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Schnaar RL. Gangliosides as Siglec ligands. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:159-167. [PMID: 36701102 PMCID: PMC11000168 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a sialoglycan can be translated into to a biological response when it binds to a specific endogenous lectin. Among endogenous sialic acid-binding lectins in humans are those comprising the 15-member Siglec family, most of which are expressed on overlapping sets of immune cells. Endogenous Siglec ligands are sialoglycolipids (gangliosides) and/or sialoglycoproteins, on cell surfaces or in the extracellular milieu, that bind to and initiate signaling by cell surface Siglecs. In the nervous system, where gangliosides are the predominant sialoglycans, Siglec-4 (myelin-associated glycoprotein) on myelinating cells binds to gangliosides GD1a and GT1b on nerve cell axons to ensure stable and productive axon-myelin interactions. In the immune system, Siglec-7 on natural killer cells binds to gangliosides GD3 and GD2 to inhibit immune signaling. Expression of GD3 and GD2 on cancer cells can lead to tumor immune evasion. Siglec-1 (sialoadhesin, CD169) on macrophages binds to gangliosides on tumors and enveloped viruses. This may enhance antigen presentation in some cases, or increase viral distribution in others. Several other Siglecs bind to gangliosides in vitro, the biological significance of which has yet to be fully established. Gangliosides, which are found on all human cells and tissues in cell-specific distributions, are functional Siglec ligands with varied roles driving Siglec-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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2
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Coelho MA, Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Rajendran RL, Sugano AA, Mosaner T, Santos GS, Bizinotto Lana JV, Lana AVSD, da Fonseca LF, Domingues RB, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC, Lana JFSD. Application of Sygen® in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathies—A Review of Biological Interactions. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9050217. [PMID: 35621495 PMCID: PMC9138133 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9050217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the role of Sygen® in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, a severe disease that affects the peripheral nervous system in diabetic individuals. This disorder often impacts the lower limbs, causing significant discomfort and, if left untreated, progresses into more serious conditions involving chronic ulcers and even amputation in many cases. Although there are management strategies available, peripheral neuropathies are difficult to treat as they often present multiple causes, especially due to metabolic dysfunction in diabetic individuals. Gangliosides, however, have long been studied and appreciated for their role in neurological diseases. The monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) ganglioside, popularly known as Sygen, provides beneficial effects such as enhanced neuritic sprouting, neurotrophism, neuroprotection, anti-apoptosis, and anti-excitotoxic activity, being particularly useful in the treatment of neurological complications that arise from diabetes. This product mimics the roles displayed by neurotrophins, improving neuronal function and immunomodulation by attenuating exacerbated inflammation in neurons. Furthermore, Sygen assists in axonal stabilization and keeps nodal and paranodal regions of myelin fibers organized. This maintains an adequate propagation of action potentials and restores standard peripheral nerve function. Given the multifactorial nature of this complicated disorder, medical practitioners must carefully screen the patient to avoid confusion and misdiagnosis. There are several studies analyzing the role of Sygen in neurological disorders. However, the medical literature still needs more robust investigations such as randomized clinical trials regarding the administration of this compound for diabetic peripheral neuropathies, specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Amaral Coelho
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine-Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Fellow in Joint Replacement, Department of Orthopaedics, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - André Atsushi Sugano
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - Tomas Mosaner
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - Gabriel Silva Santos
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - João Vitor Bizinotto Lana
- Medical Specialties School Centre, Centro Universitário Max Planck, Indaiatuba 13343-060, Brazil; (J.V.B.L.); (A.V.S.D.L.)
| | | | - Lucas Furtado da Fonseca
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Rafael Barnabé Domingues
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (P.G.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - José Fábio Santos Duarte Lana
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Indaiatuba 13334-170, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (A.A.S.); (T.M.); (G.S.S.); (L.F.d.F.); (R.B.D.); (J.F.S.D.L.)
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Abstract
A dense and diverse array of glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids decorate all cell surfaces. In vertebrates, many of these carry sialic acid, in a variety of linkages and glycan contexts, as their outermost sugar moiety. Among their functions, glycans engage complementary glycan binding proteins (lectins) to regulate cell physiology. Among the glycan binding proteins are the Siglecs, sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. In humans, there are 14 Siglecs, most of which are expressed on overlapping subsets of immune system cells. Each Siglec engages distinct, endogenous sialylated glycans that initiate signaling programs and regulate cellular responses. Here, we explore the emerging science of Siglec ligands, including endogenous sialoglycoproteins and glycolipids and synthetic sialomimetics. Knowledge in this field promises to reveal new molecular pathways controlling cell physiology and new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Sipione S, Monyror J, Galleguillos D, Steinberg N, Kadam V. Gangliosides in the Brain: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Applications. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:572965. [PMID: 33117120 PMCID: PMC7574889 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.572965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids highly abundant in the nervous system, and carry most of the sialic acid residues in the brain. Gangliosides are enriched in cell membrane microdomains ("lipid rafts") and play important roles in the modulation of membrane proteins and ion channels, in cell signaling and in the communication among cells. The importance of gangliosides in the brain is highlighted by the fact that loss of function mutations in ganglioside biosynthetic enzymes result in severe neurodegenerative disorders, often characterized by very early or childhood onset. In addition, changes in the ganglioside profile (i.e., in the relative abundance of specific gangliosides) were reported in healthy aging and in common neurological conditions, including Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. At least in HD, PD and in some forms of epilepsy, experimental evidence strongly suggests a potential role of gangliosides in disease pathogenesis and potential treatment. In this review, we will summarize ganglioside functions that are crucial to maintain brain health, we will review changes in ganglioside levels that occur in major neurological conditions and we will discuss their contribution to cellular dysfunctions and disease pathogenesis. Finally, we will review evidence of the beneficial roles exerted by gangliosides, GM1 in particular, in disease models and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Zech M, Brunet T, Škorvánek M, Blaschek A, Vill K, Hanker B, Hüning I, Haň V, Došekova P, Gdovinová Z, Alhaddad B, Berutti R, Strom TM, Růžička E, Kamsteeg EJ, van der Smagt JJ, Wagner M, Jech R, Winkelmann J. Recessive null-allele variants in MAG associated with spastic ataxia, nystagmus, neuropathy, and dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 77:70-75. [PMID: 32629324 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gene encoding myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) has been implicated in autosomal-recessive spastic paraplegia type 75. To date, only four families with biallelic missense variants in MAG have been reported. The genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of MAG-associated disease awaits further elucidation. METHODS Four unrelated patients with complex neurologic conditions underwent whole-exome sequencing within research or diagnostic settings. Following determination of the underlying genetic defects, in-depth phenotyping and literature review were performed. RESULTS In all case subjects, we detected ultra-rare homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in MAG. The observed nonsense (c.693C > A [p.Tyr231*], c.980G > A [p.Trp327*], c.1126C > T [p.Gln376*], and 1522C > T [p.Arg508*]) and frameshift (c.517_521dupAGCTG [p.Trp174*]) alleles were predicted to result in premature termination of protein translation. Affected patients presented with variable combinations of psychomotor delay, ataxia, eye movement abnormalities, spasticity, dystonia, and neuropathic symptoms. Cerebellar signs, nystagmus, and pyramidal tract dysfunction emerged as unifying features in the majority of MAG-mutated individuals identified to date. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to describe biallelic null variants in MAG, confirming that loss of myelin-associated glycoprotein causes severe infancy-onset disease with central and peripheral nervous system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Theresa Brunet
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matej Škorvánek
- Department of Neurology, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Astrid Blaschek
- Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Vill
- Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Britta Hanker
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Irina Hüning
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vladimír Haň
- Department of Neurology, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Došekova
- Department of Neurology, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Gdovinová
- Department of Neurology, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Bader Alhaddad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Riccardo Berutti
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper J van der Smagt
- Division of Laboratories, Farmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Neurogenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, Munich, Germany
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6
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Novel MAG Variant Causes Cerebellar Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia: Molecular Basis and Expanded Clinical Phenotype. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041212. [PMID: 32340215 PMCID: PMC7230264 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous variants in MAG, encoding myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), have been associated with complicated forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). MAG is a glycoprotein member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, expressed by myelination cells. In this study, we identified a novel homozygous missense variant in MAG (c.124T>C; p.Cys42Arg) in a Portuguese family with early-onset autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and oculomotor apraxia. We used homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing to identify the MAG variant, and cellular studies to confirm its detrimental effect. Our results showed that this variant reduces protein stability and impairs the post-translational processing (N-linked glycosylation) and subcellular localization of MAG, thereby associating a loss of protein function with the phenotype. Therefore, MAG variants should be considered in the diagnosis of hereditary cerebellar ataxia with oculomotor apraxia, in addition to spastic paraplegia.
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Roubertie A, Charif M, Meyer P, Manes G, Meunier I, Taieb G, Junta Morales R, Guichet A, Delettre C, Sarzi E, Leboucq N, Rivier F, Lenaers G. Hereditary spastic paraplegia and prominent sensorial involvement: think MAG mutations! Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:1572-1577. [PMID: 31402626 PMCID: PMC6689693 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Homozygous mutations in MAG, encoding the myelin-associated glycoprotein, a transmembrane component of the myelin sheath, have been associated with SPG 75 recessive spastic paraplegia. Here, we report the first patient with two compound heterozygous novel MAG mutations (p.A151V and p.S373R) and early developmental delay with a progressive complex phenotype characterized by spastic paraplegia, peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy, intellectual disability, and sensorial dysfunctions with severe optic atrophy and hearing involvement. Brain imaging showed progressive global cerebellar atrophy. We propose that complex hereditary spastic paraplegia, with axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy, sensorial impairment and intellectual disability might suggest MAG mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Roubertie
- Département de NeuropédiatrieCHU Gui de ChauliacMontpellierFrance
- Institut des Neurosciences de MontpellierINSERM U1051, Université de MontpellierFrance
- Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory DiseasesCHU Gui de ChauliacMontpellierFrance
| | - Majida Charif
- MitoLab, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM 1083Université d'Angers49933AngersFrance
| | - Pierre Meyer
- Département de NeuropédiatrieCHU Gui de ChauliacMontpellierFrance
- PhyMedExpUniversité de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRSMontpellierFrance
| | - Gael Manes
- Institut des Neurosciences de MontpellierINSERM U1051, Université de MontpellierFrance
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- Institut des Neurosciences de MontpellierINSERM U1051, Université de MontpellierFrance
- Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory DiseasesCHU Gui de ChauliacMontpellierFrance
| | - Guillaume Taieb
- Département de NeurologieCHU Gui de ChauliacMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Agnès Guichet
- Department of Biochemistry and GeneticsAngers University HospitalAngersFrance
| | - Cecile Delettre
- Institut des Neurosciences de MontpellierINSERM U1051, Université de MontpellierFrance
| | - Emmanuelle Sarzi
- Institut des Neurosciences de MontpellierINSERM U1051, Université de MontpellierFrance
| | - Nicolas Leboucq
- Département de NeuroradiologieCHU Gui de Chauliac34 295MontpellierFrance
| | - François Rivier
- Département de NeuropédiatrieCHU Gui de ChauliacMontpellierFrance
- PhyMedExpUniversité de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRSMontpellierFrance
| | - Guy Lenaers
- MitoLab, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM 1083Université d'Angers49933AngersFrance
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Myllykoski M, Eichel MA, Jung RB, Kelm S, Werner HB, Kursula P. High-affinity heterotetramer formation between the large myelin-associated glycoprotein and the dynein light chain DYNLL1. J Neurochem 2018; 147:764-783. [PMID: 30261098 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The close association of myelinated axons and their myelin sheaths involves numerous intercellular molecular interactions. For example, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) mediates myelin-to-axon adhesion and signalling via molecules on the axonal surface. However, knowledge about intracellular binding partners of myelin proteins, including MAG, has remained limited. The two splice isoforms of MAG, S- and L-MAG, display distinct cytoplasmic domains and spatiotemporal expression profiles. We used yeast two-hybrid screening to identify interaction partners of L-MAG and found the dynein light chain DYNLL1 (also termed dynein light chain 8). DYNLL1 homodimers are known to facilitate dimerization of target proteins. L-MAG and DYNLL1 associate with high affinity, as confirmed with recombinant proteins in vitro. Structural analyses of the purified complex indicate that the DYNLL1-binding segment is localized close to the L-MAG C terminus, next to the Fyn kinase Tyr phosphorylation site. The crystal structure of the complex between DYNLL1 and its binding segment on L-MAG shows 2 : 2 binding in a parallel arrangement, indicating a heterotetrameric complex. The homology between L-MAG and previously characterized DYNLL1-ligands is limited, and some details of binding site interactions are unique for L-MAG. The structure of the complex between the entire L-MAG cytoplasmic domain and DYNLL1, as well as that of the extracellular domain of MAG, were modelled based on small-angle X-ray scattering data, allowing structural insights into L-MAG interactions on both membrane surfaces. Our data imply that DYNLL1 dimerizes L-MAG, but not S-MAG, through the formation of a specific 2 : 2 heterotetramer. This arrangement is likely to affect, in an isoform-specific manner, the functions of MAG in adhesion and myelin-to-axon signalling. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 712.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Myllykoski
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maria A Eichel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Georg August University School of Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramona B Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sørge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen (CBIB), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petri Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
Gangliosides comprise a varied family of glycosphingolipid structures bearing one or more sialic acid residues. They are found in all mammalian tissues but are most abundant in the brain, where they represent the quantitatively major class of sialoglycans. As prominent molecular determinants on cell surfaces, they function as molecular-recognition partners for diverse glycan-binding proteins ranging from bacterial toxins to endogenous cell-cell adhesion molecules. Gangliosides also regulate the activity of plasma membrane proteins, including protein tyrosine kinases, by lateral association in the same membranes in which they reside. Their roles in molecular recognition and membrane protein regulation implicate gangliosides in human physiology and pathology, including infectious diseases, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegeneration. The varied structures and biosynthetic pathways of gangliosides are presented here, along with representative examples of their biological functions in health and disease.
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10
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Li TA, Schnaar RL. Congenital Disorders of Ganglioside Biosynthesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:63-82. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Mehta P, Piao X. Adhesion G-protein coupled receptors and extracellular matrix proteins: Roles in myelination and glial cell development. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:275-284. [PMID: 27859941 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are a large family of transmembrane proteins that play important roles in many processes during development, primarily through cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. In the nervous system, they have been linked to the complex process of myelination, both in the central and peripheral nervous system. GPR126 is essential in Schwann cell-mediated myelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), while GPR56 is involved in oligodendrocyte development central nervous system (CNS) myelination. VLGR1 is another aGPCR that is associated with the expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) which has inhibitory effects on the process of nerve repair. The ECM is composed of a vast array of structural proteins, three of which interact specifically with aGPCRs: collagen III/GPR56, collagen IV/GPR126, and laminin-211/GPR126. As druggable targets, aGPCRs are valuable in their ability to unlock treatment for a wide variety of currently debilitating myelin disorders. Developmental Dynamics 246:275-284, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulomi Mehta
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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