriate selection of the enzyme concentration inside and the size of the capsule. A lower Ф value gives a flat substrate concentration profile inside the gel capsule and all the enzyme molecules are involved in the reaction. The optimal diameter of the gel capsule with respect to their separation from the reaction mixture is 1–2 mm.
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Immobilization of Papain on Chitin and Chitosan and Recycling of Soluble Enzyme for Deflocculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from Bioethanol Distilleries. Enzyme Res 2015; 2015:573721. [PMID: 25628895 PMCID: PMC4299301 DOI: 10.1155/2015/573721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast flocculation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is one of the most important problems in fuel ethanol production. Yeast flocculation causes operational difficulties and increase in the ethanol cost. Proteolytic enzymes can solve this problem since it does not depend on these changes. The recycling of soluble papain and the immobilization of this enzyme on chitin or chitosan were studied. Some cross-linking agents were evaluated in the action of proteolytic activity of papain. The glutaraldehyde (0.1–10% w·v−1), polyethyleneimine (0.5% v·v−1), and tripolyphosphate (1–10% w·v−1) inactivated the enzyme in this range, respectively. Glutaraldehyde inhibited all treatments of papain immobilization. The chitosan cross-linked with TPP in 5 h of reaction showed the yield of active immobilized enzyme of 15.7% and 6.07% in chitosan treated with 0.1% PEI. Although these immobilizations have been possible, these levels have not been enough to cause deflocculation of yeast cells. Free enzyme was efficient for yeast deflocculation in dosages of 3 to 4 g·L−1. Recycling of soluble papain by centrifugation was effective for 14 cycles with yeast suspension in time perfectly compatible to industrial conditions. The reuse of proteases applied after yeast suspension by additional yeast centrifugation could be an alternative to cost reduction of these enzymes.
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Rizzi V, Longo A, Fini P, Semeraro P, Cosma P, Franco E, García R, Ferrándiz M, Núñez E, Gabaldón JA, Fortea I, Pérez E, Ferrándiz M. Applicative Study (Part I): The Excellent Conditions to Remove in Batch Direct Textile Dyes (Direct Red, Direct Blue and Direct Yellow) from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Processes on Low-Cost Chitosan Films under Different Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/aces.2014.44048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mayakrishnan V, Kannappan P, Abdullah N, Ahmed ABA. Cardioprotective activity of polysaccharides derived from marine algae: An overview. Trends Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kaur S, Dhillon GS. The versatile biopolymer chitosan: potential sources, evaluation of extraction methods and applications. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 40:155-75. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.770385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Masuda Y, Kugimiya SI, Murai K, Hayashi A, Kato K. Enhancement of activity and stability of the formaldehyde dehydrogenase by immobilizing onto phenyl-functionalized mesoporous silica. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 101:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Falahati M, Ma'mani L, Saboury AA, Shafiee A, Foroumadi A, Badiei AR. Aminopropyl-functionalized cubic Ia3d mesoporous silica nanoparticle as an efficient support for immobilization of superoxide dismutase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1195-202. [PMID: 21530691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wan YY, Lu R, Xiao L, Du YM, Miyakoshi T, Chen CL, Knill CJ, Kennedy JF. Effects of organic solvents on the activity of free and immobilised laccase from Rhus vernicifera. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:488-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Watthanaphanit A, Supaphol P, Tamura H, Tokura S, Rujiravanit R. Fabrication, structure, and properties of chitin whisker-reinforced alginate nanocomposite fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bonnett R, Krysteva MA, Lalov IG, Artarsky SV. Water disinfection using photosensitizers immobilized on chitosan. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:1269-75. [PMID: 16499945 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We have designed experiments to test the idea that the photodynamic effect can be used to lower microbial levels in a flow of water using a sensitizer incorporated into a polymeric membrane. We have selected a naturally derived, wettable polymer, chitosan, which can be reinforced with nylon. Photosensitizers of singlet oxygen formation were incorporated into translucent chitosan membranes by adsorption [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, p-THPP], by dissolution and casting [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-aminophenyl)porphyrin, p-TAPP], and by covalent attachment by reactive dyeing [zinc(II) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid, ZnPcS]. Preliminary evaluation of photomicrobicidal activity in static systems against Escherichia coli revealed some activity in each case, and showed that the phthalocyanine/chitosan membrane was the most effective. A novel photodisinfection reactor was designed and constructed as a model for a large-scale water-flow system. Using the novel reinforced ZnPcS/chitosan membrane as the photosensitizing surface, a significant photokill of E. coli was observed, thus providing proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Bonnett
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London EI 4NS, UK.
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Gomes FM, Pereira EB, de Castro HF. Immobilization of lipase on chitin and its use in nonconventional biocatalysis. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:17-23. [PMID: 14715003 DOI: 10.1021/bm0342077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chitin was functionalized with hexamethylenediamine followed by glutaraldehyde activation, and its capacity to bind Candida rugosa lipase was investigated. The loading of 250 units g(-1) support showed to be effective, resulting in a uniform enzyme fixation with high catalytic activity. Both free and immobilized lipases were characterized by determining the activity profile as a function of pH, temperature, and thermal stability. For the immobilized lipase, the influence of the reaction temperature and substrate polarity in nonconventional biocatalysis was also analyzed. Production of butyl esters was found to be dependent on the substrate partition coefficient, which accounts the greatest value for the system butanol and butyric acid. The highest enzyme activity was found for the system butanol and caprylic acid at a reaction temperature of 40 degrees C. Under such conditions, the operational stability tests indicated that a small enzyme deactivation occurs after 12 batches, revealing a biocatalyst half-life of 426.7 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício M Gomes
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia Química de Lorena, 12606-970 Lorena, SP, Brazil
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Agulló E, Rodríguez MS, Ramos V, Albertengo L. Present and Future Role of Chitin and Chitosan in Food. Macromol Biosci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Öztop H, Öztop A, Karadağ E, Işikver Y, Saraydin D. Immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on to acrylamide–sodium acrylate hydrogels for production of ethyl alcohol. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wei X, Cruz J, Gorski W. Integration of enzymes and electrodes: spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of chitosan-enzyme films. Anal Chem 2002; 74:5039-46. [PMID: 12380828 DOI: 10.1021/ac020216e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new film-forming solution was developed for the efficient immobilization of enzymes on solid substrates. The solution consisted of a biopolymer, chitosan (CHIT), that was chemically modified with a permeability-controlling agent, Acetyl Yellow 9 (AY9), using glutaric dialdehyde (GDI) as a molecular tether. A model enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOx), was mixed with the CHIT-GDI-AY9 solution and cast on the surface of platinum electrodes to form robust CHIT-GDI-AY9-GOx films for glucose biosensing. UV-visible and infrared spectroscopies were used to determine the composition of the films. The optimized films contained on average 1 molecule of AY9/3 glucosamine units of chitosan and 25 free GDI tethers/1 molecule of GOx. The electrochemical assays of the films indicated both a very high efficiency of enzyme immobilization (approximately 99%) and large enzyme activity (60 units cm(-2)). The latter translated into a high sensitivity (42 mA M(-1) cm(-2)) of the Pt/CHIT-GDI-AY9-GOx biosensor toward glucose. The biosensor operated at 0.450 V, had a fast response time (t90% < or = 3 s), and was free of typical interferences, and its dynamic range covered 3 orders of magnitude of glucose concentrations. The lowest actually detectable concentration was 10 microM glucose. In addition, the biosensor displayed a practical shelf life and excellent operational stability, e.g. its response was stable during 24-h testing under continuous polarization and continuous flow of 5.0 mM glucose solution. The proposed approach to enzyme immobilization is simple, efficient, and cost-effective and should be of importance in the development of biosensors based on other enzymes that are more expensive than glucose oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, 78249-0698 USA
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Öztop H, Öztop A, Işikver Y, Saraydin D. Immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on to radiation crosslinked HEMA/AAm hydrogels for production of ethyl alcohol. Process Biochem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(01)00254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Sparingly soluble redox salts were combined with a model enzyme, glucose oxidase, in a host matrix of a biopolymer chitosan to form bioinorganic composite films on the surface of glassy carbon electrodes. Four redox salts, each containing the Ru(NH3)6(3+) cation and a selected anion, such as Ru(CN)6(4-), Fe(CN)6(4-), Co(CN)6(3-) or IrCl6(3-), were studied. The composition and catalytic properties of such composite materials toward glucose oxidation were investigated by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. The composite films provided an oxygen-independent electrical communication between the enzyme's redox centers and a glassy carbon surface at a potential as low as -0.10 V vs Ag/AgCl(3 M Cl-). The nature of the electrical communication is discussed in terms of redox mediation by the Ru(NH3)6(3+)-containing ion pairs formed inside the biocomposites. The kinetic significance of the mediator's charge is considered by postulating that neutral ion pairs are more efficient redox mediators of the enzymatic reaction than those negatively charged. The low operating potential of enzyme electrodes based on the bioinorganic composites allows for an interference-free determination of glucose. The design of the biocomposites is generic and can incorporate oxidoreductase enzymes other than glucose oxidase to provide a host of biosensors for biologically and environmentally important analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Division of Earth and Physical Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 78249-0663, USA
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Inhibition of chitosan-immobilized urease by slow-binding inhibitors: Ni2+, F− and acetohydroxamic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Spagna G, Barbagallo RN, Casarini D, Pifferi PG. A novel chitosan derivative to immobilize alpha-L-rhamnopyranosidase from Aspergillus niger for application in beverage technologies. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001; 28:427-438. [PMID: 11240202 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
alpha-L-rhamnopyranosidase (Rha, EC 3.2.1.40) is an enzyme of considerable importance to food technology in increasing the aroma of wines, musts, fruit juices and other beverages. The aim of this research is the immobilization of the Rha contained in a commercial preparation already used in the winemaking industry and purified in the manner described in a previous study [1]. The immobilization supports tested were chitin, chitosan and derivatized chitosan, diethylaminoethyl chitosan (DE-chitosan) never previously used for this type of application. Particularly, on DE-chitosan, the Rha was adsorbed and cross-linked with various bifunctional agents (glutaraldehyde, diepoxyoctane, suberimidate and carbodiimide), whose best results (immobilization yields and activity) were obtained with carbodiimide (EDC) that allowed a reduction in the involvement of the enzyme amine groups that are probably important in catalytic mechanism. In addition, the use of rhamnose and a succinimide (NHS) during cross-linking enhanced the action of the EDC and so increased the immobilization yield and activity. The immobilized Rha retained the kinetic parameters (K(m) and V(max)) of the free enzyme and increased stability. Moreover, this biocatalyst allowed an increase in the aroma in a model wine solution containing glicosidic precursors with a marked reduction in specificity toward tertiary monoterpenols as compared to the free enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spagna
- Food Biotechnology Group from the Department of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture and Agroindustrial Technology (DOFATA), University of Catania, via S. Sofia 98, 95123, Catania, Italy
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Vaillant F, Millan A, Millan P, Dornier M, Decloux M, Reynes M. Co-immobilized pectinlyase and endocellulase on chitin and Nylon supports. Process Biochem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(00)00131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Krajewska B, Zaborska W, Leszko M. Inhibition of chitosan-immobilized urease by boric acid as determined by integration methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(97)00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kobayashi S, Kiyosada T, Shoda SI. Synthesis of Artificial Chitin: Irreversible Catalytic Behavior of a Glycosyl Hydrolase through a Transition State Analogue Substrate. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja963011u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Krajewska B, Olech A. Pore structure of gel chitosan membranes. I. Solute diffusion measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0966-7822(95)00015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ohashi E, Karube I. Development of a thin membrane glucose sensor using beta-type crystalline chitin for implantable biosensor. J Biotechnol 1995; 40:13-9. [PMID: 7794598 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(95)00028-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A biocompatible thin membrane glucose sensor has been developed using beta-type crystalline chitin as a supporting material for the purpose of implantable biosensor. Gold electrode was formed by vapor deposition of the surface of glucose oxidase-immobilized beta-chitin membrane. The sensor showed rapid responses to glucose and H2O2 (< 45 s in batch operation), and addition of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol as a mediator caused expansion of the measuring range. To investigate the possible uses for the implantable, the sensor sterilization and toxicity were studied. Sterilization with ethylene oxide was achieved by exposing samples, and a decrease in activity was permissible for measurements of body fluid. From the results of the toxicity assay using mouse fibroblast cells, beta-chitin sensor, constructed with chitin, glucose oxidase and gold electrode, showed no particular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ohashi
- Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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