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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Qureshi
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, London, UK
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Pagar RR, Musale SR, Pawar G, Kulkarni D, Giram PS. Comprehensive Review on the Degradation Chemistry and Toxicity Studies of Functional Materials. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2161-2195. [PMID: 35522605 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades there has been growing interest of material chemists in the successful development of functional materials for drug delivery, tissue engineering, imaging, diagnosis, theranostic, and other biomedical applications with advanced nanotechnology tools. The efficacy and safety of functional materials are determined by their pharmacological, toxicological, and immunogenic effects. It is essential to consider all degradation pathways of functional materials and to assess plausible intermediates and final products for quality control. This review provides a brief insight into chemical degradation mechanisms of functional materials like oxidation, photodegradation, and physical and enzymatic degradation. The intermediates and products of degradation were confirmed with analytical methods such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-vis), infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mass spectroscopy, and other sophisticated analytical methods. These analytical methods are also used for regulatory, quality control, and stability purposes in industry. The assessment of degradation is important to predetermine the behavior of functional materials in specific storage conditions and can be relevant to their behavior during in vivo applications. Another important aspect is the evaluation of the toxicity of functional materials. Toxicity can be accessed with various methods using in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and in silico models. In vitro cell culture methods are used to determine mitochondrial damage, reactive oxygen species, stress responses, and cellular toxicity. In vitro cellular toxicity can be measured by MTT assay, LDH leakage assay, and hemolysis. In vivo studies are performed using various animal models involving zebrafish, rodents (mice and rats), and nonhuman primates. Ex vivo studies are also used for efficacy and toxicity determinations of functional materials like ex vivo potency assay and precision-cut liver slice (PCLS) models. The in silico tools with computational simulations like quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), dose and time response, and quantitative cationic-activity relationships ((Q)CARs) are used for prediction of the toxicity of functional materials. In this review, we studied the principle methods used for degradation studies, different degradation pathways, and mechanisms of functional material degradation with prototype examples. We discuss toxicity assessments with different toxicity approaches used for estimation of the safety and efficacy of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshani R Pagar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Shubham R Musale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Ganesh Pawar
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Deepak Kulkarni
- Srinath College of Pharmacy, Bajajnagar, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431136, India
| | - Prabhanjan S Giram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
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Development, characterization, and applications of multi-material stereolithography bioprinting. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3171. [PMID: 33542283 PMCID: PMC7862383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As a 3D bioprinting technique, hydrogel stereolithography has historically been limited in its ability to capture the spatial heterogeneity that permeates mammalian tissues and dictates structure-function relationships. This limitation stems directly from the difficulty of preventing unwanted material mixing when switching between different liquid bioinks. Accordingly, we present the development, characterization, and application of a multi-material stereolithography bioprinter that provides controlled material selection, yields precise regional feature alignment, and minimizes bioink mixing. Fluorescent tracers were first used to highlight the broad design freedoms afforded by this fabrication strategy, complemented by morphometric image analysis to validate architectural fidelity. To evaluate the bioactivity of printed gels, 344SQ lung adenocarcinoma cells were printed in a 3D core/shell architecture. These cells exhibited native phenotypic behavior as evidenced by apparent proliferation and formation of spherical multicellular aggregates. Cells were also printed as pre-formed multicellular aggregates, which appropriately developed invasive protrusions in response to hTGF-β1. Finally, we constructed a simplified model of intratumoral heterogeneity with two separate sub-populations of 344SQ cells, which together grew over 14 days to form a dense regional interface. Together, these studies highlight the potential of multi-material stereolithography to probe heterotypic interactions between distinct cell types in tissue-specific microenvironments.
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Djigo AD, Bérubé J, Landreville S, Proulx S. Characterization of a tissue-engineered choroid. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:305-316. [PMID: 30476582 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The choroid of the eye is a vascularized and pigmented connective tissue lying between the retina and the sclera. Increasing evidence demonstrates that, beyond supplying nutrients to the outer retina, the different choroidal cells contribute to the retina's homeostasis, especially by paracrine signaling. However, the precise role of each cell type is currently unclear. Here, we developed a choroidal substitute using the self-assembly approach of tissue engineering. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, as well as choroidal stromal fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and melanocytes, were isolated from human eye bank donor eyes. Fibroblasts were cultured in a medium containing serum and ascorbic acid. After six weeks, cells formed sheets of extracellular matrix (ECM), which were stacked to produce a tissue-engineered choroidal stroma (TECS). These stromal substitutes were then characterized and compared to the native choroid. Their ECM composition (collagens and proteoglycans) and biomechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength, strain and elasticity) were similar. Furthermore, RPE cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and choroidal melanocytes successfully repopulated the stromas. Physiological structures were established, such as a confluent monolayer of RPE cells, vascular-like structures and a pigmentation of the stroma. Our TECS thus recaptured the biophysical environment of the native choroid, and can serve as study models to understand the normal interactions between the RPE and choroidal cells, as well as their reciprocal exchanges with the ECM. This will consequently pave the way to derive accurate insight in the pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases affecting the choroid. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The choroid is traditionally known for supplying blood to the avascular outer retina. There has been a renewed attention directed towards the choroid partly due to its implication in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in industrialized countries. Since AMD involves the dysfunction of the choroid/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) complex, a three-dimensional (3D) model of RPE comprising the choroid layer is warranted. We used human choroidal cells to engineer a choroidal substitute. Our approach takes advantage of the ability of cells to recreate their own environment, without exogenous materials. Our model could help to better understand the role of each choroidal cell type as well as to advance the development of new therapeutics for AMD.
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Shokoohmand A, Jeon JE, Theodoropoulos C, Baldwin JG, Hutmacher DW, Feigl B. A Novel 3D Cultured Model for Studying Early Changes in Age‐Related Macular Degeneration. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shokoohmand
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane 4059 Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland QUT Brisbane 4102 Australia
| | - June E. Jeon
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane 4059 Australia
| | - Christina Theodoropoulos
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane 4059 Australia
| | - Jeremy G. Baldwin
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane 4059 Australia
| | - Dietmar W. Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane 4059 Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland QUT Brisbane 4102 Australia
- Institute for Advanced Study Technical University of Munich (TUM) Munich 80333 Germany
- George W Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta 30313 GA USA
| | - Beatrix Feigl
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane 4059 Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute Brisbane 4101 Australia
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Wu Z, Guan R, Tao M, Lyu F, Cao G, Liu M, Gao J. Assessment of the toxicity and inflammatory effects of different-sized zinc oxide nanoparticles in 2D and 3D cell cultures. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27334c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell cultures are the most common in vitro models for mechanistic studies on the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles (NPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipan Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou 310018
- China
| | - Rongfa Guan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou 310018
- China
| | - Miao Tao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou 310018
- China
| | - Fei Lyu
- Ocean College
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Guozhou Cao
- Ningbo Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center
- Ningbo 315000
- China
| | - Mingqi Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou 310018
- China
| | - Jianguo Gao
- Inspection and Quarantine Center of Shandong Exit & Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau
- Qingdao 266002
- China
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Forest DL, Johnson LV, Clegg DO. Cellular models and therapies for age-related macular degeneration. Dis Model Mech 2016; 8:421-7. [PMID: 26035859 PMCID: PMC4415892 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex neurodegenerative visual disorder that causes profound physical and psychosocial effects. Visual impairment in AMD is caused by the loss of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells and the light-sensitive photoreceptor cells that they support. There is currently no effective treatment for the most common form of this disease (dry AMD). A new approach to treating AMD involves the transplantation of RPE cells derived from either human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells. Multiple clinical trials are being initiated using a variety of cell therapies. Although many animal models are available for AMD research, most do not recapitulate all aspects of the disease, hampering progress. However, the use of cultured RPE cells in AMD research is well established and, indeed, some of the more recently described RPE-based models show promise for investigating the molecular mechanisms of AMD and for screening drug candidates. Here, we discuss innovative cell-culture models of AMD and emerging stem-cell-based therapies for the treatment of this vision-robbing disease. Summary: Here, we discuss the emerging cell-culture models and potential stem-cell-based therapies for AMD, a blinding disorder that affects millions of people worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Forest
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
| | - Lincoln V Johnson
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
| | - Dennis O Clegg
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
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Hutmacher DW, Holzapfel BM, De-Juan-Pardo EM, Pereira BA, Ellem SJ, Loessner D, Risbridger GP. Convergence of regenerative medicine and synthetic biology to develop standardized and validated models of human diseases with clinical relevance. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 35:127-32. [PMID: 26121082 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to progress beyond currently available medical devices and implants, the concept of tissue engineering has moved into the centre of biomedical research worldwide. The aim of this approach is not to replace damaged tissue with an implant or device but rather to prompt the patient's own tissue to enact a regenerative response by using a tissue-engineered construct to assemble new functional and healthy tissue. More recently, it has been suggested that the combination of Synthetic Biology and translational tissue-engineering techniques could enhance the field of personalized medicine, not only from a regenerative medicine perspective, but also to provide frontier technologies for building and transforming the research landscape in the field of in vitro and in vivo disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Werner Hutmacher
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4049, Brisbane, Australia; George W Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748 Garching, Munich, Germany.
| | - Boris Michael Holzapfel
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4049, Brisbane, Australia; Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, Brettreichstr. 11, 97072 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Elena Maria De-Juan-Pardo
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4049, Brisbane, Australia; Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Brooke Anne Pereira
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stuart John Ellem
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4049, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gail Petuna Risbridger
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Muerza-Cascante ML, Haylock D, Hutmacher DW, Dalton PD. Melt Electrospinning and Its Technologization in Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:187-202. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lourdes Muerza-Cascante
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Haylock
- The Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dietmar W. Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
- George W Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul D. Dalton
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Chia SL, Tay CY, Setyawati MI, Leong DT. Biomimicry 3D gastrointestinal spheroid platform for the assessment of toxicity and inflammatory effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:702-712. [PMID: 25331163 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Our current mechanistic understanding on the effects of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) on cellular physiology is derived mainly from 2D cell culture studies. However, conventional monolayer cell culture may not accurately model the mass transfer gradient that is expected in 3D tissue physiology and thus may lead to artifactual experimental conclusions. Herein, using a micropatterned agarose hydrogel platform, the effects of ZnO NPs (25 nm) on 3D colon cell spheroids of well-defined sizes are examined. The findings show that cell dimensionality plays a critical role in governing the spatiotemporal cellular outcomes like inflammatory response and cytotoxicity in response to ZnO NPs treatment. More importantly, ZnO NPs can induce different modes of cell death in 2D and 3D cell culture systems. Interestingly, the outer few layers of cells in 3D model could only protect the inner core of cells for a limited time and periodically slough off from the spheroids surface. These findings suggest that toxicological conclusions made from 2D cell models might overestimate the toxicity of ZnO NPs. This 3D cell spheroid model can serve as a reproducible platform to better reflect the actual cell response to NPs and to study a more realistic mechanism of nanoparticle-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Ling Chia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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