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Wei S, Li Z, Murugappan K, Li Z, Lysevych M, Vora K, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Karawdeniya BI, Nolan CJ, Tricoli A, Fu L. Nanowire Array Breath Acetone Sensor for Diabetes Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309481. [PMID: 38477429 PMCID: PMC11109654 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening acute complication of diabetes characterized by the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood. Breath acetone, a ketone, directly correlates with blood ketones. Therefore, monitoring breath acetone can significantly enhance the safety and efficacy of diabetes care. In this work, the design and fabrication of an InP/Pt/chitosan nanowire array-based chemiresistive acetone sensor is reported. By incorporation of chitosan as a surface-functional layer and a Pt Schottky contact for efficient charge transfer processes and photovoltaic effect, self-powered, highly selective acetone sensing is achieved. The sensor has exhibited an ultra-wide acetone detection range from sub-ppb to >100 000 ppm level at room temperature, covering those in the exhaled breath from healthy individuals (300-800 ppb) to people at high risk of DKA (>75 ppm). The nanowire sensor has also been successfully integrated into a handheld breath testing prototype, the Ketowhistle, which can successfully detect different ranges of acetone concentrations in simulated breath samples. The Ketowhistle demonstrates the immediate potential for non-invasive ketone monitoring for people living with diabetes, in particular for DKA prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Wei
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta‐Optical SystemsDepartment of Electronic Materials EngineeringResearch School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
| | - Zhe Li
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta‐Optical SystemsDepartment of Electronic Materials EngineeringResearch School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
| | - Krishnan Murugappan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Mineral ResourcesPrivate Bag 10Clayton SouthVIC3169Australia
- Nanotechnology Research LaboratoryResearch School of ChemistryCollege of ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta‐Optical SystemsDepartment of Electronic Materials EngineeringResearch School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
| | - Mykhaylo Lysevych
- Australian National Fabrication FacilityThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
| | - Kaushal Vora
- Australian National Fabrication FacilityThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta‐Optical SystemsDepartment of Electronic Materials EngineeringResearch School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta‐Optical SystemsDepartment of Electronic Materials EngineeringResearch School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
| | - Buddini I Karawdeniya
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta‐Optical SystemsDepartment of Electronic Materials EngineeringResearch School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
| | - Christopher J Nolan
- School of Medicine and PsychologyCollege of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
- Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyThe Canberra HospitalGarranACT2605Australia
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research LaboratoryResearch School of ChemistryCollege of ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
- Nanotechnology Research LaboratoryFaculty of EngineeringThe University of SydneyCamperdown2006Australia
| | - Lan Fu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta‐Optical SystemsDepartment of Electronic Materials EngineeringResearch School of PhysicsThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
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2
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Zhou X, Wu H, Chen X, Li W, Zhang J, Wang M, Zhang J, Wang S, Liu Y. Glucose-metabolism-triggered colorimetric sensor array for point-of-care differentiation and antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacteria. Food Chem 2024; 438:137983. [PMID: 37989025 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Simple and sensitive discrimination of multiple bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) are significant for food safety, clinical diagnosis and treatment. Herein, based on different metabolic ability of bacteria on glucose, we presented a colorimetric sensor array for point-of-care testing (POCT) of multiple bacteria with methyl red (MER), bromothymol blue (BTB) and bromocresol green (BCG) as probes. Different bacteria resulted in different color changes of three probes, which was converted to RGB (Red (R)/Green (G)/Blue (B)) signals by the color recognizer APP loaded on smartphone. The sensor array performed differentiation of eleven species of bacteria, achieving the quantitative analysis of individual bacteria in tap water and differentiation of bacterial mixtures. Interestingly, the sensor array can be used for AST and evaluating minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics to bacteria. The research provided meaningful guidance for distinguishing multiple bacteria and evaluating MIC, presenting great potential in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Haotian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xiying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Weiran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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3
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Wang Y, Song Z, Liu Y, Chen Y, Li J, Li L, Yao J. Hydrophobic functionalization of a metal-organic framework as an ammonia visual sensing material under high humidity conditions. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6802-6808. [PMID: 38536010 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04292h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Since exhaled ammonia (NH3) is one of the metabolic markers of liver and kidney diseases, ammonia visual sensing materials in humid environments have received extensive attention and investigation. Herein, through a tailor-made pore environment provided by metal-organic framework (MOF) materials (CH3-Cu(BDC)), we achieved NH3 anti-interference sensing with apparent color changing under humid conditions. With methyl (CH3-) functionalization, CH3-Cu(BDC) demonstrated a strong response for trace ammonia and showed high selectivity under a humid environment. Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations indicated that CH3-Cu(BDC) showed stronger attraction towards NH3 molecules than H2O. Benefiting from the target changing coordination environment, CH3-Cu(BDC) showed a rapid response and simple analysis properties for patients' exhaled air. The strategy used in this study not only provides a demonstration case for NH3 colorimetric sensing with high humidity and anti-interference but also introduces a new method for painless and quick exhaled breath analysis for diagnosis of patients with kidney and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Zhengxuan Song
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Yutao Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Jinping Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Libo Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030024, China.
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4
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Freddi S, Rodriguez Gonzalez MC, Casotto A, Sangaletti L, De Feyter S. Machine-Learning-Aided NO 2 Discrimination with an Array of Graphene Chemiresistors Covalently Functionalized by Diazonium Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302154. [PMID: 37522257 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Boosted by the emerging need for highly integrated gas sensors in the internet of things (IoT) ecosystems, electronic noses (e-noses) are gaining interest for the detection of specific molecules over a background of interfering gases. The sensing of nitrogen dioxide is particularly relevant for applications in environmental monitoring and precision medicine. Here we present an easy and efficient functionalization procedure to covalently modify graphene layers, taking advantage of diazonium chemistry. Separate graphene layers were functionalized with one of three different aryl rings: 4-nitrophenyl, 4-carboxyphenyl and 4-bromophenyl. The distinct modified graphene layers were assembled with a pristine layer into an e-nose for NO2 discrimination. A remarkable sensitivity to NO2 was demonstrated through exposure to gaseous solutions with NO2 concentrations in the 1-10 ppm range at room temperature. Then, the discrimination capability of the sensor array was tested by carrying out exposure to several interfering gases and analyzing the data through multivariate statistical analysis. This analysis showed that the e-nose can discriminate NO2 among all the interfering gases in a two-dimensional principal component analysis space. Finally, the e-nose was trained to accurately recognize NO2 contributions with a linear discriminant analysis approach, thus providing a metric for discrimination assessment with a prediction accuracy above 95 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Freddi
- Surface Science and Spectroscopy lab @ I-Lamp, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via della Garzetta, 48 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Miriam C Rodriguez Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Current affiliation: Área de Química Física, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Materiales y Nanotecnología (IMN), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Andrea Casotto
- Surface Science and Spectroscopy lab @ I-Lamp, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via della Garzetta, 48 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Luigi Sangaletti
- Surface Science and Spectroscopy lab @ I-Lamp, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via della Garzetta, 48 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Uceta H, Cabrera-Espinoza A, Barrejón M, Sánchez JG, Gutierrez-Fernandez E, Kosta I, Martín J, Collavini S, Martínez-Ferrero E, Langa F, Delgado JL. p-Type Functionalized Carbon Nanohorns and Nanotubes in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45212-45228. [PMID: 37672775 PMCID: PMC10540139 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of p-type functionalized carbon nanohorns (CNHs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and their comparison with p-type functionalized single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and DWCNTs) are reported in this study for the first time. These p-type functionalized carbon nanomaterial (CNM) derivatives were successfully synthesized by [2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction with nitrenes formed from triphenylamine (TPA) and 9-phenyl carbazole (Cz)-based azides, yielding CNHs-TPA, CNHs-Cz, SWCNTs-Cz, SWCNTs-TPA, DWCNTs-TPA, and DWCNTs-Cz. These six novel CNMs were incorporated into the spiro-OMeTAD-based hole transport layer (HTL) to evaluate their impact on regular mesoporous PSCs. The photovoltaic results indicate that all p-type functionalized CNMs significantly improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE), mainly by enhancing the short-circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor (FF). TPA-functionalized derivatives increased the PCE by 12-17% compared to the control device without CNMs, while Cz-functionalized derivatives resulted in a PCE increase of 4-8%. Devices prepared with p-type functionalized CNHs exhibited a slightly better PCE compared with those based on SWCNTs and DWCNTs derivatives. The increase in hole mobility of spiro-OMeTAD, additional p-type doping, better energy alignment with the perovskite layer, and enhanced morphology and contact interface play important roles in enhancing the performance of the device. Furthermore, the incorporation of p-type functionalized CNMs into the spiro-OMeTAD layer increased device stability by improving the hydrophobicity of the layer and enhancing the hole transport across the MAPI/spiro-OMeTAD interface. After 28 days under ambient conditions and darkness, TPA-functionalized CNMs maintained the performance of the device by over 90%, while Cz-functionalized CNMs preserved it between 75 and 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Uceta
- Instituto
de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III S/N, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | - Andrea Cabrera-Espinoza
- POLYMAT, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia/San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Myriam Barrejón
- Instituto
de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III S/N, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | - José G. Sánchez
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia-The Barcelona Institute of Science
and Technology (ICIQ-BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Edgar Gutierrez-Fernandez
- POLYMAT, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia/San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Ivet Kosta
- CIDETEC,
Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, Donostia/San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia/San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Silvia Collavini
- POLYMAT, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia/San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Eugenia Martínez-Ferrero
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia-The Barcelona Institute of Science
and Technology (ICIQ-BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Fernando Langa
- Instituto
de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III S/N, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Delgado
- POLYMAT, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia/San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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6
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Golovakhin V, Kim EY, Novgorodtseva ON, Maksimovskiy EA, Ukhina AV, Ishchenko AV, Bannov AG. Treatment of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Dichromic Acid: Oxidation and Appearance of Intercalation. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:729. [PMID: 37623790 PMCID: PMC10456443 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
This work is dedicated to the study of the treatment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with dichromic acid. The dichromic acid was formed by dissolving different concentrations of CrO3 in water. The effect of the concentration of dichromic acid on the change in texture characteristics, elemental composition, defectiveness, graphitization degree, and surface chemistry of MWCNTs was investigated using various analytical techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Testing of MWCNTs as electrodes for supercapacitors in 3.5 M H2SO4 solution was carried out using cyclic voltammetry. A decrease in the average diameter of CNTs after treatment was found. The EDX and XPS showed that the oxygen content on the surface of MWCNTs increased after treatment with dichromic acid. The formation of Cr2O3 after treatment with dichromic acid was detected by XPS. High angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm the intercalation of the chromium-containing compound between graphene layers of MWCNTs after treatment with dichromic acid. It was found that two different types of MWCNTs showed diverse behavior after treatment. The highest specific capacitance of the MWCNTs after treatment was 141 F g-1 (at 2 mV s-1) compared to 0.3 F g-1 for the untreated sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Golovakhin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.G.); (E.Y.K.); (O.N.N.)
| | - Ekaterina Yu. Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.G.); (E.Y.K.); (O.N.N.)
| | - Oksana N. Novgorodtseva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.G.); (E.Y.K.); (O.N.N.)
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630092 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Evgene A. Maksimovskiy
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Arina V. Ukhina
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630092 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Arcady V. Ishchenko
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Alexander G. Bannov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.G.); (E.Y.K.); (O.N.N.)
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7
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Cho I, Lee K, Sim YC, Jeong JS, Cho M, Jung H, Kang M, Cho YH, Ha SC, Yoon KJ, Park I. Deep-learning-based gas identification by time-variant illumination of a single micro-LED-embedded gas sensor. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:95. [PMID: 37072383 PMCID: PMC10113244 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electronic nose (e-nose) technology for selectively identifying a target gas through chemoresistive sensors has gained much attention for various applications, such as smart factory and personal health monitoring. To overcome the cross-reactivity problem of chemoresistive sensors to various gas species, herein, we propose a novel sensing strategy based on a single micro-LED (μLED)-embedded photoactivated (μLP) gas sensor, utilizing the time-variant illumination for identifying the species and concentrations of various target gases. A fast-changing pseudorandom voltage input is applied to the μLED to generate forced transient sensor responses. A deep neural network is employed to analyze the obtained complex transient signals for gas detection and concentration estimation. The proposed sensor system achieves high classification (~96.99%) and quantification (mean absolute percentage error ~ 31.99%) accuracies for various toxic gases (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and nitrogen dioxide) with a single gas sensor consuming 0.53 mW. The proposed method may significantly improve the efficiency of e-nose technology in terms of cost, space, and power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Incheol Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Sim
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heechan Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Cho
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Chul Ha
- SENKO Co., Ltd., 485, Oesammi-Dong, Osan-Si, Gyeonggil-Do, 18111, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuk-Jin Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Li T, Zhu X, Hai X, Bi S, Zhang X. Recent Progress in Sensor Arrays: From Construction Principles of Sensing Elements to Applications. ACS Sens 2023; 8:994-1016. [PMID: 36848439 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The traditional sensors are designed based on the "lock-and-key" strategy with high selectivity and specificity for detecting specific analytes, which however are not suitable for detecting multiple analytes simultaneously. With the help of pattern recognition technologies, the sensor arrays excel in distinguishing subtle changes caused by multitarget analytes with similar structures in a complex system. To construct a sensor array, the multiple sensing elements are undoubtedly indispensable units that will selectively interact with targets to generate the unique "fingerprints" based on the distinct responses, enabling the identification among various analytes through pattern recognition methods. This comprehensive review mainly focuses on the construction strategies and principles of sensing elements, as well as the applications of sensor array for identification and detection of target analytes in a wide range of fields. Furthermore, the present challenges and further perspectives of sensor arrays are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xueying Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xin Hai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Sai Bi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
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9
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Wu M, Yang B, Shi L, Tang Q, Wang J, Liu W, Li B, Jin Y. Peroxidase-Mimicking DNAzymes as Receptors for Label-Free Discriminating Heavy Metal Ions by Chemiluminescence Sensor Arrays. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3486-3492. [PMID: 36733985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Receptors are crucial to the analytical performance of sensor arrays. Different from the previous receptors in sensor arrays, herein, peroxidase-mimicking DNAzymes were innovatively used as receptors to develop a label-free chemiluminescence sensor array for discriminating various heavy metal ions in complex samples. The peroxidase-mimicking DNAzymes are composed of functional oligonucleotides and hemin, including G-triplex-hemin DNAzyme (G3-DNAzyme), G-quadruplex-hemin DNAzyme (G4-DNAzyme), and the dimer of G-quadruplex-hemin DNAzyme (dG4-DNAzyme). Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy demonstrated that different metal ions diversely affect the conformation of G-quadruplex and G-triplex, resulting in a change in the activity of peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme. Thus, the unique fingerprints formed to easily discriminate seven kinds of heavy metal ions by principal component analysis (PCA) within 20 min. The discrimination of unknown metal ions in tap water further confirmed its ability for discriminating multiple heavy metal ions. Moreover, it will not bring water pollution due to the good biocompatibility of DNA. Therefore, it not only merely offers a label-free, rapid, environment-friendly, and cheap (1.49 $) sensor assay for discriminating metal ions but also comes up with an innovative way for developing sensor arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qiaorong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Baoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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10
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Freddi S, Vergari M, Pagliara S, Sangaletti L. A Chemiresistor Sensor Array Based on Graphene Nanostructures: From the Detection of Ammonia and Possible Interfering VOCs to Chemometric Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:882. [PMID: 36679682 PMCID: PMC9862857 DOI: 10.3390/s23020882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sensor arrays are currently attracting the interest of researchers due to their potential of overcoming the limitations of single sensors regarding selectivity, required by specific applications. Among the materials used to develop sensor arrays, graphene has not been so far extensively exploited, despite its remarkable sensing capability. Here we present the development of a graphene-based sensor array prepared by dropcasting nanostructure and nanocomposite graphene solution on interdigitated substrates, with the aim to investigate the capability of the array to discriminate several gases related to specific applications, including environmental monitoring, food quality tracking, and breathomics. This goal is achieved in two steps: at first the sensing properties of the array have been assessed through ammonia exposures, drawing the calibration curves, estimating the limit of detection, which has been found in the ppb range for all sensors, and investigating stability and sensitivity; then, after performing exposures to acetone, ethanol, 2-propanol, sodium hypochlorite, and water vapour, chemometric tools have been exploited to investigate the discrimination capability of the array, including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and Mahalanobis distance. PCA shows that the array was able to discriminate all the tested gases with an explained variance around 95%, while with an LDA approach the array can be trained to accurately recognize unknown gas contribution, with an accuracy higher than 94%.
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11
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Freddi S, Marzuoli C, Pagliara S, Drera G, Sangaletti L. Targeting biomarkers in the gas phase through a chemoresistive electronic nose based on graphene functionalized with metal phthalocyanines. RSC Adv 2022; 13:251-263. [PMID: 36605647 PMCID: PMC9769103 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07607a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic noses (e-noses) have received considerable interest in the past decade as they can match the emerging needs of modern society such as environmental monitoring, health screening, and food quality tracking. For practical applications of e-noses, it is necessary to collect large amounts of data from an array of sensing devices that can detect interactions with molecules reliably and analyze them via pattern recognition. The use of graphene (Gr)-based arrays of chemiresistors in e-noses is still virtually missing, though recent reports on Gr-based chemiresistors have disclosed high sensing performances upon functionalization of the pristine layer, opening up the possibility of being implemented into e-noses. In this work, with the aim of creating a robust and chemically stable interface that combines the chemical properties of metal phthalocyanines (M-Pc, M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) with the superior transport properties of Gr, an array of Gr-based chemiresistor sensors functionalized with drop-cast M-Pc thin layers has been developed. The sensing capability of the array was tested towards biomarkers for breathomics application, with a focus on ammonia (NH3). Exposure to NH3 has been carried out drawing the calibration curve and estimating the detection limit for all the sensors. The discrimination capability of the array has then been tested, carrying out exposure to several gases (hydrogen sulfide, acetone, ethanol, 2-propanol, water vapour and benzene) and analysing the data through principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA pattern recognition results show that the developed e-nose is able to discriminate all the tested gases through the synergic contribution of all sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Freddi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly,Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F3001 LeuvenBelgium
| | - Camilla Marzuoli
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly
| | - Stefania Pagliara
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly
| | - Giovanni Drera
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly
| | - Luigi Sangaletti
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly
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12
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Adsorptive carbon-based materials for biomedical applications. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Bio-Inspired Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Their Potential Environmental Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing safe drinking water and clean water is becoming a more challenging task all around the world. Although some critical issues and limits remain unsolved, implementing ecologically sustainable nanomaterials (NMs) with unique features, e.g., highly efficient and selective, earth-abundance, renewability, low-cost manufacturing procedures, and stability, has become a priority. Carbon nanoparticles (NPs) offer tremendous promise in the sectors of energy and the environment. However, a series of far more ecologically friendly synthesis techniques based on natural, renewable, and less expensive waste resources must be explored. This will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and harmful material extraction and assist the development of green technologies. The progress achieved in the previous 10 years in the fabrication of novel carbon-based NMs utilizing waste materials as well as natural precursors is reviewed in this article. Research on carbon-based NPs and their production using naturally occurring precursors and waste materials focuses on this review research. Water treatment and purification using carbon NMs, notably for industrial and pharmaceutical wastes, has shown significant potential. Research in this area focuses on enhanced carbonaceous NMs, methods, and novel nano-sorbents for wastewater, drinking water, groundwater treatment, as well as ionic metal removal from aqueous environments. Discussed are the latest developments and challenges in environmentally friendly carbon and graphene quantum dot NMs.
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14
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Lapekin NI, Golovakhin VV, Kim EY, Bannov AG. NO 2 Sensing Behavior of Compacted Chemically Treated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1495. [PMID: 36144118 PMCID: PMC9503782 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This article is devoted to the investigation of the sensing behavior of chemically treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) at room temperature. Chemical treatment of MWNTs was carried out with a solution of either sulfuric or chromic acids. The materials obtained were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman-spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The active layer of chemiresistive gas sensors was obtained by cold pressing (compaction) at 11 MPa of powders of bare and treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The sensing properties of pellets were investigated using a custom dynamic type of station at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C). Detection of NO2 was performed in synthetic air (79 vol% N2, 21 vol% O2). It was found that the chemical treatment significantly affects the sensing properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which is indicated by increasing the response of the sensors toward 100-500 ppm NO2 and lower concentrations.
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15
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Freddi S, Sangaletti L. Trends in the Development of Electronic Noses Based on Carbon Nanotubes Chemiresistors for Breathomics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12172992. [PMID: 36080029 PMCID: PMC9458156 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable potential of breath analysis in medical care and diagnosis, and the consequent development of electronic noses, is currently attracting the interest of the research community. This is mainly due to the possibility of applying the technique for early diagnosis, screening campaigns, or tracking the effectiveness of treatment. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known to be good candidates for gas sensing, and they have been recently considered for the development of electronic noses. The present work has the aim of reviewing the available literature on the development of CNTs-based electronic noses for breath analysis applications, detailing the functionalization procedure used to prepare the sensors, the breath sampling techniques, the statistical analysis methods, the diseases under investigation, and the population studied. The review is divided in two main sections: one focusing on the e-noses completely based on CNTs and one reporting on the e-noses that feature sensors based on CNTs, along with sensors based on other materials. Finally, a classification is presented among studies that report on the e-nose capability to discriminate biomarkers, simulated breath, and animal or human breath.
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16
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Freddi S, Perilli D, Vaghi L, Monti M, Papagni A, Di Valentin C, Sangaletti L. Pushing Down the Limit of NH 3 Detection of Graphene-Based Chemiresistive Sensors through Functionalization by Thermally Activated Tetrazoles Dimerization. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10456-10469. [PMID: 35731131 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An easy and cost-effective method is presented to functionalize graphene through thermally activated dimerization of 2,5-diaryltetrazoles. Consistently with the experimental spectroscopic results, theoretical calculations demonstrate that during the thermal treatment a dimerization process to tetrazine is energetically more favorable than covalent grafting. Since both the functionalization method by thermal activation and the use of tetrazoles have never been considered before to prepare graphene-based chemiresistors, this represents a promising approach to develop graphene-related sensing platforms. Five different 2,5-diaryltetrazoles have been tested here for the effective functionalization of low-defect graphene layers on silicon nitride. Based on these layers, an array of sensors has been prepared for testing upon ammonia exposure. The tests on the sensing performances clearly show sensitivity to ammonia, extending the current range of ammonia detection with a graphene-based chemiresistor down to the sub-ppm range, as results from a benchmarking with data available in the literature. Furthermore, all sensors perform better than bare graphene. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, carried out on a model of the best performing layer of the array, provided the theoretical framework to rationalize the sensing mechanism and disclose a dual role played by the tetrazine molecules, (i) acting as ammonia concentrators and (ii) mediating the electron transfer between ammonia and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Freddi
- Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab @ I-Lamp, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via della Garzetta, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniele Perilli
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Vaghi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Monti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Papagni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Di Valentin
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Sangaletti
- Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab @ I-Lamp, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via della Garzetta, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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17
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Freddi S, Gonzalez MCR, Carro P, Sangaletti L, De Feyter S. Chemical Defect-Driven Response on Graphene-Based Chemiresistors for Sub-ppm Ammonia Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200115. [PMID: 35156288 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gas sensors are essential in several fields and, in general, features such as high sensitivity, quick response, and fast recovery are required, along with low power consumption and low cost. Graphene is considered a promising material for gas sensing applications, its functionalization often being a requisite. In the present study, we developed competitive and promising gas sensors for ammonia detection. Interestingly, we present an easy and efficient method to functionalize graphene by using diazonium chemistry with different functional groups. Moreover, we prove the superior sensing capability of our covalently modified graphene layers. These experimental data have been consistently interpreted by theoretical calculations, which reveal a defect-driven sensor's response to ammonia. These results open the possibility of a comprehensive design and use of these graphene-based sensors in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Freddi
- Surface Science and Spectroscopy lab @ I-Lamp, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via della Garzetta 48, 25123, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Miriam C Rodriguez Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pilar Carro
- Área de Química Física, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Materiales y Nanotecnología (IMN), Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Francisco Sánchez, s/n 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Luigi Sangaletti
- Surface Science and Spectroscopy lab @ I-Lamp, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via della Garzetta 48, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Dai B, Zhou R, Ping J, Ying Y, Xie L. Recent advances in carbon nanotube-based biosensors for biomolecular detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Freddi S, Gonzalez MCR, Carro P, Sangaletti L, De Feyter S. Chemical Defect‐Driven Response on Graphene‐Based Chemiresistors for Sub‐ppm Ammonia Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Freddi
- Surface Science and Spectroscopy lab @ I-Lamp Department of Mathematics and Physics Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Via della Garzetta 48 25123 Brescia Italy
- Department of Chemistry Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Miriam C. Rodriguez Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Pilar Carro
- Área de Química Física, Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Materiales y Nanotecnología (IMN) Universidad de La Laguna Avda. Francisco Sánchez, s/n 38200, La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Luigi Sangaletti
- Surface Science and Spectroscopy lab @ I-Lamp Department of Mathematics and Physics Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Via della Garzetta 48 25123 Brescia Italy
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
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20
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Thorpe J, Riemann A. Combined DFT and Molecular Mechanics Modeling of the Adsorption of Semiconducting Molecules on an Ionic Substrate: PTCDA and CuPc on NaCl. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4095-4100. [PMID: 35155903 PMCID: PMC8829859 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Experimental results suggest that molecular geometry and energies can be influenced by the presence of thin film substrates as well as surrounding molecules. It is imperative that computational models take this influence into account. The accurate computational modeling of these molecules is an efficient way of carrying out chemistry calculations and reinforcing experimental findings. In our study, density functional theory (DFT) and molecular mechanics (MM) are used to model the configurations of the organic semiconducting materials, 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride, C24H8O6 (PTCDA), and copper(II) phthalocyanine, C32H16CuN8 (CuPc), as adsorbed on single- and double-layer NaCl substrates of various dimensions and charge settings. After a geometry and charge optimization of the molecules using DFT, the molecular geometries are optimized under different environments using computational calculations with specific force-field settings in HyperChem Professional 8.0(TM) software using MM. Energies and geometries of the molecules are then recorded, and our data are compared to experimental results of similar systems. We find that, with the appropriate choice of substrate properties, the calculated molecular configurations directly reflect those found experimentally. Our results support the idea that this method of simulation can produce reliable models in the field of physical chemistry.
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21
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Kaloumenou M, Skotadis E, Lagopati N, Efstathopoulos E, Tsoukalas D. Breath Analysis: A Promising Tool for Disease Diagnosis-The Role of Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22031238. [PMID: 35161984 PMCID: PMC8840008 DOI: 10.3390/s22031238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Early-stage disease diagnosis is of particular importance for effective patient identification as well as their treatment. Lack of patient compliance for the existing diagnostic methods, however, limits prompt diagnosis, rendering the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools mandatory. One of the most promising non-invasive diagnostic methods that has also attracted great research interest during the last years is breath analysis; the method detects gas-analytes such as exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic gases that are considered to be important biomarkers for various disease-types. The diagnostic ability of gas-pattern detection using analytical techniques and especially sensors has been widely discussed in the literature; however, the incorporation of novel nanomaterials in sensor-development has also proved to enhance sensor performance, for both selective and cross-reactive applications. The aim of the first part of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the main categories of sensors studied for disease diagnosis applications via the detection of exhaled gas-analytes and to highlight the role of nanomaterials. The second and most novel part of this review concentrates on the remarkable applicability of breath analysis in differential diagnosis, phenotyping, and the staging of several disease-types, which are currently amongst the most pressing challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kaloumenou
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Skotadis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nefeli Lagopati
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (N.L.); (E.E.)
| | - Efstathios Efstathopoulos
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (N.L.); (E.E.)
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (D.T.)
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22
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Dixit K, Fardindoost S, Ravishankara A, Tasnim N, Hoorfar M. Exhaled Breath Analysis for Diabetes Diagnosis and Monitoring: Relevance, Challenges and Possibilities. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:476. [PMID: 34940233 PMCID: PMC8699302 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
With the global population prevalence of diabetes surpassing 463 million cases in 2019 and diabetes leading to millions of deaths each year, there is a critical need for feasible, rapid, and non-invasive methodologies for continuous blood glucose monitoring in contrast to the current procedures that are either invasive, complicated, or expensive. Breath analysis is a viable methodology for non-invasive diabetes management owing to its potential for multiple disease diagnoses, the nominal requirement of sample processing, and immense sample accessibility; however, the development of functional commercial sensors is challenging due to the low concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in exhaled breath and the confounding factors influencing the exhaled breath profile. Given the complexity of the topic and the skyrocketing spread of diabetes, a multifarious review of exhaled breath analysis for diabetes monitoring is essential to track the technological progress in the field and comprehend the obstacles in developing a breath analysis-based diabetes management system. In this review, we consolidate the relevance of exhaled breath analysis through a critical assessment of current technologies and recent advancements in sensing methods to address the shortcomings associated with blood glucose monitoring. We provide a detailed assessment of the intricacies involved in the development of non-invasive diabetes monitoring devices. In addition, we spotlight the need to consider breath biomarker clusters as opposed to standalone biomarkers for the clinical applicability of exhaled breath monitoring. We present potential VOC clusters suitable for diabetes management and highlight the recent buildout of breath sensing methodologies, focusing on novel sensing materials and transduction mechanisms. Finally, we portray a multifaceted comparison of exhaled breath analysis for diabetes monitoring and highlight remaining challenges on the path to realizing breath analysis as a non-invasive healthcare approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushiki Dixit
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (S.F.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
| | - Somayeh Fardindoost
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (S.F.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
| | - Adithya Ravishankara
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (S.F.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (S.F.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (S.F.); (A.R.); (N.T.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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23
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Liu L, Fei T, Guan X, Zhao H, Zhang T. Highly sensitive and chemically stable NH 3 sensors based on an organic acid-sensitized cross-linked hydrogel for exhaled breath analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 191:113459. [PMID: 34175649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to interference by the high moisture content and complicated compositions of human exhaled breath, the trace-level detection of ammonia (NH3) with desirable selectivity and stability is a large challenge for exhaled breath analysis. Carboxyl-sensitized hydrogels can be activated by moisture to exhibit a significant response and excellent selectivity to NH3. However, the high activity of carboxyl groups in hydrogels is a double-edged sword, resulting in poor chemical stability during NH3 detection. Herein, organic acids were embedded into a cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel via thiol-ene photochemistry to form stable hydrogels for NH3 detection in a humid atmosphere. As a result, under high humidity conditions (80% RH), the optimal sensors exhibited superior selectivity to NH3 among various interfering gas species, a remarkably high NH3 response (Za/Zg=6.20) towards 20 ppm NH3, and an extremely low actual detection limit (50 ppb) at room temperature. Moreover, the sensors exhibited excellent chemical stability due to the moderate equilibrium water content of the hydrogel composites and acid dissociation constant of the acid groups. The moisture-activated NH3 sensing mechanism was thoroughly investigated by complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To explore the application prospects of cross-linked hydrogel sensors for detecting NH3 in exhaled breath, a simulated exhaled breath test was also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
| | - Teng Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
| | - Xin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Hongran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
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24
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Drera G, Freddi S, Emelianov AV, Bobrinetskiy II, Chiesa M, Zanotti M, Pagliara S, Fedorov FS, Nasibulin AG, Montuschi P, Sangaletti L. Exploring the performance of a functionalized CNT-based sensor array for breathomics through clustering and classification algorithms: from gas sensing of selective biomarkers to discrimination of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30270-30282. [PMID: 35480252 PMCID: PMC9041100 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03337a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An array of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based sensors was produced for sensing selective biomarkers and evaluating breathomics applications with the aid of clustering and classification algorithms. We assessed the sensor array performance in identifying target volatiles and we explored the combination of various classification algorithms to analyse the results obtained from a limited dataset of exhaled breath samples. The sensor array was exposed to ammonia (NH3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and benzene (C6H6). Among them, ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are known biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Calibration curves for individual sensors in the array were obtained following exposure to the four target molecules. A remarkable response to ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), according to benchmarking with available data in the literature, was observed. Sensor array responses were analyzed through principal component analysis (PCA), thus assessing the array selectivity and its capability to discriminate the four different target volatile molecules. The sensor array was then exposed to exhaled breath samples from patients affected by COPD and healthy control volunteers. A combination of PCA, supported vector machine (SVM), and linear discrimination analysis (LDA) shows that the sensor array can be trained to accurately discriminate healthy from COPD subjects, in spite of the limited dataset. Extensive application of clustering and classification algorithms shows the potential of a CNT-based sensor array in breathomics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Drera
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore via dei Musei 41 25121 Brescia Italy .,Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab @ I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia Campus Italy
| | - Sonia Freddi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore via dei Musei 41 25121 Brescia Italy .,Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab @ I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia Campus Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Aleksei V Emelianov
- National Research University of Electronic Technology Zelenograd Moscow 124498 Russia.,P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Ivan I Bobrinetskiy
- National Research University of Electronic Technology Zelenograd Moscow 124498 Russia.,BioSense Institute - Research and Development Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad Dr Zorana Djindjica 1a 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Maria Chiesa
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore via dei Musei 41 25121 Brescia Italy
| | - Michele Zanotti
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore via dei Musei 41 25121 Brescia Italy .,Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab @ I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia Campus Italy
| | - Stefania Pagliara
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore via dei Musei 41 25121 Brescia Italy .,Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab @ I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia Campus Italy
| | - Fedor S Fedorov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Moscow 121205 Russia
| | - Albert G Nasibulin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Moscow 121205 Russia.,Aalto University, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science FI-00076 Espoo Finland
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Largo Francesco Vito, 1 00168 Roma Italy
| | - Luigi Sangaletti
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore via dei Musei 41 25121 Brescia Italy .,Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab @ I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia Campus Italy
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Zhou T, Zhang T. Recent Progress of Nanostructured Sensing Materials from 0D to 3D: Overview of Structure-Property-Application Relationship for Gas Sensors. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100515. [PMID: 34928067 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Along with the progress of nanoscience and nanotechnology, nanomaterials with attractive structural and functional properties have gained more attention than ever before, especially in the field of electronic sensors. In recent years, the gas sensing devices have made great achievement and also created wide application prospects, which leads to a new wave of research for designing advanced sensing materials. There is no doubt that the characteristics are highly governed by the sensitive layers. For this reason, important advances for the outstanding, novel sensing materials with different dimensional structures including 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D are reported and summarized systematically. The sensing materials cover noble metals, metal oxide semiconductors, carbon nanomaterials, metal dichalcogenides, g-C3 N4 , MXenes, and complex composites. Discussion is also extended to the relation between sensing performances and their structure, electronic properties, and surface chemistry. In addition, some gas sensing related applications are also highlighted, including environment monitoring, breath analysis, food quality and safety, and flexible wearable electronics, from current situation and the facing challenges to the future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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26
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Bannov AG, Popov MV, Brester AE, Kurmashov PB. Recent Advances in Ammonia Gas Sensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:186. [PMID: 33673142 PMCID: PMC7918724 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review paper is devoted to an extended analysis of ammonia gas sensors based on carbon nanomaterials. It provides a detailed comparison of various types of active materials used for the detection of ammonia, e.g., carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, graphene oxide, and related materials. Different parameters that can affect the performance of chemiresistive gas sensors are discussed. The paper also gives a comparison of the sensing characteristics (response, response time, recovery time, operating temperature) of gas sensors based on carbon nanomaterials. The results of our tests on ammonia gas sensors using various techniques are analyzed. The problems related to the recovery of sensors using various approaches are also considered. Finally, the impact of relative humidity on the sensing behavior of carbon nanomaterials of various different natures was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Bannov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.V.P.); (A.E.B.); (P.B.K.)
| | - Maxim V. Popov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.V.P.); (A.E.B.); (P.B.K.)
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei E. Brester
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.V.P.); (A.E.B.); (P.B.K.)
| | - Pavel B. Kurmashov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.V.P.); (A.E.B.); (P.B.K.)
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27
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Gas Sensing with Solar Cells: The Case of NH 3 Detection through Nanocarbon/Silicon Hybrid Heterojunctions. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112303. [PMID: 33233439 PMCID: PMC7700682 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) cells based on single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/silicon (Si) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/Si junctions were tested under exposure to NH3 in the 0-21 ppm concentration range. The PV cell parameters remarkably changed upon NH3 exposure, suggesting that these junctions, while being operated as PV cells, can react to changes in the environment, thereby acting as NH3 gas sensors. Indeed, by choosing the open-circuit voltage, VOC, parameter as read-out, it was found that these cells behaved as gas sensors, operating at room temperature with a response higher than chemiresistors developed on the same layers. The sensitivity was further increased when the whole current-voltage (I-V) curve was collected and the maximum power values were tracked upon NH3 exposure.
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