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Zhang H, Wang P, Huang N, Zhao L, Su Y, Li L, Bian S, Sawan M. Single neurons on microelectrode array chip: manipulation and analyses. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1258626. [PMID: 37829565 PMCID: PMC10565505 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1258626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chips-based platforms intended for single-cell manipulation are considered powerful tools to analyze intercellular interactions and cellular functions. Although the conventional cell co-culture models could investigate cell communication to some extent, the role of a single cell requires further analysis. In this study, a precise intercellular interaction model was built using a microelectrode array [microelectrode array (MEA)]-based and dielectrophoresis-driven single-cell manipulation chip. The integrated platform enabled precise manipulation of single cells, which were either trapped on or transferred between electrodes. Each electrode was controlled independently to record the corresponding cellular electrophysiology. Multiple parameters were explored to investigate their effects on cell manipulation including the diameter and depth of microwells, the geometry of cells, and the voltage amplitude of the control signal. Under the optimized microenvironment, the chip was further evaluated using 293T and neural cells to investigate the influence of electric field on cells. An examination of the inappropriate use of electric fields on cells revealed the occurrence of oncosis. In the end of the study, electrophysiology of single neurons and network of neurons, both differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), was recorded and compared to demonstrate the functionality of the chip. The obtained preliminary results extended the nature growing model to the controllable level, satisfying the expectation of introducing more elaborated intercellular interaction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyong Zhang
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengbo Wang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Huang
- School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingrui Zhao
- School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Su
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingfei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sumin Bian
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Fan S, Qi L, Li J, Liu S, Li R, Zhan T, Li X, Wu D, Lau P, Qiu B, Bi G, Ding W. Accelerating Neurite Growth and Directing Neuronal Connections Constrained by 3D Porous Microtubes. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8991-8999. [PMID: 36327196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of neural growth and connection is crucial in the field of neural tissue engineering. Here, using a femtosecond laser direct writing (fs-DLW) technique, we propose a directionally aligned porous microtube array as a culture system for accelerating the growth of neurons and directing the connection of neurites. These microtubes exhibited an unprecedented guidance effect toward the outgrowth of primary embryonic rat hippocampal neurons, with a wrap resembling the myelin sheaths of neurons. The speed of neurite growth inside these microtubes was significantly faster than that outside these microtubes. We also achieved selective/directing connection of neural networks inside the magnetic microtubes via precise microtube delivery to a gap between two neural clusters. This work not only proposes a powerful microtube platform for accelerated growth of neurons but also offers a new idea for constructing biological neural circuits by arranging the size, location, and pattern of microtubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Fan
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Lei Qi
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shunli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tongzhou Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Pakming Lau
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guoqiang Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
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Chow SYA, Hu H, Osaki T, Levi T, Ikeuchi Y. Advances in construction and modeling of functional neural circuits in vitro. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2529-2544. [PMID: 35943626 PMCID: PMC9463289 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, techniques have been developed to culture and assemble neurons, which brought us closer to creating neuronal circuits that functionally and structurally mimic parts of the brain. Starting with primary culture of neurons, preparations of neuronal culture have advanced substantially. Development of stem cell research and brain organoids has opened a new path for generating three-dimensional human neural circuits. Along with the progress in biology, engineering technologies advanced and paved the way for construction of neural circuit structures. In this article, we overview research progress and discuss perspective of in vitro neural circuits and their ability and potential to acquire functions. Construction of in vitro neural circuits with complex higher-order functions would be achieved by converging development in diverse major disciplines including neuroscience, stem cell biology, tissue engineering, electrical engineering and computer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Yu A Chow
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huaruo Hu
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Osaki
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Timothée Levi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- IMS laboratory, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Yoshiho Ikeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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4
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Zhang H, Rong G, Bian S, Sawan M. Lab-on-Chip Microsystems for Ex Vivo Network of Neurons Studies: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:841389. [PMID: 35252149 PMCID: PMC8888888 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.841389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing population is suffering from neurological disorders nowadays, with no effective therapy available to treat them. Explicit knowledge of network of neurons (NoN) in the human brain is key to understanding the pathology of neurological diseases. Research in NoN developed slower than expected due to the complexity of the human brain and the ethical considerations for in vivo studies. However, advances in nanomaterials and micro-/nano-microfabrication have opened up the chances for a deeper understanding of NoN ex vivo, one step closer to in vivo studies. This review therefore summarizes the latest advances in lab-on-chip microsystems for ex vivo NoN studies by focusing on the advanced materials, techniques, and models for ex vivo NoN studies. The essential methods for constructing lab-on-chip models are microfluidics and microelectrode arrays. Through combination with functional biomaterials and biocompatible materials, the microfluidics and microelectrode arrays enable the development of various models for ex vivo NoN studies. This review also includes the state-of-the-art brain slide and organoid-on-chip models. The end of this review discusses the previous issues and future perspectives for NoN studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumin Bian
- CenBRAIN Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- CenBRAIN Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
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Khan ZM, Wilts E, Vlaisavljevich E, Long TE, Verbridge SS. Electroresponsive Hydrogels for Therapeutic Applications in the Brain. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100355. [PMID: 34800348 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electroresponsive hydrogels possess a conducting material component and respond to electric stimulation through reversible absorption and expulsion of water. The high level of hydration, soft elastomeric compliance, biocompatibility, and enhanced electrochemical properties render these hydrogels suitable for implantation in the brain to enhance the transmission of neural electric signals and ion transport. This review provides an overview of critical electroresponsive hydrogel properties for augmenting electric stimulation in the brain. A background on electric stimulation in the brain through electroresponsive hydrogels is provided. Common conducting materials and general techniques to integrate them into hydrogels are briefly discussed. This review focuses on and summarizes advances in electric stimulation of electroconductive hydrogels for therapeutic applications in the brain, such as for controlling delivery of drugs, directing neural stem cell differentiation and neurogenesis, improving neural biosensor capabilities, and enhancing neural electrode-tissue interfaces. The key challenges in each of these applications are discussed and recommendations for future research are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerin M Khan
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Emily Wilts
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Timothy E Long
- Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Kim E, Jeon S, An HK, Kianpour M, Yu SW, Kim JY, Rah JC, Choi H. A magnetically actuated microrobot for targeted neural cell delivery and selective connection of neural networks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb5696. [PMID: 32978164 PMCID: PMC7518876 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
There has been a great deal of interest in the development of technologies for actively manipulating neural networks in vitro, providing natural but simplified environments in a highly reproducible manner in which to study brain function and related diseases. Platforms for these in vitro neural networks require precise and selective neural connections at the target location, with minimal external influences, and measurement of neural activity to determine how neurons communicate. Here, we report a neuron-loaded microrobot for selective connection of neural networks via precise delivery to a gap between two neural clusters by an external magnetic field. In addition, the extracellular action potential was propagated from one cluster to the other through the neurons on the microrobot. The proposed technique shows the potential for use in experiments to understand how neurons communicate in the neural network by actively connecting neural clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, South Korea
- DGIST-ETH Microrobot Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Sungwoong Jeon
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, South Korea
- DGIST-ETH Microrobot Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu An
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | | | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, South Korea.
- DGIST-ETH Microrobot Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Jong-Cheol Rah
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Hongsoo Choi
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, South Korea.
- DGIST-ETH Microrobot Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
- Robotics Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
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7
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Goto T, Kasai N, Filip R, Sumitomo K, Nakashima H. Observation of intracellular protein localization area in a single neuron using gold nanoparticles with a scanning electron microscope. Micron 2019; 126:102740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Larramendy F, Yoshida S, Maier D, Fekete Z, Takeuchi S, Paul O. 3D arrays of microcages by two-photon lithography for spatial organization of living cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:875-884. [PMID: 30723853 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01240g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses a nanoengineering approach to create a fully three-dimensional (3D) network of living cells, providing an advanced solution to in vitro studies on either neuronal networks or artificial organs. The concept of our work relies on stackable scaffolds composed of microcontainers designed and dimensioned to favor the geometrically constrained growth of cells. The container geometry allows cells to communicate in the culture medium and freely grow their projections to form a 3D arrangement of living cells. Scaffolds are fabricated using two-photon polymerization of IP-L 780 photoresist and are coated with collagen. They are stacked by mechanical micromanipulation. Technical details of the proposed nanofabrication scheme and assembly of the modular culture environment are explained. Preliminary in vitro results using PC12 cells have shown that this structure provides a good basis for healthy cell growth for at least 16 days. Our approach is envisioned to provide tailor-made solutions of future 3D cell assemblies for potential applications in drug screening or creating artificial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Larramendy
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Yoshida S, Kato-Negishi M, Takeuchi S. Assembly and Connection of Micropatterned Single Neurons for Neuronal Network Formation. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9050235. [PMID: 30424168 PMCID: PMC6187671 DOI: 10.3390/mi9050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Engineering of neuronal network geometry by micropatterning technology is a key future technology for creating artificial brains on a chip. However, engineering of network geometry at the single-cell-level with functional morphology (axon/dendrite) and connectivity (synapses) is still challenging. Here, we describe a method for controlling the axon and dendrite morphology of single primary-cultured neurons and assembling a neural circuit using mobile microplates. The microplates enabled morphological control of neurons by their shapes and bringing their ends into contact caused the formation of physical connections. Functional synapse formation at the connection was indicated by immunostaining of synapse-related proteins and intracellular Ca2+ imaging of neural activity. We believe that the method will be useful in engineering neural circuits with selected neurons and defined morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Yoshida
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Meguro-ku, Komaba, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Midori Kato-Negishi
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Meguro-ku, Komaba, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Meguro-ku, Komaba, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
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10
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Prox J, Smith T, Holl C, Chehade N, Guo L. Integrated biocircuits: engineering functional multicellular circuits and devices. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:023001. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aaa906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kato-Negishi M, Onoe H, Ito A, Takeuchi S. Rod-Shaped Neural Units for Aligned 3D Neural Network Connection. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28429415 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes neural tissue units with aligned nerve fibers (called rod-shaped neural units) that connect neural networks with aligned neurons. To make the proposed units, 3D fiber-shaped neural tissues covered with a calcium alginate hydrogel layer are prepared with a microfluidic system and are cut in an accurate and reproducible manner. These units have aligned nerve fibers inside the hydrogel layer and connectable points on both ends. By connecting the units with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) guide, 3D neural tissues can be constructed and maintained for more than two weeks of culture. In addition, neural networks can be formed between the different neural units via synaptic connections. Experimental results indicate that the proposed rod-shaped neural units are effective tools for the construction of spatially complex connections with aligned nerve fibers in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Kato-Negishi
- Institute of Industrial Science; The University of Tokyo; 4-6-1, Komaba Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onoe
- Institute of Industrial Science; The University of Tokyo; 4-6-1, Komaba Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
| | - Akane Ito
- Institute of Industrial Science; The University of Tokyo; 4-6-1, Komaba Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science; The University of Tokyo; 4-6-1, Komaba Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
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12
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Teshima T, Onoe H, Tottori S, Aonuma H, Mizutani T, Kamiya K, Ishihara H, Kanuka H, Takeuchi S. High-Resolution Vertical Observation of Intracellular Structure Using Magnetically Responsive Microplates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:3366-3373. [PMID: 27185344 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A vertical confocal observation system capable of high-resolution observation of intracellular structure is demonstrated. The system consists of magnet-active microplates to rotate, incline, and translate single adherent cells in the applied magnetic field. Appended to conventional confocal microscopes, this system enables high-resolution cross-sectional imaging with single-molecule sensitivity in single scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiko Teshima
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onoe
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Soichiro Tottori
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroka Aonuma
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Takeomi Mizutani
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Koki Kamiya
- Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 213-0012, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ishihara
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanuka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
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