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Liang X, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Bu Z, Liu J, Zhang K. Tumor microenvironment-triggered intratumoral in situ construction of theranostic supramolecular self-assembly. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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2
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Bang J, Park H, Yoo J, Lee D, Choi WI, Lee JH, Lee YR, Kim C, Koo H, Kim S. Selection and identification of a novel bone-targeting peptide for biomedical imaging of bone. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10576. [PMID: 32601412 PMCID: PMC7324617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of bone-related diseases is increasing in the aging society; thus, improved bone targeted imaging for their early identification and treatment are needed. In this study, we screened novel peptide ligands for hydroxyapatite, a major inorganic component of teeth and bones, and identified a peptide enabling in vivo bone targeting and real-time fluorescence bone detection. To isolate peptides highly specific for hydroxyapatite, we used negative and positive selection from a randomized 8-mer peptide phage library and identified hydroxyapatite-specific peptides (HA-pep2, HA-pep3, and HA-pep7). Among these three peptides, HA-pep3 showed the highest binding capacity and superior dissociation constant towards hydroxyapatite surfaces over time (~ 88.3% retained on hydroxyapatite after two weeks). Furthermore, HA-pep3 was highly specific for hydroxyapatite compared to other calcium salt-based materials. Using this superior specificity, HA-pep3 showed higher accumulation in skull, spine, and joints in comparison with scrambled control peptide during real-time whole-body imaging. Ex vivo analysis of the major organs and bone from mice demonstrated that the fluorescence intensity in bone was about 3.32 folds higher in the case of HA-pep3 than the one exhibited by the scrambled control peptide. Our study identified a novel approach for targeting ligands for bone specific imaging and can be useful for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Bang
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Cheongjusi, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160 South Korea
| | - Heesun Park
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Cheongjusi, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160 South Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701 South Korea
| | - Jihye Yoo
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Won Il Choi
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Cheongjusi, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160 South Korea
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Cheongjusi, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160 South Korea
| | - Young-Ran Lee
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Cheongjusi, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160 South Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701 South Korea
| | - Heebeom Koo
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Cheongjusi, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160 South Korea
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Kang X, Cai X, Yi L, Xi Z. Multifluorinated Aryl Azides for the Development of Improved H 2 S Probes, and Fast Strain-promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition and Staudinger Reactions. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1420-1429. [PMID: 32144862 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of advanced bioorthogonal reactions for detection and labeling of biomolecules is significant in chemical biology. Recently, researchers have found that multifluorinated aryl azides hold great potential for the development of improved bioorthogonal reactions. The fluorine atom can be a perfect substituent group because of its properties of excellent electronegativity and small steric hindrance. In this Minireview, we discuss recent developments of improved hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) fluorescence probes, fast strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) and nonhydrolysis Staudinger reactions based on the use of multifluorinated aryl azides. Additionally, kinetic studies and biological applications of these reactions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xuekang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Xing P, Niu Y, Mu R, Wang Z, Xie D, Li H, Dong L, Wang C. A pocket-escaping design to prevent the common interference with near-infrared fluorescent probes in vivo. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1573. [PMID: 32218438 PMCID: PMC7099068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes are among the most attractive chemical tools for biomedical imaging. However, their in vivo applications are hindered by albumin binding, generating unspecific fluorescence that masks the specific signal from the analyte. Here, combining experimental and docking methods, we elucidate that the reason for this problem is an acceptor (A) group-mediated capture of the dyes into hydrophobic pockets of albumin. This pocket-capturing phenomenon commonly applies to dyes designed under the twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) principle and, therefore, represents a generic but previously unidentified backdoor problem. Accordingly, we create a new A group that avoids being trapped into the albumin pockets (pocket-escaping) and thereby construct a NIR probe, BNLBN, which effectively prevents this backdoor problem with increased imaging accuracy for liver fibrosis in vivo. Overall, our study explains and overcomes a fundamental problem for the in vivo application of a broad class of bioimaging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Ruoyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Daping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Huanling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China.
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Kang H, Rho S, Stiles WR, Hu S, Baek Y, Hwang DW, Kashiwagi S, Kim MS, Choi HS. Size-Dependent EPR Effect of Polymeric Nanoparticles on Tumor Targeting. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901223. [PMID: 31794153 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Passive targeting of large nanoparticles by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is a crucial concept for solid tumor targeting in cancer nanomedicine. There is, however, a trade-off between the long-term blood circulation of nanoparticles and their nonspecific background tissue uptake. To define this size-dependent EPR effect, near-infrared fluorophore-conjugated polyethylene glycols (PEG-ZW800s; 1-60 kDa) are designed and their biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and renal clearance are evaluated in tumor-bearing mice. The targeting efficiency of size-variant PEG-ZW800s is investigated in terms of tumor-to-background ratio (TBR). Interestingly, smaller sized PEGs (≤20 kDa, 12 nm) exhibit significant tumor targeting with minimum to no nonspecific uptakes, while larger sized PEGs (>20 kDa, 13 nm) accumulate highly in major organs, including the lungs, liver, and pancreas. Among those tested, 20 kDa PEG-ZW800 exhibits the highest TBR, while excreting unbound molecules to the urinary bladder. This result lays a foundation for engineering tumor-targeted nanoparticles and therapeutics based on the size-dependent EPR effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homan Kang
- Gordon Center for Medical ImagingDepartment of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Sunghoon Rho
- Gordon Center for Medical ImagingDepartment of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Wesley R. Stiles
- Gordon Center for Medical ImagingDepartment of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Shuang Hu
- Gordon Center for Medical ImagingDepartment of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Yoonji Baek
- Gordon Center for Medical ImagingDepartment of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Do Won Hwang
- Gordon Center for Medical ImagingDepartment of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Satoshi Kashiwagi
- Gordon Center for Medical ImagingDepartment of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and TechnologyAjou University Suwon 16499 South Korea
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical ImagingDepartment of RadiologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
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Kim E, Koo H. Biomedical applications of copper-free click chemistry: in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7835-7851. [PMID: 31762967 PMCID: PMC6855312 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03368h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, click chemistry has provided important advances in biomedical research fields. Particularly, copper-free click chemistry including strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) and inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder (iEDDA) reactions enable fast and specific chemical conjugation under aqueous conditions without the need for toxic catalysts. Click chemistry has resulted in a change of paradigm, showing that artificial chemical reactions can occur on cell surfaces, in cell cytosol, or within the body, which is not easy with most other chemical reactions. Click chemistry in vitro allows specific labelling of cellular target proteins and studying of drug target engagement with drug surrogates in live cells. Furthermore, cellular membrane lipids and proteins could be selectively labelled with click chemistry in vitro and cells could be adhered together using click chemistry. Click chemistry in vivo enables efficient and effective molecular imaging and drug delivery for diagnosis and therapy. Click chemistry ex vivo can be used to develop molecular tools to understand tissue development, diagnosis of diseases, and therapeutic monitoring. Overall, the results from research to date suggest that click chemistry has emerged as a valuable tool in biomedical fields as well as in organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology , Ajou University , Suwon 16499 , Republic of Korea
| | - Heebeom Koo
- Department of Medical Life Sciences , College of Medicine , The Catholic University of Korea , 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu , Seoul , 06591 , Republic of Korea .
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences , College of Medicine , The Catholic University of Korea , 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu , Seoul , 06591 , Republic of Korea
- Catholic Photomedicine Research Institute , College of Medicine , The Catholic University of Korea , 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu , Seoul , 06591 , Republic of Korea
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7
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Hwang DW, Jo MJ, Lee JH, Kang H, Bao K, Hu S, Baek Y, Moon HG, Lee DS, Kashiwagi S, Henary M, Choi HS. Chemical Modulation of Bioengineered Exosomes for Tissue-Specific Biodistribution. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019; 2. [PMID: 32318623 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials play a key role in tissue-specific targeting by reducing nonspecific background uptake as well as controlling biodistribution and clearance. Due to the strong influence of surface chemistry, chemical modulation of bioinert exosomes with chargeable and traceable small molecule fluorophores has a significant effect on the targeting, stability, and toxicity of the final conjugates. In this study, charge-variable exosomes are designed by conjugating their surface proteins with near-infrared fluorophores to control the in vivo fate of exosomes. Interestingly, zwitterionic fluorophore-labeled exosomes show rapid renal clearance with minimum to none nonspecific tissue uptake, whereas anionic exosomes are excreted through the hepatobiliary route with high uptake in the liver. The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of exosome conjugates are comparable to their corresponding free fluorophores, demonstrating that the surface characteristics govern the fate of final conjugates in the living organism. Such unique surface properties of chemically modulated exosomes are confirmed in the lymphatic system after intradermal administration, which results in distinctive kinetic profiles in the secondary lymphoid tissues. This finding can subsequently serve as the foundation for developing tissue-specific exosome-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Won Hwang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Min Joo Jo
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jeong Heon Lee
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Homan Kang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kai Bao
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shuang Hu
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yoonji Baek
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hyung Geun Moon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Satoshi Kashiwagi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Maged Henary
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30303, USA
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Hu S, Kang H, Baek Y, El Fakhri G, Kuang A, Choi HS. Real-Time Imaging of Brain Tumor for Image-Guided Surgery. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800066. [PMID: 29719137 PMCID: PMC6105507 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The completion of surgical resection is a key prognostic factor in brain tumor treatment. This requires surgeons to identify residual tumors in theater as well as to margin the proximity of the tumor to adjacent normal tissue. Subjective assessments, such as texture palpation or visual tissue differences, are commonly used by oncology surgeons during resection to differentiate cancer lesions from normal tissue, which can potentially result in either an incomplete tumor resection, or accidental removal of normal tissue. Moreover, malignant brain tumors are even more difficult to distinguish from normal brain tissue, and resecting noncancerous tissue may create neurological defects after surgery. To optimize the resection margin in brain tumors, a variety of intraoperative guidance techniques are developed, such as neuronavigation, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, Raman spectroscopy, and optical fluorescence imaging. When combined with appropriate contrast agents, optical fluorescence imaging can provide the neurosurgeon real-time image guidance to improve resection completeness and to decrease surgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Homan Kang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yoonji Baek
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Anren Kuang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Park SH, Kwon JS, Lee BS, Park JH, Lee BK, Yun JH, Lee BY, Kim JH, Min BH, Yoo TH, Kim MS. BMP2-modified injectable hydrogel for osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6603. [PMID: 28747761 PMCID: PMC5529463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report on the development of a covalently bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2)-immobilized hydrogel that is suitable for osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPLSCs). O-propargyl-tyrosine (OpgY) was site-specifically incorporated into BMP2 to prepare BMP2-OpgY with an alkyne group. The engineered BMP2-OpgY exhibited osteogenic characteristics after in vitro osteogenic differentiation of hPLSCs, indicating the osteogenic ability of BMP2-OpgY. A methoxy polyethylene glycol-(polycaprolactone-(N3)) block copolymer (MC-N3) was prepared as an injectable in situ-forming hydrogel. BMP2 covalently immobilized on an MC hydrogel (MC-BMP2) was prepared quantitatively by a simple biorthogonal reaction between alkyne groups on BMP2-OpgY and azide groups on MC-N3 via a Cu(I)-catalyzed click reaction. The hPLSCs-loaded MC-BMP2 formed a hydrogel almost immediately upon injection into animals. In vivo osteogenic differentiation of hPLSCs in the MC-BMP2 formulation was confirmed by histological staining and gene expression analyses. Histological staining of hPLSC-loaded MC-BMP2 implants showed evidence of mineralized calcium deposits, whereas hPLSC-loaded MC-Cl or BMP2-OpgY mixed with MC-Cl, implants showed no mineral deposits. Additionally, MC-BMP2 induced higher levels of osteogenic gene expression in hPLSCs than in other groups. In conclusion, BMP2-OpgY covalently immobilized on MC-BMP2 induced osteogenic differentiation of hPLSCs as a noninvasive method for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hun Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Jin Seon Kwon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Byeong Sung Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Bo Keun Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Yun
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-712, Korea
| | - Bun Yeoul Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Byoung Hyun Min
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea.
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea.
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