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Grysman A, Baime M, Cantor E. Listeners' effects on autobiographical memory for recent events. Memory 2023; 31:1425-1436. [PMID: 37850875 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2270778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The current study tested the effects of attentive versus distracted listening on both speakers and listeners in recall of an autobiographical memory. Participants included 128 pairs of friends who spoke with each other over a video call about recent negative experience that one of them had. Participants were randomly assigned to be speakers or listeners, and listeners were randomly assigned to an attentive and a distracted condition. Memory narratives were coded for factual and interpretive content. Participants returned approximately 4 weeks later, when both speaker and listener separately reported their memories of the prior conversation. Attentive listening was linked both to greater recall by the speaker at time 1 and greater listener recall at time 2, but not to speaker's recall at time 2. Results show the effects of listener contributions to recall in the moment but raise questions as to whether they persist beyond the conversation in many scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azriel Grysman
- Psychology Department, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, USA
| | - Melanie Baime
- Psychology Department, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, USA
| | - Ethan Cantor
- Psychology Department, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, USA
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2
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Otgaar H, Mangiulli I, Battista F, Howe ML. External and internal influences yield similar memory effects: the role of deception and suggestion. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1081528. [PMID: 37701866 PMCID: PMC10494980 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1081528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In legal cases, testimonies can become contaminated because of an amalgam of external and internal influences on memory. It is well-established that external influences (e.g., suggestive interviews) can hurt memory. However, less focus has been placed on the impact of internal influences (e.g., lying) on memory. In the current review, we show that the available evidence suggests that both external and internal influences exert similar effects on memory. That is, we review studies showing that suggesting non-occurrences and suggesting non-experiences can lead to omission errors and false memories, respectively. Likewise, these memory effects are also observed when focusing on internal influences. That is, false denials, feigning amnesia and fabrication have been shown to affect memory in terms of forgetting (i.e., omissions) and false memories (i.e., commissions). Also, we show that both external and internal influences can lead to changes in the belief that an event occurred. We argue that in legal cases, triers of fact should concentrate on whether both types of influences might have affected testimonial accuracy in witnesses, victims, and suspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Otgaar
- Leuven Institute of Criminology (LINC), Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ivan Mangiulli
- Leuven Institute of Criminology (LINC), Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabiana Battista
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mark L. Howe
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Dianiska RE, Meissner CA. The effect of credibility assessment techniques on consistency and subsequent memory for the truth. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1184055. [PMID: 37434889 PMCID: PMC10330709 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1184055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated interviews are common during an investigation, and perceived consistency between multiple statements is associated with an interviewee's credibility. Furthermore, research has shown that the act of lying can affect a person's memory for what truthfully occurred. The current study assessed the influence of lying on memory during initial and repeated interviews, as well as how an interviewer's approach might affect between-statement consistency for true and false statements. Participants performed a scavenger hunt at two sets of buildings on a university campus and then were either dismissed or interviewed (with a Reverse Order instruction or a Structured Interview) about their activities. Participants chose one set to tell the truth about and then created a lie about activities in another area of campus that had not been visited. One week later, all participants provided a second free recall statement about their activities during the scavenger hunt, and then a final truthful description of both areas that were visited during the scavenger hunt. Truthfully rehearsed experiences were associated with more accurate recall of information learned during the scavenger hunt as well as more consistent and more detailed statements. The Structured Interview led to initially more detailed statements, but more inconsistencies in the form of omissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Dianiska
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Riesthuis P, Otgaar H, Bogaard G, Mangiulli I. Factors affecting the forced confabulation effect: a meta-analysis of laboratory studies. Memory 2023; 31:635-651. [PMID: 37083745 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2185931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
During police investigations, interviewees are sometimes forced to confabulate a response to questions for which they don't know the answer. In this registered report, we conducted a three-level meta-analysis to examine whether forcing people to confabulate an answer to these questions can lead to false memories for the confabulated details and/or events (i.e., forced confabulation effect). Results showed that forced confabulation indeed led to the production of false memories. Qualitative reviews of studies suggested that the forced confabulation effect is enhanced after receiving confirmatory feedback. Moreover, we found evidence that longer delays between the forced confabulation phase and the final memory task are necessary to observe the forced confabulation effect for entire events. However, caution is needed when interpreting the forced confabulation effect. Specifically, our moderator analyses revealed that voluntarily produced confabulation led to more false memories than forced confabulation. Also, our exploratory analysis indicated that the forced confabulation effect was mainly observed in within-subject designs. Taken together, our meta-analysis supports the notion that forcing participants to confabulate can lead them to later report such confabulations as part of the truth. Nonetheless, caution is warranted because this effect might be due to the introduction of misinformation through asking unanswerable questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Riesthuis
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Glynis Bogaard
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Mangiulli
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Kaya S, Besken M, Bal C, Berjin İke S. Online dating through lies: the effects of lie fabrication for personal semantic information on predicted and actual memory performance. Memory 2023; 31:545-559. [PMID: 36794513 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2178660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Research shows that people lie on online dating sites often but might fail to remember this information subsequently. This study investigated participants' predicted and actual memory performance for personal semantic information after telling the truth versus a lie in two experiments in a setup similar to online dating sites. In Experiment 1, participants responded to open-ended questions either truthfully or fabricated lies in a within-subjects design, followed by predictions for remembering their responses. Subsequently, they recalled their responses through free-recall. Using the same design, Experiment 2 also manipulated the type of retrieval task by using a free- or cued-recall test. The results showed that participants consistently had higher memory predictions for truthful than deceptive responses. However, the actual memory performance did not always produce similar results to their predictions. The results suggest that the difficulties during lie fabrication, measured through response latencies, partially mediated the relationship between lying and memory predictions. The study has important applied implications for lying about personal semantic information in online dating contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samet Kaya
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Bilkent University, Çankaya, Turkey
| | - Miri Besken
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Bilkent University, Çankaya, Turkey
| | - Ceren Bal
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Bilkent University, Çankaya, Turkey
| | - Selin Berjin İke
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Bilkent University, Çankaya, Turkey
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Riesthuis P, Otgaar H, Hope L, Mangiulli I. Registered Report: The Effects of Incentivized Lies on Memory. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Riesthuis
- Leuven Institute of Criminology, Catholic University of Leuven, Oude Markt 13 Leuven Belgium
- Forensic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4‐6 Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Leuven Institute of Criminology, Catholic University of Leuven, Oude Markt 13 Leuven Belgium
- Forensic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4‐6 Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth, King Henry 1 Street Portsmouth United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Mangiulli
- Leuven Institute of Criminology, Catholic University of Leuven, Oude Markt 13 Leuven Belgium
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication University of Bari, Via Crisanzio Bari Italy
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