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Zvicer J, Milosevic M, Medic A, Novak S, Obradovic B. Development of novel osteochondral scaffolds and related in vitroenvironment with the aid of chemical engineering principles. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:055044. [PMID: 39094620 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad6ac1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, collaboration among experts from different fields is needed to design appropriate cell scaffolds and the required three-dimensional environment. Osteochondral tissue engineering is particularly challenging due to the need to provide scaffolds that imitate structural and compositional differences between two neighboring tissues, articular cartilage and bone, and the required complex biophysical environments for cultivating such scaffolds. This work focuses on two key objectives: first, to develop bilayered osteochondral scaffolds based on gellan gum and bioactive glass and, second, to create a biomimetic environment for scaffold characterization by designing and utilizing novel dual-medium cultivation bioreactor chambers. Basic chemical engineering principles were utilized to help achieve both aims. First, a simple heat transport model based on one-dimensional conduction was applied as a guideline for bilayer scaffold preparation, leading to the formation of a gelatinous upper part and a macroporous lower part with a thin, well-integrated interfacial zone. Second, a novel cultivation chamber was developed to be used in a dynamic compression bioreactor to provide possibilities for flow of two different media, such as chondrogenic and osteogenic. These chambers were utilized for characterization of the novel scaffolds with regard to bioactivity and stability under dynamic compression and fluid perfusion over 14 d, while flow distribution under different conditions was analyzed by a tracer method and residence time distribution analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Zvicer
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mia Milosevic
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Medic
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sasa Novak
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Obradovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
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Peng C, Kang S, Jiang M, Yang M, Gong X. Antioxidant Carbon Dots and Ursolic Acid Co-Encapsulated Liposomes Composite Hydrogel for Alleviating Adhesion Formation and Enhancing Tendon Healing in Tendon Injury. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:8709-8727. [PMID: 39220191 PMCID: PMC11365533 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s466312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The formation of adhesion after tendon injury represents a major obstacle to tendon repair, and currently there is no effective anti-adhesion method in clinical practice. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis can occur in tendon injury and these factors can lead to tendon adhesion. Antioxidant carbon dots and ursolic acid (UA) both possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this experiment, we have for the first time created RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA using red fluorescent carbon dots and UA co-encapsulated liposomes composite hyaluronic acid methacryloyl hydrogel. We found that RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA could better attenuate adhesion formation and enhance tendon healing in tendon injury. Materials and Methods RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA were prepared and characterized. In vitro experiments on cellular oxidative stress and fibrosis were performed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), and immunofluorescent staining of collagens type I (COL I), collagens type III (COL III), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were used to evaluate anti-oxidative and anti-fibrotic abilities. In vivo models of Achilles tendon injury repair (ATI) and flexor digitorum profundus tendon injury repair (FDPI) were established. The major organs and blood biochemical indicators of rats were tested to determine the toxicity of RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA. Biomechanical testing, motor function analysis, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical staining were performed to assess the tendon adhesion and repair after tendon injury. Results In vitro, the RCDs/UA@Lipo group scavenged excessive ROS, stabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and reduced the expression of COL I, COL III, and α-SMA. In vivo, assessment results showed that the RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA group improved collagen arrangement and biomechanical properties, reduced tendon adhesion, and promoted motor function after tendon injury. Additionally, the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA group increased; the levels of cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), COL III, α-SMA, Vimentin, and matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) decreased. Conclusion In this study, the RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA alleviated tendon adhesion formation and enhanced tendon healing by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. This study provided a novel therapeutic approach for the clinical treatment of tendon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Tissue Repair, Reconstruction and Regeneration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Kang
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Tissue Repair, Reconstruction and Regeneration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijun Jiang
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Tissue Repair, Reconstruction and Regeneration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxi Yang
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Tissue Repair, Reconstruction and Regeneration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Gong
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Tissue Repair, Reconstruction and Regeneration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
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Cui M, Sun Y, Zhang X, Yang P, Jiang W. Osteochondral tissue engineering in translational practice: histological assessments and scoring systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1434323. [PMID: 39157444 PMCID: PMC11327087 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1434323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral lesions are common pathological alterations in synovial joints. Different techniques have been designed to achieve osteochondral repair, and tissue-engineered osteochondral grafts have shown the most promise. Histological assessments and related scoring systems are crucial for evaluating the quality of regenerated tissue, and the interpretation and comparison of various repair techniques require the establishment of a reliable and widely accepted histological method. To date, there is still no consensus on the type of histological assessment and scoring system that should be used for osteochondral repair. In this review, we summarize common osteochondral staining methods, discuss the criteria regarding high-quality histological images, and assess the current histological scoring systems for osteochondral regeneration. Safranin O/Fast green is the most widely used staining method for the cartilage layer, whereas Gomori and Van Gieson staining detect new bone formation. We suggest including the graft-host interface and more sections together with the basic histological information for images. An ideal scoring system should analyze both the cartilage and bone regions, especially for the subchondral bone plate. Furthermore, histological assessments should be performed over a longer period of time to minimize discrepancies caused by defect size and animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Cui
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | | | - Pengju Yang
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- Orthopedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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Shi J, Liu Y, Ling Y, Tang H. Polysaccharide-protein based scaffolds for cartilage repair and regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133495. [PMID: 38944089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Cartilage repair and regeneration have become a global issue that millions of patients from all over the world need surgical intervention to repair the articular cartilage annually due to the limited self-healing capability of the cartilage tissues. Cartilage tissue engineering has gained significant attention in cartilage repair and regeneration by integration of the chondrocytes (or stem cells) and the artificial scaffolds. Recently, polysaccharide-protein based scaffolds have demonstrated unique and promising mechanical and biological properties as the artificial extracellular matrix of natural cartilage. In this review, we summarize the modification methods for polysaccharides and proteins. The preparation strategies for the polysaccharide-protein based hydrogel scaffolds are presented. We discuss the mechanical, physical and biological properties of the polysaccharide-protein based scaffolds. Potential clinical translation and challenges on the artificial scaffolds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ying Ling
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Haoyu Tang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Camarero-Espinosa S, Beeren I, Liu H, Gomes DB, Zonderland J, Lourenço AFH, van Beurden D, Peters M, Koper D, Emans P, Kessler P, Rademakers T, Baker MB, Bouvy N, Moroni L. 3D Niche-Inspired Scaffolds as a Stem Cell Delivery System for the Regeneration of the Osteochondral Interface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310258. [PMID: 38226666 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The regeneration of the osteochondral unit represents a challenge due to the distinct cartilage and bone phases. Current strategies focus on the development of multiphasic scaffolds that recapitulate features of this complex unit and promote the differentiation of implanted bone-marrow derived stem cells (BMSCs). In doing so, challenges remain from the loss of stemness during in vitro expansion of the cells and the low control over stem cell activity at the interface with scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. Here, this work scaffolds inspired by the bone marrow niche that can recapitulate the natural healing process after injury. The construct comprises an internal depot of quiescent BMSCs, mimicking the bone marrow cavity, and an electrospun (ESP) capsule that "activates" the cells to migrate into an outer "differentiation-inducing" 3D printed unit functionalized with TGF-β and BMP-2 peptides. In vitro, niche-inspired scaffolds retained a depot of nonproliferative cells capable of migrating and proliferating through the ESP capsule. Invasion of the 3D printed cavity results in location-specific cell differentiation, mineralization, secretion of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and genetic upregulation of collagen II and collagen I. In vivo, niche-inspired scaffolds are biocompatible, promoted tissue formation in rat subcutaneous models, and regeneration of the osteochondral unit in rabbit models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Camarero-Espinosa
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia / San, Sebastián 20018, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Euskadi Pl., 5, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Ivo Beeren
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hong Liu
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David B Gomes
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jip Zonderland
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Filipa H Lourenço
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Denis van Beurden
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Peters
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David Koper
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, Maastricht, 6202, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Emans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Kessler
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, Maastricht, 6202, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Rademakers
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew B Baker
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Bouvy
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Wu Z, Yao H, Sun H, Gu Z, Hu X, Yang J, Shi J, Yang H, Dai J, Chong H, Wang DA, Lin L, Zhang W. Enhanced hyaline cartilage formation and continuous osteochondral regeneration via 3D-Printed heterogeneous hydrogel with multi-crosslinking inks. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101080. [PMID: 38757056 PMCID: PMC11097081 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique gradient structure and complex composition of osteochondral tissue pose significant challenges in defect regeneration. Restoration of tissue heterogeneity while maintaining hyaline cartilage components has been a difficulty of an osteochondral tissue graft. A novel class of multi-crosslinked polysaccharide-based three-dimensional (3D) printing inks, including decellularized natural cartilage (dNC) and nano-hydroxyapatite, was designed to create a gradient scaffold with a robust interface-binding force. Herein, we report combining a dual-nozzle cross-printing technology and a gradient crosslinking method to create the scaffolds, demonstrating stable mechanical properties and heterogeneous bilayer structures. Biofunctional assessments revealed the remarkable regenerative effects of the scaffold, manifesting three orders of magnitude of mRNA upregulation during chondrogenesis and the formation of pure hyaline cartilage. Transcriptomics of the regeneration site in vivo and scaffold cell interaction tests in vitro showed that printed porous multilayer scaffolds could form the correct tissue structure for cell migration. More importantly, polysaccharides with dNC provided a hydrophilic microenvironment. The microenvironment is crucial in osteochondral regeneration because it could guide the regenerated cartilage to ensure the hyaline phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglian Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Hang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Haidi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Zehao Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Xu Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, PR China
| | - Junli Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Haojun Yang
- The Affiliated Changzhou, No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213004, PR China
| | - Jihang Dai
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, PR China
| | - Hui Chong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Dong-An Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Liwei Lin
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, PR China
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Chen P, Liao X. Kartogenin delivery systems for biomedical therapeutics and regenerative medicine. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2254519. [PMID: 37665332 PMCID: PMC10478613 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2254519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kartogenin, a small and heterocyclic molecule, has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent for incorporation into biomaterials, owing to its unique physicochemical and biological properties. It holds potential for the regeneration of cartilage-related tissues in various common conditions and injuries. Achieving sustained release of kartogenin through appropriate formulation and efficient delivery systems is crucial for modulating cell behavior and tissue function. This review provides an overview of cutting-edge kartogenin-functionalized biomaterials, with a primarily focus on their design, structure, functions, and applications in regenerative medicine. Initially, we discuss the physicochemical properties and biological functions of kartogenin, summarizing the underlying molecular mechanisms. Subsequently, we delve into recent advancements in nanoscale and macroscopic materials for the carriage and delivery of kartogenin. Lastly, we address the opportunities and challenges presented by current biomaterial developments and explore the prospects for their application in tissue regeneration. We aim to enhance the generation of insightful ideas for the development of kartogenin delivery materials in the field of biomedical therapeutics and regenerative medicine by providing a comprehensive understanding of common preparation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixing Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
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Chen R, Pye JS, Li J, Little CB, Li JJ. Multiphasic scaffolds for the repair of osteochondral defects: Outcomes of preclinical studies. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:505-545. [PMID: 37180643 PMCID: PMC10173014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral defects are caused by injury to both the articular cartilage and subchondral bone within skeletal joints. They can lead to irreversible joint damage and increase the risk of progression to osteoarthritis. Current treatments for osteochondral injuries are not curative and only target symptoms, highlighting the need for a tissue engineering solution. Scaffold-based approaches can be used to assist osteochondral tissue regeneration, where biomaterials tailored to the properties of cartilage and bone are used to restore the defect and minimise the risk of further joint degeneration. This review captures original research studies published since 2015, on multiphasic scaffolds used to treat osteochondral defects in animal models. These studies used an extensive range of biomaterials for scaffold fabrication, consisting mainly of natural and synthetic polymers. Different methods were used to create multiphasic scaffold designs, including by integrating or fabricating multiple layers, creating gradients, or through the addition of factors such as minerals, growth factors, and cells. The studies used a variety of animals to model osteochondral defects, where rabbits were the most commonly chosen and the vast majority of studies reported small rather than large animal models. The few available clinical studies reporting cell-free scaffolds have shown promising early-stage results in osteochondral repair, but long-term follow-up is necessary to demonstrate consistency in defect restoration. Overall, preclinical studies of multiphasic scaffolds show favourable results in simultaneously regenerating cartilage and bone in animal models of osteochondral defects, suggesting that biomaterials-based tissue engineering strategies may be a promising solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouyan Chen
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jasmine Sarah Pye
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jiarong Li
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Christopher B. Little
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Corresponding author. Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Lab, Kolling Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | - Jiao Jiao Li
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Corresponding author. School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Yu L, Cavelier S, Hannon B, Wei M. Recent development in multizonal scaffolds for osteochondral regeneration. Bioact Mater 2023; 25:122-159. [PMID: 36817819 PMCID: PMC9931622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral (OC) repair is an extremely challenging topic due to the complex biphasic structure and poor intrinsic regenerative capability of natural osteochondral tissue. In contrast to the current surgical approaches which yield only short-term relief of symptoms, tissue engineering strategy has been shown more promising outcomes in treating OC defects since its emergence in the 1990s. In particular, the use of multizonal scaffolds (MZSs) that mimic the gradient transitions, from cartilage surface to the subchondral bone with either continuous or discontinuous compositions, structures, and properties of natural OC tissue, has been gaining momentum in recent years. Scrutinizing the latest developments in the field, this review offers a comprehensive summary of recent advances, current hurdles, and future perspectives of OC repair, particularly the use of MZSs including bilayered, trilayered, multilayered, and gradient scaffolds, by bringing together onerous demands of architecture designs, material selections, manufacturing techniques as well as the choices of growth factors and cells, each of which possesses its unique challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Sacha Cavelier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Brett Hannon
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Mei Wei
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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Zhan Y, Zhou Z, Chen M, Gong X. Photothermal Treatment of Polydopamine Nanoparticles@Hyaluronic Acid Methacryloyl Hydrogel Against Peripheral Nerve Adhesion in a Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:2777-2793. [PMID: 37250473 PMCID: PMC10224687 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s410092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Peripheral nerve adhesion occurs following injury and surgery. Functional impairment leading by peripheral nerve adhesion remains challenging for surgeons. Local tissue overexpression of heat shock protein (HSP) 72 can reduce the occurrence of adhesion. This study aims to develop a photothermal material polydopamine nanoparticles@Hyaluronic acid methacryloyl hydrogel (PDA NPs@HAMA) and evaluate their efficacy for preventing peripheral nerve adhesion in a rat sciatic nerve adhesion model. Materials and Methods PDA NPs@HAMA was prepared and characterized. The safety of PDA NPs@HAMA was evaluated. Seventy-two rats were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: the control group; the hyaluronic acid (HA) group; the polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA) group and the PDA NPs@HAMA group (n = 18 per group). Six weeks after surgery, the scar formation was evaluated by adhesion scores and biomechanical and histological examinations. Nerve function was assessed with electrophysiological examination, sensorimotor analysis and gastrocnemius muscle weight measurements. Results There were significant differences in the score on nerve adhesion between the groups (p < 0.001). Multiple comparisons indicated that the score was significantly lower in the PDA NPs@HAMA group (95% CI: 0.83, 1.42) compared with the control group (95% CI: 1.86, 2.64; p = 0.001). Motor nerve conduction velocity and muscle compound potential of the PDA NPs@HAMA group were higher than the control group's. According to immunohistochemical analysis, the PDA NPs@HAMA group expressed more HSP72, less α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and had fewer inflammatory reactions than the control group. Conclusion In this study, a new type of photo-cured material with a photothermic effect was designed and synthesized-PDA NPs@HAMA. The photothermic effect of PDA NPs@HAMA protected the nerve from adhesion to preserve the nerve function in the rat sciatic nerve adhesion model. This effectively prevented adhesion-related damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhan
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Tissue Repair, Reconstruction and Regeneration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zekun Zhou
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Tissue Repair, Reconstruction and Regeneration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Tissue Repair, Reconstruction and Regeneration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Gong
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Tissue Repair, Reconstruction and Regeneration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Tampieri A, Kon E, Sandri M, Campodoni E, Dapporto M, Sprio S. Marine-Inspired Approaches as a Smart Tool to Face Osteochondral Regeneration. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040212. [PMID: 37103351 PMCID: PMC10145639 DOI: 10.3390/md21040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of osteochondral tissue represents one of the major causes of disability in modern society and it is expected to fuel the demand for new solutions to repair and regenerate the damaged articular joints. In particular, osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common complication in articular diseases and a leading cause of chronic disability affecting a steady increasing number of people. The regeneration of osteochondral (OC) defects is one of the most challenging tasks in orthopedics since this anatomical region is composed of different tissues, characterized by antithetic features and functionalities, in tight connection to work together as a joint. The altered structural and mechanical joint environment impairs the natural tissue metabolism, thus making OC regeneration even more challenging. In this scenario, marine-derived ingredients elicit ever-increased interest for biomedical applications as a result of their outstanding mechanical and multiple biologic properties. The review highlights the possibility to exploit such unique features using a combination of bio-inspired synthesis process and 3D manufacturing technologies, relevant to generate compositionally and structurally graded hybrid constructs reproducing the smart architecture and biomechanical functions of natural OC regions.
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12
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Ege D, Hasirci V. Is 3D Printing Promising for Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration? ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1431-1444. [PMID: 36943415 PMCID: PMC10114088 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondral tissue regeneration is quite difficult to achieve due to the complexity of its organization. In the design of these complex multilayer structures, a fabrication method, 3D printing, started to be employed, especially by using extrusion, stereolithography and inkjet printing approaches. In this paper, the designs are discussed including biphasic, triphasic, and gradient structures which aim to mimic the cartilage and the calcified cartilage and the whole osteochondral tissue closely. In the first section of the review paper, 3D printing of hydrogels including gelatin methacryloyl (GelMa), alginate, and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) are discussed. However, their physical and biological properties need to be augmented, and this generally is achieved by blending the hydrogel with other, more durable, less hydrophilic, polymers. These scaffolds are very suitable to carry growth factors, such as TGF-β1, to further stimulate chondrogenesis. The bone layer is mimicked by printing calcium phosphates (CaPs) or bioactive glasses together with the hydrogels or as a component of another polymer layer. The current research findings indicate that polyester (i.e. polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)) reinforced hydrogels may more successfully mimic the complex structure of osteochondral tissue. Moreover, more recent printing methods such as melt electrowriting (MEW), are being used to integrate polyester fibers to enhance the mechanical properties of hydrogels. Additionally, polyester scaffolds that are 3D printed without hydrogels are discussed after the hydrogel-based scaffolds. In this review paper, the relevant studies are analyzed and discussed, and future work is recommended with support of tables of designed scaffolds. The outcome of the survey of the field is that 3D printing has significant potential to contribute to osteochondral tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ege
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Rasathane Cd, Kandilli Campus, Kandilli Mah., 34684 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vasif Hasirci
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, METU Research Group, BIOMATEN, Cankaya, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Wang Z, Cao W, Wu F, Ke X, Wu X, Zhou T, Yang J, Yang G, Zhong C, Gou Z, Gao C. A triphasic biomimetic BMSC-loaded scaffold for osteochondral integrated regeneration in rabbits and pigs. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2924-2934. [PMID: 36892448 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm02148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondral tissue involves cartilage, calcified cartilage and subchondral bone. These tissues differ significantly in chemical compositions, structures, mechanical properties and cellular compositions. Therefore, the repairing materials face different osteochondral tissue regeneration needs and rates. In this study, we fabricated an osteochondral tissue-inspired triphasic material, which was composed of a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffold loaded with fibrin hydrogel, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) for cartilage tissue, a bilayer poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL)-fibrous membrane loaded with chondroitin sulfate and bioactive glass, respectively, for calcified cartilage, and a 3D-printed calcium silicate ceramic scaffold for subchondral bone. The triphasic scaffold was press-fitted into the osteochondral defects in rabbit (cylindrical defects with a diameter of 4 mm and a depth of 4 mm) and minipig knee joints (cylindrical defects with a diameter of 10 mm and a depth of 6 mm). The μ-CT and histological analysis showed that the triphasic scaffold was partly degraded, and significantly promoted the regeneration of hyaline cartilage after they were implanted in vivo. The superficial cartilage showed good recovery and uniformity. The calcified cartilage layer (CCL) fibrous membrane was in favor of a better cartilage regeneration morphology, a continuous cartilage structure and less fibrocartilage tissue formation. The bone tissue grew into the material, while the CCL membrane limited bone overgrowth. The newly generated osteochondral tissues were well integrated with the surrounding tissues too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wangbei Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fanghui Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of the third Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Rui'an 325200, China
| | - Xiurong Ke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of the third Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Rui'an 325200, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Tong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of the third Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Rui'an 325200, China
| | - Guojing Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of the third Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Rui'an 325200, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhongru Gou
- Bio-nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. .,Center for Healthcare Materials, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312035, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
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14
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Beheshtizadeh N, Farzin A, Rezvantalab S, Pazhouhnia Z, Lotfibakhshaiesh N, Ai J, Noori A, Azami M. 3D printing of complicated GelMA-coated Alginate/Tri-calcium silicate scaffold for accelerated bone regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:636-653. [PMID: 36586652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-based composite scaffolds are an attractive class of biomaterials due to their suitable physical and mechanical performance as well as appropriate biological properties. When such composites contain osteoinductive ceramic nanopowders, it is possible, in principle, to stimulate the seeded cells to differentiate into osteoblasts. However, reproducibly fabricating and developing an appropriate niche for cells' activities in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds remains a challenge using conventional fabrication techniques. Additive manufacturing provides a new strategy for the fabrication of complex 3D structures. Here, an extrusion-based 3D printing method was used to fabricate the Alginate (Alg)/Tri-calcium silicate (C3S) bone scaffolds. To improve physical and biological attributes, scaffolds were coated with gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), a biocompatible viscose hydrogel. Conducting a combination of experimental techniques and molecular dynamics simulations, it is found that the composition ratio of Alg/C3S governs intermolecular interactions among the polymer and ceramic, affecting the product performance. Investigating the effects of various C3S amounts in the bioinks, the 90/10 composition ratio of Alg/C3S is known as the optimum content in developed bioinks. Accordingly, the printability of high-viscosity inks is boosted by improved hierarchical interactions among assemblies, which in turn leads to better nanoscale alignment in extruded macroscopic filaments. Conducting multiple tests on specimens, the GelMA-coated Alg/C3S scaffolds (with a composition ratio of 90/10) were shown to have improved mechanical qualities and cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, compared to the bare scaffolds, making them better candidates for further future research. Overall, the in-silico and in vitro studies of GelMA-coated 3D-printed Alg/C3S scaffolds open new aspects for biomaterials aimed at the regeneration of large- and complicated-bone defects through modifying the extrusion-based 3D-printed constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Farzin
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Rezvantalab
- Renewable Energies Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, 57166-419 Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Pazhouhnia
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Lotfibakhshaiesh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Noori
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Joint Reconstruction Research Center (JRRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Zhang C, Wang G, Lin H, Shang Y, Liu N, Zhen Y, An Y. Cartilage 3D bioprinting for rhinoplasty using adipose-derived stem cells as seed cells: Review and recent advances. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13417. [PMID: 36775884 PMCID: PMC10068946 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal deformities due to various causes affect the aesthetics and use of the nose, in which case rhinoplasty is necessary. However, the lack of cartilage for grafting has been a major problem and tissue engineering seems to be a promising solution. 3D bioprinting has become one of the most advanced tissue engineering methods. To construct ideal cartilage, bio-ink, seed cells, growth factors and other methods to promote chondrogenesis should be considered and weighed carefully. With continuous progress in the field, bio-ink choices are becoming increasingly abundant, from a single hydrogel to a combination of hydrogels with various characteristics, and more 3D bioprinting methods are also emerging. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have become one of the most popular seed cells in cartilage 3D bioprinting, owing to their abundance, excellent proliferative potential, minimal morbidity during harvest and lack of ethical considerations limitations. In addition, the co-culture of ADSCs and chondrocytes is commonly used to achieve better chondrogenesis. To promote chondrogenic differentiation of ADSCs and construct ideal highly bionic tissue-engineered cartilage, researchers have used a variety of methods, including adding appropriate growth factors, applying biomechanical stimuli and reducing oxygen tension. According to the process and sequence of cartilage 3D bioprinting, this review summarizes and discusses the selection of hydrogel and seed cells (centered on ADSCs), the design of printing, and methods for inducing the chondrogenesis of ADSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhuier Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Lin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Shang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yonghuan Zhen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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16
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Zhang P, Chen J, Sun Y, Cao Z, Zhang Y, Mo Q, Yao Q, Zhang W. A 3D multifunctional bi-layer scaffold to regulate stem cell behaviors and promote osteochondral regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:1240-1261. [PMID: 36648128 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondral defect (OCD) regeneration remains a great challenge. Recently, multilayer scaffold simulating native osteochondral structures have aroused broad interest in osteochondral tissue engineering. Here, we developed a 3D multifunctional bi-layer scaffold composed of a kartogenin (KGN)-loaded GelMA hydrogel (GelMA/KGN) as an upper layer mimicking a cartilage-specific extracellular matrix and a hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated 3D printed polycaprolactone porous scaffold (PCL/HA) as a lower layer simulating subchondral bone. The bi-layer scaffolds were subsequently modified with tannic acid (TA) prime-coating and E7 peptide conjugation (PCL/HA-GelMA/KGN@TA/E7) to regulate endogenous stem cell behaviors and exert antioxidant activity for enhanced osteochondral regeneration. In vitro, the scaffolds could support cell attachment and proliferation, and enhance the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacity of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a specific layer. Besides, the incorporation of TA/E7 significantly increased the biological activity of the bi-layer scaffolds including the pro-migratory effect, antioxidant activity, and the maintenance of cell viability against oxidative stress. In vivo, the developed bi-layer scaffolds enhanced the simultaneous regeneration of cartilage and subchondral bone when implanted into a rabbit OCD model through macroscopic, micro-CT, and histological evaluation. Taken together, these investigations demonstrated that the 3D multifunctional bi-layer scaffolds could provide a suitable microenvironment for endogenous stem cells, and promote in situ osteochondral regeneration, showing great potential for the clinical treatment of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Hospital, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, P. R. China. .,School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jialin Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), China
| | - Yuzhi Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Hospital, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, P. R. China. .,School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhicheng Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Hospital, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, P. R. China. .,School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qingyun Mo
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Hospital, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, P. R. China. .,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), China
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17
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Chen L, Wei L, Su X, Qin L, Xu Z, Huang X, Chen H, Hu N. Preparation and Characterization of Biomimetic Functional Scaffold with Gradient Structure for Osteochondral Defect Repair. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020213. [PMID: 36829707 PMCID: PMC9952804 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral (OC) defects cannot adequately repair themselves due to their sophisticated layered structure and lack of blood supply in cartilage. Although therapeutic interventions are reaching an advanced stage, current clinical therapies to repair defects are in their infancy. Among the possible therapies, OC tissue engineering has shown considerable promise, and multiple approaches utilizing scaffolds, cells, and bioactive factors have been pursued. The most recent trend in OC tissue engineering has been to design gradient scaffolds using different materials and construction strategies (such as bi-layered, multi-layered, and continuous gradient structures) to mimic the physiological and mechanical properties of OC tissues while further enabling OC repair. This review focuses specifically on design and construction strategies for gradient scaffolds and their role in the successful engineering of OC tissues. The current dilemmas in the field of OC defect repair and the efforts of tissue engineering to address these challenges were reviewed. In addition, the advantages and limitations of the typical fabrication techniques for gradient scaffolds were discussed, with examples of recent studies summarizing the future prospects for integrated gradient scaffold construction. This updated and enlightening review could provide insights into our current understanding of gradient scaffolds in OC tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao Huang
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (H.C.); (N.H.); Tel.: +86-023-89011202 (X.H. & H.C. & N.H.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (H.C.); (N.H.); Tel.: +86-023-89011202 (X.H. & H.C. & N.H.)
| | - Ning Hu
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (H.C.); (N.H.); Tel.: +86-023-89011202 (X.H. & H.C. & N.H.)
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18
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Niu X, Li N, Du Z, Li X. Integrated gradient tissue-engineered osteochondral scaffolds: Challenges, current efforts and future perspectives. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:574-597. [PMID: 35846846 PMCID: PMC9254262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The osteochondral defect repair has been most extensively studied due to the rising demand for new therapies to diseases such as osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering has been proposed as a promising strategy to meet the demand of simultaneous regeneration of both cartilage and subchondral bone by constructing integrated gradient tissue-engineered osteochondral scaffold (IGTEOS). This review brought forward the main challenges of establishing a satisfactory IGTEOS from the perspectives of the complexity of physiology and microenvironment of osteochondral tissue, and the limitations of obtaining the desired and required scaffold. Then, we comprehensively discussed and summarized the current tissue-engineered efforts to resolve the above challenges, including architecture strategies, fabrication techniques and in vitro/in vivo evaluation methods of the IGTEOS. Especially, we highlighted the advantages and limitations of various fabrication techniques of IGTEOS, and common cases of IGTEOS application. Finally, based on the above challenges and current research progress, we analyzed in details the future perspectives of tissue-engineered osteochondral construct, so as to achieve the perfect reconstruction of the cartilaginous and osseous layers of osteochondral tissue simultaneously. This comprehensive and instructive review could provide deep insights into our current understanding of IGTEOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Niu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding, 072350, China
| | - Zhipo Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding, 072350, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
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19
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Mao Z, Bi X, Wu C, Zheng Y, Shu X, Wu S, Guan J, Ritchie RO. A Cell-Free Silk Fibroin Biomaterial Strategy Promotes In Situ Cartilage Regeneration Via Programmed Releases of Bioactive Molecules. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201588. [PMID: 36314425 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In situ tissue regeneration using cell-free biofunctional scaffolds has been extensively studied as a promising alternative strategy to promote cartilage repair. In this study, a cartilage-biomimetic silk fibroin (SF)-based scaffold with controlled sequential release of two bioactive molecules is developed. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is initially loaded onto the SF scaffolds by physical absorption, which are then successively functionalized with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-specific-affinity peptide (E7) via gradient degradation coating of Silk fibroin Methacryloyl (SilMA)/Hyaluronic acid Methacryloyl (HAMA). Such SF-based scaffolds exhibit excellent structural stability and catilage-like mechanical properties, thus providing a desirable 3D microenvironment for cartilage reconstruction. Furthermore, rapid initial release of E7 during the first few days, followed by slow and sustained release of TGF-β1 for as long as few weeks, synergistically induced the recruitment of BMSCs and chondrogenic differentiation of them in vitro. Finally, in vivo studies indicate that the implantation of the biofunctional scaffold markedly promote in situ cartilage regeneration in a rabbit cartilage defect model. It is believed that this cartilage-biomimetic biofunctional SF-based scaffold with sequential controlled release of E7 and TGF-β1 may have a promising potential for improved cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Mao
- International Research Center for Advanced Structural and Biomaterials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xuewei Bi
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengai Wu
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing Research Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiong Shu
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing Research Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Sujun Wu
- International Research Center for Advanced Structural and Biomaterials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juan Guan
- International Research Center for Advanced Structural and Biomaterials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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20
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Barui S, Ghosh D, Laurencin CT. Osteochondral regenerative engineering: challenges, state-of-the-art and translational perspectives. Regen Biomater 2022; 10:rbac109. [PMID: 36683736 PMCID: PMC9845524 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite quantum leaps, the biomimetic regeneration of cartilage and osteochondral regeneration remains a major challenge, owing to the complex and hierarchical nature of compositional, structural and functional properties. In this review, an account of the prevailing challenges in biomimicking the gradients in porous microstructure, cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) orientation is presented. Further, the spatial arrangement of the cues in inducing vascularization in the subchondral bone region while maintaining the avascular nature of the adjacent cartilage layer is highlighted. With rapid advancement in biomaterials science, biofabrication tools and strategies, the state-of-the-art in osteochondral regeneration since the last decade has expansively elaborated. This includes conventional and additive manufacturing of synthetic/natural/ECM-based biomaterials, tissue-specific/mesenchymal/progenitor cells, growth factors and/or signaling biomolecules. Beyond the laboratory-based research and development, the underlying challenges in translational research are also provided in a dedicated section. A new generation of biomaterial-based acellular scaffold systems with uncompromised biocompatibility and osteochondral regenerative capability is necessary to bridge the clinical demand and commercial supply. Encompassing the basic elements of osteochondral research, this review is believed to serve as a standalone guide for early career researchers, in expanding the research horizon to improve the quality of life of osteoarthritic patients affordably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimanta Barui
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Debolina Ghosh
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Chen Z, Du W, Lv Y. Zonally Stratified Decalcified Bone Scaffold with Different Stiffness Modified by Fibrinogen for Osteochondral Regeneration of Knee Joint Defect. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:5257-5272. [PMID: 36335510 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is generally known to be a complex tissue with multiple layers. Each layer has different composition, structure, and mechanical properties, making regeneration after knee joint defects a troubling clinical problem. A novel integrated stratified decalcified bone matrix (SDBM) scaffold with different stiffness to mimic the mechanical properties of articular cartilage is presented herein. This SDBM scaffold was modified using fibrinogen (Fg) (Fg + SDBM) to enhance its vascularization ability and improve its repair efficiency for osteochondral defects of knee joints. A Fg + SDBM scaffold with different elastic modulus in each layer (high-stiffness DBM (HDBM) layer, 174.208 ± 44.330 MPa (Fg + HDBM); medium-stiffness DBM (MDBM) layer, 21.214 ± 6.922 MPa (Fg + MDBM); and low-stiffness DBM (LDBM) layer, 0.678 ± 0.269 MPa (Fg + LDBM)) was constructed by controlling the stratified decalcification time with layered embedding paraffin (0, 3, and 5 days). The low- and medium-stiffness layers of the Fg + SDBM scaffold remarkably promoted the cartilage differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Subcutaneous transplantation and rabbit knee joint osteochondral defect repair experiments revealed that the low- and medium-stiffness layers of the Fg + SDBM scaffold exhibited wonderful cartilage capacity, whereas the high-stiffness layer of Fg + SDBM scaffold exhibited good osteogenesis ability. Furthermore, this scaffold could promote blood vessel formation in subchondral bone area. This study presents a feasible strategy for osteochondral regeneration of defective knee joints, which is of great clinical value for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyin Chen
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Wenjiang Du
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
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22
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Zhao Y, Chen H, Ran K, Zhang Y, Pan H, Shangguan J, Tong M, Yang J, Yao Q, Xu H. Porous hydroxyapatite scaffold orchestrated with bioactive coatings for rapid bone repair. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 144:213202. [PMID: 36434928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Current bioceramic scaffolds for critical-size bone defects are still facing various challenges such as the poor capability of self-resorption, vascularization and osteogenesis. Herein, a composite scaffold (HOD) is fabricated by integrating bioactive coatings of konjac glucomannan (KGM) and deferoxamine (DFO) into porous hydroxyapatite scaffold (HA), where KGM coating induces the self-resorption of HOD after implanting and DFO promoted the vascularization at the defected bone. Porous HA scaffolds with 200-400 μm of pore sizes were prepared and these bioactive coatings were successfully deposited on the scaffold, which was confirmed by SEM. MC3T3-E1 cells could be tightly attached to the pore wall of HOD and the obvious osteogenic differentiation was clearly displayed after 14 days of co-culture. Besides, HOD displayed the potential of promoting the vascularization of HUVECs. Importantly, the accelerated degradation of HOD was observed in a macrophage-associated acidic medium, which led to the self-resorption of HOD in vivo. Micro-CT images showed that HOD was gradually replaced by newly formed bone, achieving a balance between the new bone formation and the scaffold degradation. The rapid bone repairing of the femoral defects in rats was displayed for HOD in comparison to the HA scaffold. Moreover, the therapeutic mechanism of HOD was highly associated with promoted osteogenesis and vascularization. Collectively, the porous ceramic scaffold orchestrated with bioactive coatings may be a promising strategy for repairing of the large bone defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng Zhao
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China.
| | - Hangbo Chen
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Kunjie Ran
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Hanxiao Pan
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Jianxun Shangguan
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Mengqi Tong
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yang
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Helin Xu
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China.
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Rincón-López J, Martínez-Aguilera M, Guadarrama P, Juarez-Moreno K, Rojas-Aguirre Y. Exploring In Vitro Biological Cellular Responses of Pegylated β-Cyclodextrins. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27093026. [PMID: 35566378 PMCID: PMC9101635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
βCDPEG5 and βCDPEG2 are two derivatives comprising seven PEG linear chains of 5 and 2 kDa, respectively, conjugated to βCD. As βCDPEGs display different physicochemical properties than their precursors, they could also trigger distinct cellular responses. To investigate the biological behavior of βCDPEGs in comparison to their parent compounds, we performed broad toxicological assays on RAW 264.7 macrophages, MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, and MDCK cells. By analyzing ROS and NO2− overproduction in macrophages, we found that βCDPEGs induced a moderate stress response without affecting cell viability. Although MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts were more sensitive than MDCK cells to βCDPEGs and the parent compounds, a similar pattern was observed: the effect of βCDPEG5 on cell viability and cell cycle progression was larger than that of βCDPEG2; PEG2 affected cell viability and cell cycle more than βCDPEG2; cell post-treatment recovery was favorable in all cases, and the compounds had similar behaviors regarding ROS generation. The effect on MDCK cell migration followed a similar pattern. In contrast, for osteoblasts, the interference of βCDPEG5 with cell migration was smaller than that of βCDPEG2; likewise, the effect of PEG2 was shorter than its conjugate. Overall, the covalent conjugation of βCD and PEGs, particularly to yield βCDPEG2, improved the biocompatibility profile, evidencing that a favorable biological response can be tuned through a thoughtful combination of materials. Moreover, this is the first time that an in vitro evaluation of βCD and PEG has been presented for MC3T3-E1 and MDCK cells, thus providing valuable knowledge for designing biocompatible nanomaterials constructed from βCD and PEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rincón-López
- Laboratorio de Materiales Supramoleculares (SupraMatLab), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico; (J.R.-L.); (M.M.-A.); (P.G.)
| | - Miguelina Martínez-Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Materiales Supramoleculares (SupraMatLab), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico; (J.R.-L.); (M.M.-A.); (P.G.)
| | - Patricia Guadarrama
- Laboratorio de Materiales Supramoleculares (SupraMatLab), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico; (J.R.-L.); (M.M.-A.); (P.G.)
| | - Karla Juarez-Moreno
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, (CFATA-UNAM), Blvd. Juriquilla #3001 Col. Jurica La Mesa CP, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
- Correspondence: (K.J.-M.); (Y.R.-A.); Tel.: +52-(442)-192-6128 (ext. 140) (K.J.-M.); +52-5556-2266-66 (ext. 45675) (Y.R.-A.)
| | - Yareli Rojas-Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Materiales Supramoleculares (SupraMatLab), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico; (J.R.-L.); (M.M.-A.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (K.J.-M.); (Y.R.-A.); Tel.: +52-(442)-192-6128 (ext. 140) (K.J.-M.); +52-5556-2266-66 (ext. 45675) (Y.R.-A.)
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25
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Doyle SE, Snow F, Duchi S, O’Connell CD, Onofrillo C, Di Bella C, Pirogova E. 3D Printed Multiphasic Scaffolds for Osteochondral Repair: Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12420. [PMID: 34830302 PMCID: PMC8622524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral (OC) defects are debilitating joint injuries characterized by the loss of full thickness articular cartilage along with the underlying calcified cartilage through to the subchondral bone. While current surgical treatments can provide some relief from pain, none can fully repair all the components of the OC unit and restore its native function. Engineering OC tissue is challenging due to the presence of the three distinct tissue regions. Recent advances in additive manufacturing provide unprecedented control over the internal microstructure of bioscaffolds, the patterning of growth factors and the encapsulation of potentially regenerative cells. These developments are ushering in a new paradigm of 'multiphasic' scaffold designs in which the optimal micro-environment for each tissue region is individually crafted. Although the adoption of these techniques provides new opportunities in OC research, it also introduces challenges, such as creating tissue interfaces, integrating multiple fabrication techniques and co-culturing different cells within the same construct. This review captures the considerations and capabilities in developing 3D printed OC scaffolds, including materials, fabrication techniques, mechanical function, biological components and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Doyle
- Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.S.)
- ACMD, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (S.D.); (C.O.); (C.D.B.)
| | - Finn Snow
- Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.S.)
| | - Serena Duchi
- ACMD, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (S.D.); (C.O.); (C.D.B.)
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Cathal D. O’Connell
- Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.S.)
- ACMD, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (S.D.); (C.O.); (C.D.B.)
| | - Carmine Onofrillo
- ACMD, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (S.D.); (C.O.); (C.D.B.)
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Claudia Di Bella
- ACMD, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (S.D.); (C.O.); (C.D.B.)
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (F.S.)
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Chen Z, Xiao H, Zhang H, Xin Q, Zhang H, Liu H, Wu M, Zuo L, Luo J, Guo Q, Ding C, Tan H, Li J. Heterogenous hydrogel mimicking the osteochondral ECM applied to tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8646-8658. [PMID: 34595487 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the intricate extracellular matrix (ECM) of natural cartilage and subchondral bone, a heterogenous bilayer hydrogel scaffold is fabricated. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and acryloyl glucosamine (AGA) serve as the main components in the upper layer, mimicking the chondral ECM. Meanwhile, vinylphosphonic acid (VPA) as a non-collagen protein analogue is incorporated into the bottom layer to induce the in situ biomineralization of calcium phosphate. The two heterogenous layers are effectively sutured together by the inter-diffusion between the upper and bottom layer hydrogels, together with chelation between the calcium ions and alginate added to separate layers. The interfacial bonding between the two different layers was thoroughly investigated via rheological measurements. The incorporation of AGA promotes chondrocytes to produce collagen type II and glycosaminoglycans and upregulates the expression of chondrogenesis-related genes. In addition, the minerals induced by VPA facilitate the osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). In vivo evaluation confirms the biocompatibility of the scaffold with minor inflammation and confirms the best repair ability of the bilayer hydrogel. This cell-free, cost-effective and efficient hydrogel shows great potential for osteochondral repair and inspires the design of other tissue-engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxin Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Hong Xiao
- Department of Pain Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Qiangwei Xin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Haochen Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Haixin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Deyang City, No. 173, Taishan North Road, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Mingzhen Wu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Liangrui Zuo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunmei Ding
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong Tan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, 610041, China
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27
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Wu X, Ding J, Xu P, Feng X, Wang Z, Zhou T, Tu C, Cao W, Xie J, Deng L, Shen L, Zhu Y, Gou Z, Gao C. A cell-free ROS-responsive hydrogel/oriented poly(lactide-co-glycolide) hybrid scaffold for reducing inflammation and restoring full-thickness cartilage defects in vivo. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34450597 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac21dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of inflammation in tissue microenvironment takes an important role in cartilage repair and regeneration. In this study, a novel hybrid scaffold was designed and fabricated by filling a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging hydrogel (RS Gel) into a radially oriented poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffold. The radially oriented PLGA scaffolds were fabricated through a temperature gradient-guided phase separation and freeze-drying method. The RS Gel was formed by crosslinking the mixture of ROS-responsive hyperbranched polymers and biocompatible methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HA-MA). The hybrid scaffolds exhibited a proper compressive modulus, good ROS-scavenging capability, and cell compatibility.In vivotests showed that the hybrid scaffolds significantly regulated inflammation and promoted regeneration of hyaline cartilage after they were implanted into full-thickness cartilage defects in rabbits for 12 w. In comparison with the PLGA scaffolds, the neo-cartilage in the hybrid scaffolds group possessed more deposition of glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II, and were well integrated with the surrounding tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Peifang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Tu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangbei Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieqi Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyin Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongru Gou
- Bio-nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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Deng C, Yang J, He H, Ma Z, Wang W, Zhang Y, Li T, He C, Wang J. 3D bio-printed biphasic scaffolds with dual modification of silk fibroin for the integrated repair of osteochondral defects. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4891-4903. [PMID: 34047307 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00535a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Repair of osteochondral defects is still a challenge, especially the regeneration of hyaline cartilage. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) can inhibit the hypertrophy of chondrocytes to maintain the phenotype of hyaline cartilage. Here, we aimed to construct a bio-printed biphasic scaffold with a mechanical gradient based on dual modification of silk fibroin (SF) for the integrated repair of osteochondral defects. Briefly, SF was grafted with PTH (SF-PTH) and covalently immobilized with methacrylic anhydride (SF-MA), respectively. Next, gelatin methacryloyl (GM) mixed with SF-PTH or SF-MA was used as a bio-ink for articular cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration. Finally, the GM + SF-PTH/GM + SF-MA osteochondral biphasic scaffold was constructed using 3D bioprinting technology, and implanted in a rabbit osteochondral defect model. In this study, the SF-PTH bio-ink was synthesized for the first time. In vitro results indicated that the GM + SF-MA bio-ink had good mechanical properties, while the GM + SF-PTH bio-ink inhibited the hypertrophy of chondrocytes and was beneficial for the production of hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix. Importantly, an integrated GM + SF-PTH/GM + SF-MA biphasic scaffold with a mechanical gradient was successfully constructed. The results in vivo demonstrated that the GM + SF-PTH/GM + SF-MA scaffold could promote the regeneration of osteochondral defects and maintain the phenotype of hyaline cartilage to a large extent. Collectively, our results indicate that the integrated GM + SF-PTH/GM + SF-MA biphasic scaffold constructed by 3D bioprinting is expected to become a new strategy for the treatment of osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxu Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999, People North Road, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Hongtao He
- The Third Ward of Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 467, Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhenjiang Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chuanglong He
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999, People North Road, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China. and Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1956 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
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29
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Gonçalves AM, Moreira A, Weber A, Williams GR, Costa PF. Osteochondral Tissue Engineering: The Potential of Electrospinning and Additive Manufacturing. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:983. [PMID: 34209671 PMCID: PMC8309012 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The socioeconomic impact of osteochondral (OC) damage has been increasing steadily over time in the global population, and the promise of tissue engineering in generating biomimetic tissues replicating the physiological OC environment and architecture has been falling short of its projected potential. The most recent advances in OC tissue engineering are summarised in this work, with a focus on electrospun and 3D printed biomaterials combined with stem cells and biochemical stimuli, to identify what is causing this pitfall between the bench and the patients' bedside. Even though significant progress has been achieved in electrospinning, 3D-(bio)printing, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies, it is still challenging to artificially emulate the OC interface and achieve complete regeneration of bone and cartilage tissues. Their intricate architecture and the need for tight spatiotemporal control of cellular and biochemical cues hinder the attainment of long-term functional integration of tissue-engineered constructs. Moreover, this complexity and the high variability in experimental conditions used in different studies undermine the scalability and reproducibility of prospective regenerative medicine solutions. It is clear that further development of standardised, integrative, and economically viable methods regarding scaffold production, cell selection, and additional biochemical and biomechanical stimulation is likely to be the key to accelerate the clinical translation and fill the gap in OC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anabela Moreira
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Achim Weber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Pedro F. Costa
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.G.); (A.M.)
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30
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Marginal sealing around integral bilayer scaffolds for repairing osteochondral defects based on photocurable silk hydrogels. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3976-3986. [PMID: 33997487 PMCID: PMC8081879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral repair remains a major challenge in current clinical practice despite significant advances in tissue engineering. In particular, the lateral integration of neocartilage into surrounding native cartilage is a difficult and inadequately addressed problem that determines the success of tissue repair. Here, a novel design of an integral bilayer scaffold combined with a photocurable silk sealant for osteochondral repair is reported. First, we fabricated a bilayer silk scaffold with a cartilage layer resembling native cartilage in surface morphology and mechanical strength and a BMP-2-loaded porous subchondral bone layer that facilitated the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Second, a TGF-β3-loaded methacrylated silk fibroin sealant (Sil-MA) exhibiting biocompatibility and good adhesive properties was developed and confirmed to promote chondrocyte migration and differentiation. Importantly, this TGF-β3-loaded Sil-MA hydrogel provided a bridge between the cartilage layer of the scaffold and the surrounding cartilage and then guided new cartilage to grow towards and replace the degraded cartilage layer from the surrounding native cartilage in the early stage of knee repair. Thus, osteochondral regeneration and superior lateral integration were achieved in vivo by using this composite. These results demonstrate that the new approach of marginal sealing around the cartilage layer of bilayer scaffolds with Sil-MA hydrogel has tremendous potential for clinical use in osteochondral regeneration.
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Wilmoth RL, Ferguson VL, Bryant SJ. A 3D, Dynamically Loaded Hydrogel Model of the Osteochondral Unit to Study Osteocyte Mechanobiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2001226. [PMID: 33073541 PMCID: PMC7677224 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are mechanosensitive cells that orchestrate signaling in bone and cartilage across the osteochondral unit. The mechanisms by which osteocytes regulate osteochondral homeostasis and degeneration in response to mechanical cues remain unclear. This study introduces a novel 3D hydrogel bilayer composite designed to support osteocyte differentiation and bone matrix deposition in a bone-like layer and to recapitulate key aspects of the osteochondral unit's complex loading environment. The bilayer hydrogel is fabricated with a soft cartilage-like layer overlaying a stiff bone-like layer. The bone-like layer contains a stiff 3D-printed hydrogel structure infilled with a soft, degradable, cellular hydrogel. The IDG-SW3 cells embedded within the soft hydrogel mature into osteocytes and produce a mineralized collagen matrix. Under dynamic compressive strains, near-physiological levels of strain are achieved in the bone layer (≤ 0.08%), while the cartilage layer bears the majority of the strains (>99%). Under loading, the model induces an osteocyte response, measured by prostaglandin E2, that is frequency, but not strain, dependent: a finding attributed to altered fluid flow within the composite. Overall, this new hydrogel platform provides a novel approach to study osteocyte mechanobiology in vitro in an osteochondral tissue-mimetic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Wilmoth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO, 80309-0427, USA
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO, 80309-0427, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80309-0596, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80309-0596, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO, 80309-0596, USA
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