1
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Lu S, Zhang C, Wang J, Zhao L, Li G. Research progress in nano-drug delivery systems based on the characteristics of the liver cancer microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116059. [PMID: 38154273 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver cancer has microenvironmental features such as low pH, M2 tumor-associated macrophage enrichment, low oxygen, rich blood supply and susceptibility to hematotropic metastasis, high chemokine expression, enzyme overexpression, high redox level, and strong immunosuppression, which not only promotes the progression of the disease, but also seriously affects the clinical effectiveness of traditional therapeutic approaches. However, nanotechnology, due to its unique advantages of size effect and functionalized modifiability, can be utilized to develop various responsive nano-drug delivery system (NDDS) by using these characteristic signals of the liver cancer microenvironment as a source of stimulation, which in turn can realize the intelligent release of the drug under the specific microenvironment, and significantly increase the concentration of the drug at the target site. Therefore, researchers have designed a series of stimuli-responsive NDDS based on the characteristics of the liver cancer microenvironment, such as hypoxia, weak acidity, and abnormal expression of proteases, and they have been widely investigated for improving anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy and reducing the related side effects. This paper provides a review of the current application and progress of NDDS developed based on the response and regulation of the microenvironment in the treatment of liver cancer, compares the effects of the microenvironment and the NDDS, and provides a reference for building more advanced NDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Lu
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhang
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jinglong Wang
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Guofei Li
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China.
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2
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Xu X, Qiu K, Tian Z, Aryal C, Rowan F, Chen R, Sun Y, Diao J. Probing the dynamic crosstalk of lysosomes and mitochondria with structured illumination microscopy. Trends Analyt Chem 2023; 169:117370. [PMID: 37928815 PMCID: PMC10621629 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a super-resolution technology for imaging living cells and has been used for studying the dynamics of lysosomes and mitochondria. Recently, new probes and analyzing methods have been developed for SIM imaging, enabling the quantitative analysis of these subcellular structures and their interactions. This review provides an overview of the working principle and advances of SIM, as well as the organelle-targeting principles and types of fluorescence probes, including small molecules, metal complexes, nanoparticles, and fluorescent proteins. Additionally, quantitative methods based on organelle morphology and distribution are outlined. Finally, the review provides an outlook on the current challenges and future directions for improving the combination of SIM imaging and image analysis to further advance the study of organelles. We hope that this review will be useful for researchers working in the field of organelle research and help to facilitate the development of SIM imaging and analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqiong Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kangqiang Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chinta Aryal
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Fiona Rowan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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3
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Chen R, Qiu K, Han G, Kundu BK, Ding G, Sun Y, Diao J. Quantifying cell viability through organelle ratiometric probing. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10236-10248. [PMID: 37772119 PMCID: PMC10530868 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01537h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting cell viability is crucial in research involving the precancerous discovery of abnormal cells, the evaluation of treatments, and drug toxicity testing. Although conventional methods afford cumulative results regarding cell viability based on a great number of cells, they do not permit investigating cell viability at the single-cell level. In response, we rationally designed and synthesized a fluorescent probe, PCV-1, to visualize cell viability under the super-resolution technology of structured illumination microscopy. Given its sensitivity to mitochondrial membrane potential and affinity to DNA, PCV-1's ability to stain mitochondria and nucleoli was observed in live and dead cells, respectively. During cell injury induced by drug treatment, PCV-1's migration from mitochondria to the nucleolus was dynamically visualized at the single-cell level. By extension, harnessing PCV-1's excellent photostability and signal-to-noise ratio and by comparing the fluorescence intensity of the two organelles, mitochondria and nucleoli, we developed a powerful analytical assay named organelle ratiometric probing (ORP) that we applied to quantitatively analyze and efficiently assess the viability of individual cells, thereby enabling deeper insights into the potential mechanisms of cell death. In ORP analysis with PCV-1, we identified 0.3 as the cutoff point for assessing whether adding a given drug will cause apparent cytotoxicity, which greatly expands the probe's applicability. To the best of our knowledge, PCV-1 is the first probe to allow visualizing cell death and cell injury under super-resolution imaging, and our proposed analytical assay using it paves the way for quantifying cell viability at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Kangqiang Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45267 USA
| | - Guanqun Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Bidyut Kumar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45267 USA
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4
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Zou W, Yang L, Lu H, Li M, Ji D, Slone J, Huang T. Application of super-resolution microscopy in mitochondria-dynamic diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115043. [PMID: 37536507 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Limited by spatial and temporal resolution, traditional optical microscopy cannot image the delicate ultra-structure organelles and sub-organelles. The emergence of super-resolution microscopy makes it possible. In this review, we focus on mitochondria. We summarize the process of mitochondrial dynamics, the primary proteins that regulate mitochondrial morphology, the diseases related to mitochondrial dynamics. The purpose is to apply super-resolution microscopy developed during recent years to the mitochondrial research. By providing the right research tools, we will help to promote the application of this technique to the in-depth elucidation of the pathogenesis of diseases related to mitochondrial dynamics, assistdiagnosis and develop the therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hedong Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dongmei Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jesse Slone
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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5
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Zhang C, Tian Z, Chen R, Rowan F, Qiu K, Sun Y, Guan JL, Diao J. Advanced imaging techniques for tracking drug dynamics at the subcellular level. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114978. [PMID: 37385544 PMCID: PMC10527994 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopes are an important imaging tool that have effectively advanced the development of modern biomedicine. In recent years, super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has become one of the most popular techniques in the life sciences, especially in the field of living cell imaging. SRM has been used to solve many problems in basic biological research and has great potential in clinical application. In particular, the use of SRM to study drug delivery and kinetics at the subcellular level enables researchers to better study drugs' mechanisms of action and to assess the efficacy of their targets in vivo. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent advances in SRM and to highlight some of its applications in assessing subcellular drug dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Fiona Rowan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kangqiang Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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6
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Chen R, Wang L, Ding G, Han G, Qiu K, Sun Y, Diao J. Constant Conversion Rate of Endolysosomes Revealed by a pH-Sensitive Fluorescent Probe. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2068-2078. [PMID: 37141429 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Endolysosome dynamics plays an important role in autophagosome biogenesis. Hence, imaging the subcellular dynamics of endolysosomes using high-resolution fluorescent imaging techniques would deepen our understanding of autophagy and benefit the development of pharmaceuticals against endosome-related diseases. Taking advantage of the intramolecular charge-transfer mechanism, herein we report a cationic quinolinium-based fluorescent probe (PyQPMe) that exhibits excellent pH-sensitive fluorescence in endolysosomes at different stages of interest. A systematic photophysical and computational study on PyQPMe was carried out to rationalize its highly pH-dependent absorption and emission spectra. The large Stokes shift and strong fluorescence intensity of PyQPMe can effectively reduce the background noise caused by excitation light and microenvironments and provide a high signal-to-noise ratio for high-resolution imaging of endolysosomes. By applying PyQPMe as a small molecular probe in live cells, we were able to reveal a constant conversion rate from early endosomes to late endosomes/lysosomes during autophagy at the submicron level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Guanqun Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Kangqiang Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
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7
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Chen R, Qiu K, Han G, Kundu BK, Ding G, Sun Y, Diao J. Quantifying cell viability through organelle ratiometric probing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.26.538448. [PMID: 37163053 PMCID: PMC10168353 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.538448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Detecting cell viability is crucial in research involving the precancerous discovery of abnormal cells, the evaluation of treatments, and drug toxicity testing. Although conventional methods afford cumulative results regarding cell viability based on a great number of cells, they do not permit investigating cell viability at the single-cell level. In response, we rationally designed and synthesized a fluorescent probe, PCV-1, to visualize cell viability under the super-resolution technology of structured illumination microscopy. Given its sensitivity to mitochondrial membrane potential and affinity to DNA, PCV-1's ability to stain mitochondria and nucleoli was observed in live and dead cells, respectively. During cell injury induced by drug treatment, PCV-1's migration from mitochondria to the nucleolus was dynamically visualized at the single-cell level. By extension, harnessing PCV-1's excellent photostability and signal-to-noise ratio and by comparing the fluorescence intensity of the two organelles, mitochondria and nucleoli, we developed a powerful analytical assay named organelle ratiometric probing (ORP) that we applied to quantitatively analyze and efficiently assess the viability of individual cells, thereby enabling deeper insights into the potential mechanisms of cell death. In ORP analysis with PCV-1, we identified 0.3 as the cutoff point for assessing whether adding a given drug will cause apparent cytotoxicity, which greatly expands the probe's applicability. To the best of our knowledge, PCV-1 is the first probe to allow visualizing cell death and cell injury under super-resolution imaging, and our proposed analytical assay using it paves the way for quantifying cell viability at the single-cell level.
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8
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Qiu K, Zou W, Fang Z, Wang Y, Bell S, Zhang X, Tian Z, Xu X, Ji B, Li D, Huang T, Diao J. 2D MoS 2 and BN Nanosheets Damage Mitochondria through Membrane Penetration. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4716-4728. [PMID: 36848459 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the progression of nanotechnology, a growing number of nanomaterials have been created and incorporated into organisms and ecosystems, which raises significant concern about potential hazards of these materials on human health, wildlife, and the environment. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are one type of nanomaterials with thicknesses ranging from that of a single atom or of several atoms and have been proposed for a variety of biomedical applications such as drug delivery and gene therapy, but the toxicity thereof on subcellular organelles remains to be studied. In this work, we studied the impact of two typical 2D nanomaterials, MoS2 and BN nanosheets, on mitochondria, which are a type of membranous subcellular organelle that provides energy to cells. While 2D nanomaterials at a low dose exhibited a negligible cell mortality rate, significant mitochondrial fragmentation and partially reduced mitochondrial functions occurred; cells initiate mitophagy in response to mitochondrial damages, which cleans damaged mitochondria to avoid damage accumulation. Moreover, the molecular dynamics simulation results revealed that both MoS2 and BN nanosheets can spontaneously penetrate the mitochondrial lipid membrane through the hydrophobic interaction. The membrane penetration induced heterogeneous lipid packing resulting in damages. Our results demonstrate that even at a low dose 2D nanomaterials can physically damage mitochondria by penetrating the membrane, which draws attention to carefully evaluating the cytotoxicity of 2D nanomaterials for the potential biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangqiang Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Weiwei Zou
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Zhou Fang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Sam Bell
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Xiuqiong Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Baohua Ji
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dechang Li
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, 1001 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
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9
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Qiu K, Zou W, Fang H, Hao M, Mehta K, Tian Z, Guan JL, Zhang K, Huang T, Diao J. Light-activated mitochondrial fission through optogenetic control of mitochondria-lysosome contacts. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4303. [PMID: 35879298 PMCID: PMC9314359 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles whose fragmentation by fission is critical to their functional integrity and cellular homeostasis. Here, we develop a method via optogenetic control of mitochondria–lysosome contacts (MLCs) to induce mitochondrial fission with spatiotemporal accuracy. MLCs can be achieved by blue-light-induced association of mitochondria and lysosomes through various photoactivatable dimerizers. Real-time optogenetic induction of mitochondrial fission is tracked in living cells to measure the fission rate. The optogenetic method partially restores the mitochondrial functions of SLC25A46−/− cells, which display defects in mitochondrial fission and hyperfused mitochondria. The optogenetic MLCs system thus provides a platform for studying mitochondrial fission and treating mitochondrial diseases. Existing methods can lack spatiotemporal accuracy to manipulate dynamic mitochondrial behaviour in live cells. Here the authors report an optogenetic method to control mitochondria-lysosome contacts and induce mitochondrial fission; they use photoactivatable dimerizers including CRY2/CIB and SspB/iLID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangqiang Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Weiwei Zou
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Hongbao Fang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Mingang Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Kritika Mehta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, 1001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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10
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Morita A, Satouh Y, Sato K, Iwase A. Significance of the association between early embryonic development and endocytosis. Med Mol Morphol 2022; 55:167-173. [PMID: 35833996 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-022-00331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization triggers a process called maternal-to-zygotic transition, in which the oocyte undergoes oocyte-to-embryo transition, leading to massive intracellular remodeling toward early embryogenesis. This transition requires the degradation of oocyte-derived components; however, the significance and mechanism of degradation of cell surface components remain unknown. In this review, we focused on the dynamics of plasma membrane proteins and investigated the relationship between embryonic development and endocytosis. Our survey of the extant literature on the topic led to the conclusion that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is essential for the progression of early embryogenesis and selective degradation of oocyte-derived plasma membrane proteins in mouse embryos, as reported by studies analyzing maternal cellular surface proteins, including a glycine transporter, GlyT1a. Evaluation of such endocytic activity in individual embryos may allow the selection of embryos with higher viability in assisted reproductive technologies, and it is important to select viable embryos to increase the rates of successful pregnancy and live birth. Although the early embryonic developmental abnormalities are mainly accompanied with chromosomal aneuploidy, other causes and mechanisms remain unclear. This review summarizes molecular biological approaches to early embryonic developmental abnormalities and their future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Morita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showamachi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Yuhkoh Satouh
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akira Iwase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showamachi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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11
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Preparation and application of pH-responsive drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2022; 348:206-238. [PMID: 35660634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microenvironment-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) can achieve targeted drug delivery, reduce drug side effects and improve drug efficacies. Among them, pH-responsive DDSs have gained popularity since the pH in the diseased tissues such as cancer, bacterial infection and inflammation differs from a physiological pH of 7.4 and this difference could be harnessed for DDSs to release encapsulated drugs specifically to these diseased tissues. A variety of synthetic approaches have been developed to prepare pH-sensitive DDSs, including introduction of a variety of pH-sensitive chemical bonds or protonated/deprotonated chemical groups. A myriad of nano DDSs have been explored to be pH-responsive, including liposomes, micelles, hydrogels, dendritic macromolecules and organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles, and micron level microspheres. The prodrugs from drug-loaded pH-sensitive nano DDSs have been applied in research on anticancer therapy and diagnosis of cancer, inflammation, antibacterial infection, and neurological diseases. We have systematically summarized synthesis strategies of pH-stimulating DDSs, illustrated commonly used and recently developed nanocarriers for these DDSs and covered their potential in different biomedical applications, which may spark new ideas for the development and application of pH-sensitive nano DDSs.
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12
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Wang L, Chen R, Han G, Liu X, Huang T, Diao J, Sun Y. Super-resolution analyzing spatial organization of lysosomes with an organic fluorescent probe. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210215. [PMID: 35844970 PMCID: PMC9282722 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are multifunctional organelles involved in macromolecule degradation, nutrient sensing and autophagy. Live imaging has revealed lysosome subpopulations with dynamics and characteristic cellular localization. An as-yet unanswered question is whether lysosomes are spatially organized to coordinate and integrate their functions. Combined with super-resolution microscopy, we designed a small organic fluorescent probe, TPAE, that targeted lysosomes with a large Stokes shift. When we analyzed the spatial organization of lysosomes against mitochondria in different cell lines with this probe, we discovered different distance distribution patterns between lysosomes and mitochondria during increased autophagy flux. By using SLC25A46 mutation fibroblasts derived from patients containing highly fused mitochondria with low oxidative phosphorylation, we concluded that unhealthy mitochondria redistributed the subcellular localization of lysosomes, which implies a strong connection between mitochondria and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Guanqun Han
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
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13
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Pengpeng X, Jiangtai C, Gaofan S, Mengmeng Z, Wanchen Y, Xiangde L, Dongdong Z. Research Progress of Naphthalimide Derivatives Optical Probes for Monitoring Physical and Chemical Properties of Microenvironment and Active Sulfur Substances. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202205009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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