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He T, Yao Q, Xu B, Yang M, Jiang J, Xiang Q, Xiao L, Liu S, Wang H, Zhang X. A novel splicing variation in L1CAM is responsible for recurrent fetal hydrocephalus. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2253. [PMID: 37489051 PMCID: PMC10655515 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM, OMIM 308840) gene is primarily expressed in the nervous system and encodes the L1 adhesion molecule protein. Variations in L1CAM cause a wide spectrum of X-linked neurological disorders summarized as the L1 syndrome. METHODS We report a 29-year-old pregnant woman who experienced multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes due to recurrent fetal hydrocephalus with an X-linked recessive inheritance. Genomic DNA was extracted from the third aborted male fetus and analyzed via trio whole-exome sequencing (WES). Total RNA was isolated from the pregnant woman to assess splicing variation at the mRNA level, and amniotic fluid was extracted from the woman for prenatal diagnosis on her fourth fetus. RESULTS All four male fetuses were affected by severe hydrocephalus. We identified a maternally derived hemizygous splicing variation NM_000425.5:[c.3046 + 1G > A]; NP_000416.1 p.(Gly1016AspfsTer6) (chrX:153130275) in Intron 22 of the L1CAM. This variation disrupts the donor splice site and causes the retention of Intron 22, which results in frame shift and a premature termination codon at position 1021 with the ability to produce a truncated protein without the fifth fibronectin-repeat III, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains or to induce the degradation of mRNAs by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The same hemizygous variant was also detected in the amniocytes. CONCLUSION This report enhances our knowledge of genetic and phenotypic characteristics of X-linked fetal hydrocephalus, providing a new genetic basis for prenatal diagnosis and pre-implantation prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian He
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis CenterWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengduChina
| | - Qiang Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengduChina
| | - Bocheng Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis CenterWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengduChina
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis CenterWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengduChina
| | - Jieni Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis CenterWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengduChina
| | - Qingqing Xiang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis CenterWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengduChina
| | - Like Xiao
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis CenterWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengduChina
| | - Shanling Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis CenterWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengduChina
| | - He Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis CenterWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengduChina
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Prenatal Diagnosis CenterWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWest China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengduChina
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Ahmed RR, Medhat AM, Hamdy GM, Effat LK, Abdel-Hamid MS, Abdel-Salam GM. X-Linked Hydrocephalus with New L1CAM Pathogenic Variants: Review of the Most Prevalent Molecular and Phenotypic Features. Mol Syndromol 2023; 14:283-292. [PMID: 37766829 PMCID: PMC10521243 DOI: 10.1159/000529545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The underlying molecular defects of congenital hydrocephalus are heterogeneous and many isolated forms of hydrocephalus remain unsolved at the molecular level. Congenital hydrocephalus in males associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum is a notable characteristic of L1CAM gene which is by far the most common genetic etiology of congenital hydrocephalus. Methods and Results Sequencing of the L1CAM gene on 25 male patients/fetuses who had been presented with hydrocephalus revealed 6 patients and two fetuses with different hemizygous pathogenic variants. Our study identified 4 novel variants and 4 previously reported. The detection rate was 32%, and all the variants were shown to be maternally inherited. Nonsense variants were detected in 3 patients, while missense variants were detected in 2 patients. Frameshift, silent, and splicing variant, each was detected in 1 patient. The clinical manifestations of the patients are in line with those frequently observed including communicating hydrocephalus and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Moreover, rippled ventricles with subdural collection and asymmetry of ventricles after shunt operation were seen in 1 patient and 2 patients, respectively. In addition, abnormal basal ganglia were found in 4 patients which seems to be an additional distinct new finding. We also describe a patient with novel nonsense variant with the rare association of Hirschsprung's disease. This patient displayed additionally multiple porencephalic cysts and encephalomalacia secondary to hemorrhage due to repeated infections after shunt operation. The patients with the missense variants showed long survival, while those with truncating variants showed poor prognosis. Conclusion This report adds knowledge of novel pathogenic variants to the L1CAM variant database. Furthermore, we evaluated the clinical and imaging data of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania R. Ahmed
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amina M. Medhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Germine M. Hamdy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila K.E. Effat
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ghada M.H. Abdel-Salam
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Duy PQ, Kahle KT. "Floppy brain" in congenital hydrocephalus. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9339-9342. [PMID: 37280765 PMCID: PMC10393502 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is classically considered to be a disorder of altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation, leading to the dilation of cerebral ventricles. Here, we report a clinical case of a patient who presented with fetal-onset hydrocephalus with diffusely reduced cortical and white matter volumes resulting from a genetic mutation in L1CAM, a well-known hydrocephalus disease gene involved in neuronal cell adhesion and axon development. After CSF was drained from the ventricle intraoperatively, the patient's cortical mantle collapsed and exhibited a "floppy" appearance on neuroimaging, suggesting an inability of the hydrocephalic brain to maintain its structural integrity. The case provides clinical support for altered brain biomechanical properties in human hydrocephalus and adds to the emerging hypothesis that altered brain development with secondary impact on brain structural stability may contribute to ventricular enlargement in some subsets of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Harvard Center for Hydrocephalus and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
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Fileva N, Severino M, Tortora D, Ramaglia A, Paladini D, Rossi A. Second trimester fetal MRI of the brain: Through the ground glass. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2023; 51:283-299. [PMID: 36785503 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fetal MRI is an important tool for the prenatal diagnosis of brain malformations and is often requested after second-trimester ultrasonography reveals a possible abnormality. Despite the immature state of the fetal brain at this early stage, early suggestive signs of the presence of brain malformations can be recognized. To differentiate between the normal dynamics of the growing brain and the developing pathological conditions can be challenging and requires extensive knowledge of normal central nervous system developmental stages and their neuroradiological counterparts at those different stages. This article reviews the second-trimester appearances of some commonly encountered brain malformations, focusing on helpful tricks and subtle signs to aid in the diagnosis of such conditions as rhombencephalosynapsis, various causes of vermian rotation, molar tooth spectrum anomalies, diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia, ganglionic eminence anomalies, and the most common malformations of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Fileva
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Domenico Tortora
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonia Ramaglia
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Paladini
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Cabet S, Vasiljevic A, Putoux A, Labalme A, Sanlaville D, Chatron N, Lesca G, Guibaud L. PRENATAL IMAGING FEATURES RELATED TO RAC3 PATHOGENIC VARIANT AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES. Prenat Diagn 2022; 42:478-481. [PMID: 35106783 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. What's already known about this topic? Six individuals between 5- and 19-year-old were reported with pathogenic variants in RAC3 responsible for brain malformations involving midline What does this study add? RAC3-fetopathy is associated with fetal akinesia deformation sequence, and complex brain malformations including corpus callosum agenesis, diencephalosynapsis, kinked brainstem, and vermian hypoplasia The differential diagnoses with prenatal kinked brainstem include fetopathies related to KIAA1109, L1CAM, Walker-Warburg syndrome and tubulinopathies. The present report adds the RAC3 related condition to this list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cabet
- Imagerie pédiatrique et fœtale, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Vasiljevic
- Centre de pathologie et de neuropathologie Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Putoux
- Service de génétique - Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Labalme
- Service de cytogénétique, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Service de cytogénétique, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Service de cytogénétique, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Service de cytogénétique, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Guibaud
- Imagerie pédiatrique et fœtale, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
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Accogli A, Geraldo AF, Piccolo G, Riva A, Scala M, Balagura G, Salpietro V, Madia F, Maghnie M, Zara F, Striano P, Tortora D, Severino M, Capra V. Diagnostic Approach to Macrocephaly in Children. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:794069. [PMID: 35096710 PMCID: PMC8795981 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.794069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocephaly affects up to 5% of the pediatric population and is defined as an abnormally large head with an occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) >2 standard deviations (SD) above the mean for a given age and sex. Taking into account that about 2-3% of the healthy population has an OFC between 2 and 3 SD, macrocephaly is considered as "clinically relevant" when OFC is above 3 SD. This implies the urgent need for a diagnostic workflow to use in the clinical setting to dissect the several causes of increased OFC, from the benign form of familial macrocephaly and the Benign enlargement of subarachnoid spaces (BESS) to many pathological conditions, including genetic disorders. Moreover, macrocephaly should be differentiated by megalencephaly (MEG), which refers exclusively to brain overgrowth, exceeding twice the SD (3SD-"clinically relevant" megalencephaly). While macrocephaly can be isolated and benign or may be the first indication of an underlying congenital, genetic, or acquired disorder, megalencephaly is most likely due to a genetic cause. Apart from the head size evaluation, a detailed family and personal history, neuroimaging, and a careful clinical evaluation are crucial to reach the correct diagnosis. In this review, we seek to underline the clinical aspects of macrocephaly and megalencephaly, emphasizing the main differential diagnosis with a major focus on common genetic disorders. We thus provide a clinico-radiological algorithm to guide pediatricians in the assessment of children with macrocephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ana Filipa Geraldo
- Diagnostic Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Gianluca Piccolo
- Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ganna Balagura
- Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Madia
- Pediatric Clinic and Endocrinology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Clinic and Endocrinology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Domenico Tortora
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Capra
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
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