1
|
Verigou EA, Skajaa N, Tanwar H. Spontaneous hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm rupture as a first presentation of polyarteritis nodosa. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e257411. [PMID: 38937262 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-257411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A man in his 70s presented with a sudden onset stabbing back pain radiating to the chest and pre-syncopal symptoms. He underwent urgent investigations, including a CT angiogram aorta which did not reveal any abnormalities within the thorax, abdomen or pelvis and no cause of symptoms was identified. After being discharged, he re-presented 2 days later with syncopal episodes, abdominal pain and a significant drop in haemoglobin levels. This time, a CT mesenteric angiogram showed two hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms and a large haemoperitoneum. Following a hepatic artery embolisation, a workup showed that the likely cause of the pseudoaneurysms was a rare first presentation of polyarteritis nodosa. This case highlights the importance of considering the possibility of an aneurysmal rupture, especially when common causes of an acute abdomen have been excluded, and not relying on previous negative investigations to exclude pathology, as the outcomes can be detrimental.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hitendra Tanwar
- East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Canterbury, UK
- Urgent and emergency care [UEC] Acute Medicine, East Kent Hospital University Foundation Trust, Ashford, Kent, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saha MK. Overview of Vasculitides in Adults. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2024; 34:1-12. [PMID: 37951696 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Vasculitis is characterized by the inflammation of blood vessels. Vasculitides refers to the different forms of vasculitis, often classified according to the size of the blood vessel that is involved. Vasculitis may occur as a primary process or secondary to many systemic diseases. This topic provides an overview of the clinical features, diagnosis, and classification of the different forms of vasculitides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Saha
- Division of Nephrology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dzhus M, Ehlers L, Wouters M, Jansen K, Schrijvers R, De Somer L, Vanderschueren S, Baggio M, Moens L, Verhaaren B, Lories R, Bucciol G, Meyts I. A Narrative Review of the Neurological Manifestations of Human Adenosine Deaminase 2 Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:1916-1926. [PMID: 37548813 PMCID: PMC10661818 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of human adenosine deaminase type 2 (DADA2) is a complex systemic autoinflammatory disorder characterized by vasculopathy, immune dysregulation, and hematologic abnormalities. The most notable neurological manifestations of DADA2 are strokes that can manifest with various neurological symptoms and are potentially fatal. However, neurological presentations can be diverse. We here present a review of the neurological manifestations of DADA2 to increase clinical awareness of DADA2 as the underlying diagnosis. We reviewed all published cases of DADA2 from 1 January 2014 until 19 July 2022 found via PubMed. A total of 129 articles describing the clinical features of DADA2 were included in the analysis. Six hundred twenty-eight patients diagnosed with DADA2 were included in the review. 50.3% of patients had at least signs of one reported neurological event, which was the initial or sole manifestation in 5.7% and 0.6%, respectively. 77.5% of patients with neurological manifestations had at least signs of one cerebrovascular accident, with lacunar strokes being the most common and 35.9% of them having multiple stroke episodes. There is a remarkable predilection for the brain stem and deep gray matter, with 37.3% and 41.6% of ischemic strokes, respectively. Other neurological involvement included neuropathies, focal neurological deficits, ophthalmological findings, convulsions, and headaches. In summary, neurological manifestations affect a significant proportion of patients with DADA2, and the phenotype is broad. Neurological manifestations can be the first and single manifestation of DADA2. Therefore, stroke, encephalitis, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, mononeuropathy and polyneuropathy, and Behçet's disease-like presentations should prompt the neurologist to exclude DADA2, especially but not only in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Dzhus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Ehlers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjon Wouters
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Jansen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Department of General Internal Medicine-Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien De Somer
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Vanderschueren
- Department of General Internal Medicine, European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marco Baggio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Moens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Rik Lories
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Bucciol
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Pediatrics, European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Esin RG, Fatykhova AF, Esin OR. [Vasculitis as a cause of stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:5-11. [PMID: 38148691 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20231231225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The review considers the clinical picture, key aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of vasculitis that are the causes of strokes (giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, varicella zoster virus vasculopathy, cerebrovascular pathology caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, primary CNS angiitis, adenosine deaminase-2 deficiency).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Esin
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
| | - A F Fatykhova
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - O R Esin
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a primary form of vasculitis characterized by inflammation of primarily medium-sized arteries. Several key events have shaped the current spectrum of the disease including the separation of a subgroup with microscopic polyangiitis, the discovery of the association of hepatitis B, and the discovery of adenosine deaminase 2 deficiency (DADA2). With the discovery of secondary causes of PAN and changing nomenclature, the incidence of PAN has declined over time. Common manifestations include constitutional symptoms, skin involvement, peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal disease, and renal involvement. DADA2 is a genetic cause of medium vessel vasculitis that is important to distinguish from primary PAN as treatment with TNF inhibitors can prevent morbidity and mortality in those with a vasculitis phenotype. Treatment of systemic primary PAN involves the use of systemic immunosuppressive therapy largely guided by the severity of disease. With current treatment regimens, the prognosis has changed from a once uniformly fatal disease to a 5-year survival rate above 80%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Springer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kevin Byram
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hellmich B, Henes JC. [Biologics for connective tissue diseases and vasculitides]. Internist (Berl) 2022; 63:143-154. [PMID: 35029701 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-021-01249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Despite therapy with glucocorticoids (GC) and conventional immunosuppressants, patients with connective tissue diseases and vasculitides often develop functionally relevant and prognostically unfavourable internal organ damage. Based on new pathogenetic insights, biologics and small molecules have recently been studied as targeted therapies for collagen vascular diseases and vasculitides. The B lymphocyte stimulator antagonist belimumab has been used for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) for several years and has recently also been approved as an add-on therapy for lupus nephritis. Anifrolumab, an antibody against the type‑1 interferon receptor, has also been shown to be effective in phase III trials for the treatment of SLE. The interleukin (IL)-6-antagonist tocilizumab showed efficacy in the treatment of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and thus has been approved in the USA, although the phase III trial had a negative primary endpoint. In Europe the tyrosine inhibitor nintedanib is approved for progressive ILD in SSc. Tocilizumab is approved for the treatment of giant cell arteritis and reduces both the risk of recurrence and the cumulative GC requirement. The B‑lymphocyte depleting antibody rituximab is approved for induction and maintenance therapy of granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and is currently also being investigated for the treatment of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). In patients with EGPA, the IL‑5 antibody mepolizumab leads to improved disease control and reduces GC requirements. A phase III trial of the small molecule antagonist avacopan targeting the complement C5a receptor as a replacement for high-dose GC in induction therapy of GPA and MPA met its primary endpoints. Various other biologics and small molecule antagonists are currently in clinical development for several type of vasculitis and collagen vascular diseases, some of them at advanced stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Hellmich
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Rheumatologie und Immunologie, medius Kliniken, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus, Universität Tübingen, Eugenstr. 3, 73230, Kirchheim u. Teck, Deutschland.
- Vaskulitiszentrum-Süd, Tübingen & Kirchheim-Teck, Deutschland.
| | - Joerg C Henes
- Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Klinische Immunologie, Rheumatologie und Autoimmunerkrankungen (INDIRA), Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
- Medizinische Klinik II (Onkologie, Hämatologie, Klinische Immunologie und Rheumatologie), Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
- Vaskulitiszentrum-Süd, Tübingen & Kirchheim-Teck, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|