1
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Gong Y, Zhang K, Lei IM, Wang Y, Zhong J. Advances in Piezoelectret Materials-Based Bidirectional Haptic Communication Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405308. [PMID: 38895922 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Bidirectional haptic communication devices accelerate the revolution of virtual/augmented reality and flexible/wearable electronics. As an emerging kind of flexible piezoelectric materials, piezoelectret materials can effortlessly convert mechanical force into electrical signals and respond to electrical fields in a deformation manner, exhibiting enormous potential in the construction of bidirectional haptic communication devices. Existing reviews on piezoelectret materials primarily focus on flexible energy harvesters and sensors, and the recent development of piezoelectret-based bidirectional haptic communication devices has not been comprehensively reviewed. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the materials construction, along with the recent advances in bidirectional haptic communication devices, is provided. First, the development timeline, key characteristics, and various fabrication methods of piezoelectret materials are introduced. Subsequently, following the underlying mechanisms of bidirectional electromechanical signal conversion of piezoelectret, strategies to improve the d33 coefficients of materials are proposed. The principles of haptic perception and feedback are also highlighted, and representative works and progress in this area are summarized. Finally, the challenges and opportunities associated with improving the overall practicability of piezoelectret materials-based bidirectional haptic communication devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Gong
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Kaijun Zhang
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Iek Man Lei
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Junwen Zhong
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, China
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2
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Mascia A, Spanu A, Bonfiglio A, Cosseddu P. Multimodal force and temperature tactile sensor based on a short-channel organic transistor with high sensitivity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16232. [PMID: 37758843 PMCID: PMC10533849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we report on a novel architecture for the fabrication of highly sensitive multimodal tactile transducers, for the simultaneous detection of temperature and force. Such devices are based on a flexible Organic Charge Modulated Field Effect Transistor (OCMFET) coupled with a pyro/piezoelectric element, namely a commercial film of poly-vinylene difluoride (PVDF). The reduction of the channel length, obtained by employing a low-resolution vertical channel architecture, allowed to maximize the ratio between the sensing area and the transistor's channel area, a technological approach that allows to considerably enhance both temperature and force sensitivity, while at the same time minimize the sensor's dimensions. Thanks to the employment of a straightforward, up-scalable, and highly reproducible fabrication process, this solution represents an interesting alternative for all those applications requiring high-density, high-sensitivity sensors such as robotics and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Mascia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, via Marengo, Cagliari, 09123, Italy
| | - Andrea Spanu
- Department of Science, Technology and Society, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, via Marengo, Cagliari, 09123, Italy
- Department of Science, Technology and Society, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Piero Cosseddu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, via Marengo, Cagliari, 09123, Italy.
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3
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Si P, Zou J, Wu Y, Long Z, Sun M, Cholewinski A, Huang G, Zhao B, Zhang D. Rippling Colloidal Polyelectrolyte Complex for Customized Fingerprints with High Tactile Perception. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303304. [PMID: 37150841 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fingerprints possess wide applications in personal identification, tactile perception, access control, and anti-counterfeiting. However, latent fingerprints are usually left on touched surfaces, leading to the leakage of personal information. Furthermore, tactile perception greatly decreases when fingerprints are covered by gloves. Customized fingerprints are developed to solve these issues, but it is a challenge to develop fingerprints with various customized patterns using traditional techniques due to their requiring special templates, materials, or instruments. Inspired by ripples on the lake, blowing air is used to generate surface waves on a colloidal polyelectrolyte complex, leading to vertical stratification and the accumulation of particles near the top of the film layer. As water rapidly evaporates, the viscosity of these particles significantly increases and the wave is solidified, forming fingerprint patterns. These customized fingerprints integrate functions of grasping objects, personal identification without leaving latent fingerprints and tactile perception enhancement, which can be applied in information security, anti-counterfeiting, tactile sensors, and biological engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Si
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214222, China
| | - Jihua Zou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, School of Rehabilitation Science, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yun Wu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214222, China
| | - Zhu Long
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214222, China
| | - Manyou Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aleksander Cholewinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Guozhi Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, School of Rehabilitation Science, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Zhang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214222, China
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4
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Yao Y, He E, Xu H, Liu Y, Wei Y, Ji Y. Fabricating liquid crystal vitrimer actuators far below the normal processing temperature. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1795-1805. [PMID: 36857698 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal vitrimers can be reprocessed, reshaped, welded, and healed due to exchange-reaction-enabled topology changes despite having fully covalently cross-linked network structures. Fabricating liquid crystal (LC) vitrimer actuators is invariably carried out above a characteristic temperature known as the topology freezing transition temperature (Tv). The reason that all exchange-reaction-based operations must be performed above Tv is because the exchange reaction is insignificant below Tv. Here we find that LC vitrimers can be reshaped at temperatures below the measured Tv, whereas non-LC vitrimers cannot. The work here not only makes it possible to create reprogrammable and stable LC vitrimer actuators at low temperatures but also reminds us that both our measurement and understanding of the Tv need further attention to facilitate the use of vitrimers in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjin Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, China.
| | - Enjian He
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, China.
| | - Hongtu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, China.
| | - Yawen Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, China.
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, China.
- Chung-Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 32023, Taiwan, China
| | - Yan Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, China.
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5
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Nolin A, Pierson K, Hlibok R, Lo CY, Kayser LV, Dhong C. Controlling fine touch sensations with polymer tacticity and crystallinity. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3928-3940. [PMID: 35546489 PMCID: PMC9302477 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00264g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The friction generated between a finger and an object forms the mechanical stimuli behind fine touch perception. To control friction, and therefore tactile perception, current haptic devices typically rely on physical features like bumps or pins, but chemical and microscale morphology of surfaces could be harnessed to recreate a wider variety of tactile sensations. Here, we sought to develop a new way to create tactile sensations by relying on differences in microstructure as quantified by the degree of crystallinity in polymer films. To isolate crystallinity, we used polystyrene films with the same chemical formula and number averaged molecular weights, but which differed in tacticity and annealing conditions. These films were also sufficiently thin as to be rigid which minimized effects from bulk stiffness and had variations in roughness lower than detectable by humans. To connect crystallinity to human perception, we performed mechanical testing with a mock finger to form predictions about the degree of crystallinity necessary to result in successful discrimination by human subjects. Psychophysical testing verified that humans could discriminate surfaces which differed only in the degree of crystallinity. Although related, human performance was not strongly correlated with a straightforward difference in the degree of crystallinity. Rather, human performance was better explained by quantifying transitions in steady to unsteady sliding and the generation of slow frictional waves (r2 = 79.6%). Tuning fine touch with polymer crystallinity may lead to better engineering of existing haptic interfaces or lead to new classes of actuators based on changes in microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Nolin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Kelly Pierson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Rainer Hlibok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Chun-Yuan Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Laure V Kayser
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Charles Dhong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Multimodal Tactile Sensor Based on Conductive Rubber Composites to Monitor Pressure and Temperature. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071294. [PMID: 35406168 PMCID: PMC9002470 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stretchable and flexible tactile sensors have been extensively investigated for a variety of applications due to their outstanding sensitivity, flexibility, and biocompatibility compared with conventional tactile sensors. However, implementing stretchable multimodal sensors with high performance is still a challenge. In this study, a stretchable multimodal tactile sensor based on conductive rubber composites was fabricated. Because of the pressure-sensitive and temperature-sensitive effects of the conductive rubber composites, the developed sensor can simultaneously measure pressure and temperature, and the sensor presented high sensitivity (0.01171 kPa−1 and 2.46–30.56%/°C) over a wide sensing range (0–110 kPa and 30–90 °C). The sensor also exhibited outstanding performance in terms of processability, stretchability, and repeatability. Furthermore, the fabricated stretchable multimodal tactile sensor did not require complex signal processing or a transmission circuit system. The strategy for stacking and layering conductive rubber composites of this work may supply a new idea for building multifunctional sensor-based electronics.
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7
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Li M, Pal A, Aghakhani A, Pena-Francesch A, Sitti M. Soft actuators for real-world applications. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:235-249. [PMID: 35474944 PMCID: PMC7612659 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by physically adaptive, agile, reconfigurable and multifunctional soft-bodied animals and human muscles, soft actuators have been developed for a variety of applications, including soft grippers, artificial muscles, wearables, haptic devices and medical devices. However, the complex performance of biological systems cannot yet be fully replicated in synthetic designs. In this Review, we discuss new materials and structural designs for the engineering of soft actuators with physical intelligence and advanced properties, such as adaptability, multimodal locomotion, self-healing and multi-responsiveness. We examine how performance can be improved and multifunctionality implemented by using programmable soft materials, and highlight important real-world applications of soft actuators. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for next-generation soft actuators, including physical intelligence, adaptability, manufacturing scalability and reproducibility, extended lifetime and end-of-life strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Aniket Pal
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amirreza Aghakhani
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Abdon Pena-Francesch
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Robotics Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Li X, Ma Y, Choi C, Ma X, Chatterjee S, Lan S, Hipwell MC. Nanotexture Shape and Surface Energy Impact on Electroadhesive Human-Machine Interface Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008337. [PMID: 34173278 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the ubiquity of touch screens and the commercialization of electroadhesion-based surface haptic devices, modeling tools that capture the multiphysical phenomena within the finger-device interface and their interaction are critical to design devices that achieve higher performance and reliability at lower cost. While electroadhesion has successfully demonstrated the capability to change tactile perception through friction modulation, the mechanism of electroadhesion in the finger-device interface is still unclear, partly due to the complex interfacial physics including contact deformation, capillary formation, electric field, and their complicated coupling effects that have not been addressed comprehensively. A multiphysics model is presented here to predict the friction force for finger-surface tactile interactions at the nanoscale. The nanoscopic multiphysical phenomena are coupled to study the impacts of nanotexture and surface energy in the touch interface. With macroscopic friction force measurements as verification, the model is further used to propose textures that have maximum electroadhesion effect and minimum sensitivity to relative humidity and user perspiration rate. This model can guide the performance improvement of future electroadhesion-based surface haptic devices and other touch-based human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yuan Ma
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Xuezhi Ma
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Shoufeng Lan
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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9
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Nolin A, Licht A, Pierson K, Lo CY, Kayser LV, Dhong C. Predicting human touch sensitivity to single atom substitutions in surface monolayers for molecular control in tactile interfaces. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5050-5060. [PMID: 33929468 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00451d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical stimuli generated as a finger interrogates the physical and chemical features of an object form the basis of fine touch. Haptic devices, which are used to control touch, primarily focus on recreating physical features, but the chemical aspects of fine touch may be harnessed to create richer tactile interfaces and reveal fundamental aspects of tactile perception. To connect tactile perception with molecular structure, we systematically varied silane-derived monolayers deposited onto surfaces smoother than the limits of human perception. Through mechanical friction testing and cross-correlation analysis, we made predictions of which pairs of silanes might be distinguishable by humans. We predicted, and demonstrated, that humans can distinguish between two isosteric silanes which differ only by a single nitrogen-for-carbon substitution. The mechanism of tactile contrast originates from a difference in monolayer ordering, as quantified by the Hurst exponent, which was replicated in two alkylsilanes with a three-carbon difference in length. This approach may be generalizable to other materials and lead to new tactile sensations derived from materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Nolin
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Amanda Licht
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Kelly Pierson
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Chun-Yuan Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Laure V Kayser
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Charles Dhong
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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10
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Zhai Y, Wang Z, Kwon KS, Cai S, Lipomi DJ, Ng TN. Printing Multi-Material Organic Haptic Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002541. [PMID: 33135205 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Haptic actuators generate touch sensations and provide realism and depth in human-machine interactions. A new generation of soft haptic interfaces is desired to produce the distributed signals over large areas that are required to mimic natural touch interactions. One promising approach is to combine the advantages of organic actuator materials and additive printing technologies. This powerful combination can lead to devices that are ergonomic, readily customizable, and economical for researchers to explore potential benefits and create new haptic applications. Here, an overview of emerging organic actuator materials and digital printing technologies for fabricating haptic actuators is provided. In particular, the focus is on the challenges and potential solutions associated with integration of multi-material actuators, with an eye toward improving the fidelity and robustness of the printing process. Then the progress in achieving compact, lightweight haptic actuators by using an open-source extrusion printer to integrate different polymers and composites in freeform designs is reported. Two haptic interfaces-a tactile surface and a kinesthetic glove-are demonstrated to show that printing with organic materials is a versatile approach for rapid prototyping of various types of haptic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Zhai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kye-Si Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan City, Chungnam, 31538, South Korea
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Tse Nga Ng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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11
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Keef CV, Kayser LV, Tronboll S, Carpenter CW, Root NB, Finn M, O’Connor TF, Abuhamdieh SN, Davies DM, Runser R, Meng YS, Ramachandran VS, Lipomi DJ. Virtual Texture Generated using Elastomeric Conductive Block Copolymer in Wireless Multimodal Haptic Glove. ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 2:2000018. [PMID: 32656536 PMCID: PMC7351316 DOI: 10.1002/aisy.202000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Haptic devices are in general more adept at mimicking the bulk properties of materials than they are at mimicking the surface properties. This paper describes a haptic glove capable of producing sensations reminiscent of three types of near-surface properties: hardness, temperature, and roughness. To accomplish this mixed mode of stimulation, three types of haptic actuators were combined: vibrotactile motors, thermoelectric devices, and electrotactile electrodes made from a stretchable conductive polymer synthesized in our laboratory. This polymer consisted of a stretchable polyanion which served as a scaffold for the polymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The scaffold was synthesized using controlled radical polymerization to afford material of low dispersity, relatively high conductivity (0.1 S cm-1), and low impedance relative to metals. The glove was equipped with flex sensors to make it possible to control a robotic hand and a hand in virtual reality (VR). In psychophysical experiments, human participants were able to discern combinations of electrotactile, vibrotactile, and thermal stimulation in VR. Participants trained to associate these sensations with roughness, hardness, and temperature had an overall accuracy of 98%, while untrained participants had an accuracy of 85%. Sensations could similarly be conveyed using a robotic hand equipped with sensors for pressure and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin V. Keef
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0407, La Jolla, CA 92093-0407
| | - Laure V. Kayser
- Department of NanoEngineering and Program in Chemical
Engineering, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA
92093-0448
| | - Stazia Tronboll
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0407, La Jolla, CA 92093-0407
| | - Cody W. Carpenter
- Department of NanoEngineering and Program in Chemical
Engineering, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA
92093-0448
| | - Nicholas B. Root
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San
Diego, Mail Code 0109, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109
| | - Mickey Finn
- Department of NanoEngineering and Program in Chemical
Engineering, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA
92093-0448
| | - Timothy F. O’Connor
- Department of NanoEngineering and Program in Chemical
Engineering, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA
92093-0448
| | - Sami N. Abuhamdieh
- Department of NanoEngineering and Program in Chemical
Engineering, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA
92093-0448
| | - Daniel M. Davies
- Department of NanoEngineering and Program in Chemical
Engineering, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA
92093-0448
| | - Rory Runser
- Department of NanoEngineering and Program in Chemical
Engineering, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA
92093-0448
| | - Y. Shirley Meng
- Department of NanoEngineering and Program in Chemical
Engineering, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA
92093-0448
| | - Vilayanur S. Ramachandran
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San
Diego, Mail Code 0109, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109
| | - Darren J. Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering and Program in Chemical
Engineering, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA
92093-0448
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