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Li Z, Uno N, Ding X, Avery L, Banach D, Liu C. Bioinspired CRISPR-Mediated Cascade Reaction Biosensor for Molecular Detection of HIV Using a Glucose Meter. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3966-3975. [PMID: 36762838 PMCID: PMC10198471 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
HIV molecular detection plays a significant role in early diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy for HIV patients. CRISPR technology has recently emerged as a powerful tool for highly sensitive and specific nucleic acid based molecular detection when used in combination with isothermal amplification. However, it remains a challenge to improve the compatibility of such a multienzyme reaction system for simple and sensitive molecular detection. Inspired by the multicompartment structures in a living cell, we present a nanoporous membrane-separated (compartmentalized), artificial, cascade reaction system to improve the compatibility of a CRISPR-mediated multienzyme reaction. We further integrated the multienzyme cascade reaction system with a microfluidic platform and glucose biosensing technology to develop a bioinspired, CRISPR-mediated cascade reaction (CRISPR-MCR) biosensor, enabling HIV molecular detection by a simple glucose meter, analogous to diabetes home testing. We applied the bioinspired CRISPR-MCR biosensor to detect HIV DNA and HIV RNA, achieving a detection sensitivity of 43 copies and 200 copies per test, respectively. Further, we successfully validated the bioinspired biosensor by testing clinical plasma samples of HIV, demonstrating its great application potential for point-of-care testing of HIV virus and other pathogens at home or in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Naoki Uno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Xiong Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Lori Avery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - David Banach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Changchun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
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Biocatalytic self-assembled synthetic vesicles and coacervates: From single compartment to artificial cells. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 299:102566. [PMID: 34864354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalization is an intrinsic feature of living cells that allows spatiotemporal control over the biochemical pathways expressed in them. Over the years, a library of compartmentalized systems has been generated, which includes nano to micrometer sized biomimetic vesicles derived from lipids, amphiphilic block copolymers, peptides, and nanoparticles. Biocatalytic vesicles have been developed using a simple bag containing enzyme design of liposomes to multienzymes immobilized multi-vesicular compartments for artificial cell generation. Additionally, enzymes were also entrapped in membrane-less coacervate droplets to mimic the cytoplasmic macromolecular crowding mechanisms. Here, we have discussed different types of single and multicompartment systems, emphasizing their recent developments as biocatalytic self-assembled structures using recent examples. Importantly, we have summarized the strategies in the development of the self-assembled structure to improvise their adaptivity and flexibility for enzyme immobilization. Finally, we have presented the use of biocatalytic assemblies in mimicking different aspects of living cells, which further carves the path for the engineering of a minimal cell.
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A study on how to control the supramolecular amphiphilic assembly of anionic bola surfactant with calixpyridinium. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Peptide-based scaffolds for the culture and maintenance of primary human hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6772. [PMID: 33762604 PMCID: PMC7990934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the use of a nanofibrous hydrogel as a 3D scaffold for the culture and maintenance of functional primary human hepatocytes. The system is based on the cooperative assembly of a fiber-forming peptide component, fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF), and the integrin-binding functional peptide ligand, Fmoc-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Fmoc-RGD) into a nanofibrous gel at physiological pH. This Fmoc-FF/RGD hydrogel was formulated to provide a biomimetic microenvironment with some critical features such as mechanical properties and nanofiber morphology, which were optimized to support hepatocyte culture. The material was shown to support maintenance and function of encapsulated primary human hepatocytes as indicated by actin staining, qRT-PCR, and functional cytochrome P450 assays. The designed gel was shown to outperform Matrigel in cytochrome P450 functional assays. The hydrogel may prove useful for liver development and disease models, as well as providing insights into the design of future implantable scaffolds for the regeneration of liver tissue in patients with liver disease.
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Qian X, Nymann Westensee I, Brodszkij E, Städler B. Cell mimicry as a bottom-up strategy for hierarchical engineering of nature-inspired entities. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1683. [PMID: 33205632 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Artificial biology is an emerging concept that aims to design and engineer the structure and function of natural cells, organelles, or biomolecules with a combination of biological and abiotic building blocks. Cell mimicry focuses on concepts that have the potential to be integrated with mammalian cells and tissue. In this feature article, we will emphasize the advancements in the past 3-4 years (2017-present) that are dedicated to artificial enzymes, artificial organelles, and artificial mammalian cells. Each aspect will be briefly introduced, followed by highlighting efforts that considered key properties of the different mimics. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities will be outlined. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Qian
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Edit Brodszkij
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Godoy-Gallardo M, Labay C, Hosta-Rigau L. Tyrosinase-Loaded Multicompartment Microreactor toward Melanoma Depletion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:5862-5876. [PMID: 30605301 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is malignant skin cancer occurring with increasing prevalence with no effective treatment. A unique feature of melanoma cells is that they require higher concentrations of ltyrosine (l-tyr) for expansion than normal cells. As such, it has been demonstrated that dietary l-tyr restriction lowers systemic l-tyr and suppresses melanoma advancement in mice. Unfortunately, this diet is not well tolerated by humans. An alternative approach to impede melanoma progression will be to administer the enzyme tyrosinase (TYR), which converts l-tyr into melanin. Herein, a multicompartment carrier consisting of a polymer shell entrapping thousands of liposomes is employed to act as a microreactor depleting l-tyr in the presence of melanoma cells. It is shown that the TYR enzyme can be incorporated within the liposomal subunits with preserved catalytic activity. Aiming to mimic the dynamic environment at the tumor site, l-tyr conversion is conducted by co-culturing melanoma cells and microreactors in a microfluidic setup with applied intratumor shear stress. It is demonstrated that the microreactors are concurrently depleting l-tyr, which translates into inhibited melanoma cell growth. Thus, the first microreactor where the depletion of a substrate translates into antitumor properties in vitro is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Godoy-Gallardo
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech , Technical University of Denmark , Building 423 , 2800 Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Cédric Labay
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech , Technical University of Denmark , Building 423 , 2800 Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech , Technical University of Denmark , Building 423 , 2800 Lyngby , Denmark
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Zhu C, Itel F, Chandrawati R, Han X, Städler B. Multicompartmentalized Microreactors Containing Nuclei and Catalase-Loaded Liposomes. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4379-4385. [PMID: 30231209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuntao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fabian Itel
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rona Chandrawati
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Itel F, Skovhus Thomsen J, Städler B. Matrix Vesicles-Containing Microreactors as Support for Bonelike Osteoblasts to Enhance Biomineralization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:30180-30190. [PMID: 30113809 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic cell mimicry aims to provide a source of cell-like assemblies, which exhibit the core structural or functional properties of their natural counterparts with broad envisioned applications in biomedicine. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) aims at promoting and inciting the natural healing process of, for instance, critically sized bone defects. Microreactors designed to co-assemble with biological bone-forming osteoblasts like SaOS-2 cells to start biomineralization are reported for the first time. The alginate-based microparticles are equipped with active alkaline phosphatase-loaded artificial liposomes or SaOS-2-derived matrix vesicles (MVs). Spheroids assembled from SaOS-2 cells and microreactors not only exhibit higher cell viability, but also show enhanced biomineralization when MVs are present. The active biomineralization stimulation of the microreactors is illustrated by colorimetric calcium quantification and micro-computed tomography. These findings show the promising potential of applying cell mimicry in BTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Itel
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Jesper Skovhus Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
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Wang H, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Shao C, Bian F, Zhao Y. Biomimetic enzyme cascade reaction system in microfluidic electrospray microcapsules. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat2816. [PMID: 29922720 PMCID: PMC6003728 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking subcellular compartments containing enzymes in organisms is considered a promising approach to substitute for missing or lost cellular functions. Inspired by the multicompartment structures of cellular architectures, we present a novel multienzyme system based on hollow hydrogel microcapsules with flexible enzymatic inverse opal particles. Benefiting from the precise operation capability of the microfluidic electrospray and the remarkable structural color marks in the inverse opal particles, we developed a multienzyme system with controllable number, type, and spatial arrangement of the encapsulated enzymes. The hydrogel shells also could improve enzyme stability against proteolysis in the system. The multienzyme system containing alcohol oxidase and catalase could act as a cascade biocatalyst and reduce alcohol levels in media, providing an alternative antidote and prophylactic for alcohol intoxication. These features indicated that our strategy provides an ideal enzyme cascade reaction system for complex biocatalysis and biomimetic functions of some organelles or organs.
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Biomimetic artificial organelles with in vitro and in vivo activity triggered by reduction in microenvironment. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1127. [PMID: 29555899 PMCID: PMC5859287 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts to develop stimuli-responsive enzyme delivery systems, their efficacy has been mostly limited to in vitro applications. Here we introduce, by using an approach of combining biomolecules with artificial compartments, a biomimetic strategy to create artificial organelles (AOs) as cellular implants, with endogenous stimuli-triggered enzymatic activity. AOs are produced by inserting protein gates in the membrane of polymersomes containing horseradish peroxidase enzymes selected as a model for natures own enzymes involved in the redox homoeostasis. The inserted protein gates are engineered by attaching molecular caps to genetically modified channel porins in order to induce redox-responsive control of the molecular flow through the membrane. AOs preserve their structure and are activated by intracellular glutathione levels in vitro. Importantly, our biomimetic AOs are functional in vivo in zebrafish embryos, which demonstrates the feasibility of using AOs as cellular implants in living organisms. This opens new perspectives for patient-oriented protein therapy. The efficacy of stimuli-responsive enzyme delivery systems is usually limited to in vitro applications. Here the authors form artificial organelles by inserting stimuli-responsive protein gates in membranes of polymersomes loaded with enzymes and obtain a triggered functionality both in vitro and in vivo.
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Armada-Moreira A, Taipaleenmäki E, Baekgaard-Laursen M, Schattling PS, Sebastião AM, Vaz SH, Städler B. Platinum Nanoparticle-Based Microreactors as Support for Neuroblastoma Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:7581-7592. [PMID: 29083859 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is a common phenomenon in several neurological diseases, associated with an impaired clearance of synaptically released glutamate, which leads to an overactivation of postsynaptic glutamate receptors. This will, in turn, start an intracellular cascade of neurotoxic events, which include exacerbated production of reactive oxygen species and ammonia toxicity. We report the assembly of microreactors equipped with platinum nanoparticles as artificial enzymes and polymer terminating layers including poly(dopamine). The biological response to these microreactors is assessed in human neuroblastoma cell culture. The microreactors' function to deplete hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonia is confirmed. While the proliferation of the cells depends on the number of microreactors present, no inherent toxicity is found. Furthermore, the microreactors are able to ameliorate the effects of excitotoxicity in cell culture by scavenging H2O2 and ammonia, thus having the potential to provide a therapeutic approach for several neurological diseases in which excitotoxicity is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Armada-Moreira
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Essi Taipaleenmäki
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Marie Baekgaard-Laursen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
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Zhu C, Taipaleenmäki EM, Zhang Y, Han X, Städler B. Interaction of cells with patterned reactors. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:793-802. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00838d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The patterning of subcompartmentalized enzyme-loaded reactors is illustrated and the effect of triggered encapsulated catalysis on adhering cells is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | | | - Yan Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
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Zhang Y, Schattling PS, Itel F, Städler B. Planar and Cell Aggregate-Like Assemblies Consisting of Microreactors and HepG2 Cells. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7085-7095. [PMID: 30023539 PMCID: PMC6045345 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of microreactors has made considerable progress toward the fabrication of artificial cells. However, their characterization remains largely limited to buffer solution-based assays in the absence of their natural role model-the biological cells. Herein, the combination of microreactors with HepG2 cells either in planar cell cultures or in the form of cell aggregates is reported. Alginate (Alg)-based microreactors loaded with catalase are assembled by droplet microfluidics, and their activity is confirmed. The acceptance of polymer-coated ∼40 μm Alg particles by proliferating HepG2 cells is depending on the terminating polymer layer. When these functional microreactors are cocultured with HepG2 cells, they can be employed for detoxification, that is, hydrogen peroxide removal, and by doing so, they assist the cells to survive. This report is among the first successful combination of microreactors with biological cells, that is, HepG2 cells, contributing to the fundamental understanding of integrating synthetic and biological partners toward the maturation of this semisynthetic concept for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Philipp S. Schattling
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Fabian Itel
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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