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Wang R, Hua S, Xing Y, Wang R, Wang H, Jiang T, Yu F. Organic dye-based photosensitizers for fluorescence imaging-guided cancer phototheranostics. Coord Chem Rev 2024; 513:215866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2024.215866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
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Zhao X, Sun M, Cao X, Xu J, Li X, Zhao X, Lu H. Near-Infrared Light-Driving Organic Photothermal Agents with an 88.9% Photothermal Conversion Efficiency for Image-Guided Synergistic Phototherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2400201. [PMID: 38519419 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Photothermal agents (PTAs) with desirable near-infrared (NIR) absorption and excellent photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) are ideal candidates for cancer treatment. However, numerous PTAs still require high-intensity and long-duration laser irradiation to completely ablate the tumor during the photothermal therapy (PTT) process, resulting in light damage to healthy skin and tissue as well as limiting their biomedical applications. Integrating intense NIR absorption and high PCE into a single small-molecule PTA is an important prerequisite for realizing efficient PTT, but is a serious challenge. Herein, a series of donor-acceptor type PTAs (CC1 to NC4) are designed through a molecular engineering strategy. Theoretical calculations and experimental results show that the NIR absorption and photothermal effect from CC1 to NC4 are significantly enhanced as expected. Notably, NC4 nanoparticles exhibit intense NIR absorption, superhigh PCE of up to 88.9% for PTT, photoacoustic imaging and photothermal imaging, and effective reactive oxygen species generation for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The superior PTT/PDT synergistic phototherapeutic efficacy is well demonstrated by the complete elimination of tumor in vivo upon one-time, low-intensity, and short-duration laser irradiation (808 nm, 330 mW cm-2, and 3 min). This work provides a valuable guideline for rational design of PTAs for cancer phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Mengxin Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Jiashuai Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Hongguang Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
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Liu C, Chang Z, Chen K, Xue Q, Shu B, Wei Z, Zhou X, Guo L, Zhang Y, Pan Y, Cao Q, Liang H, Sun Q, Zhang X. A mitochondrion-targeted cyanine agent for NIR-II fluorescence-guided surgery combined with intraoperative photothermal therapy to reduce prostate cancer recurrence. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:224. [PMID: 38702709 PMCID: PMC11069140 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Poorly identified tumor boundaries and nontargeted therapies lead to the high recurrence rates and poor quality of life of prostate cancer patients. Near-infrared-II (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging provides certain advantages, including high resolution and the sensitive detection of tumor boundaries. Herein, a cyanine agent (CY7-4) with significantly greater tumor affinity and blood circulation time than indocyanine green was screened. By binding albumin, the absorbance of CY7-4 in an aqueous solution showed no effects from aggregation, with a peak absorbance at 830 nm and a strong fluorescence emission tail beyond 1000 nm. Due to its extended circulation time (half-life of 2.5 h) and high affinity for tumor cells, this fluorophore was used for primary and metastatic tumor diagnosis and continuous monitoring. Moreover, a high tumor signal-to-noise ratio (up to ~ 10) and excellent preferential mitochondrial accumulation ensured the efficacy of this molecule for photothermal therapy. Therefore, we integrated NIR-II fluorescence-guided surgery and intraoperative photothermal therapy to overcome the shortcomings of a single treatment modality. A significant reduction in recurrence and an improved survival rate were observed, indicating that the concept of intraoperative combination therapy has potential for the precise clinical treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology & Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zong Chang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology & Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kailei Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qiang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology & Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bingxin Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology & Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihao Wei
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Like Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology & Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology & Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yingying Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology & Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Huageng Liang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qinchao Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology & Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Wang H, Xiong X, Zhang J, Wu M, Gu Y, Chen Y, Gu Y, Wang P. Near-Infrared Light-Driven Nanoparticles for Cancer Photoimmunotherapy by Synergizing Immune Cell Death and Epigenetic Regulation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309202. [PMID: 38100237 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a class of epigenetic enzymes that are closely related to tumorigenesis and suppress the expression of tumor suppressor genes. Whereas the HDACs inhibitors can release DNA into the cytoplasm and trigger innate immunity. However, the high density of chromatin limits DNA damage and release. In this study, suitable nanosized CycNHOH NPs (150 nm) and CypNHOH NPs (85 nm) efficiently accumulate at the tumor site due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In addition, robust single-linear oxygen generation and good photothermal conversion efficiency under NIR laser irradiation accelerated the DNA damage process. By effectively initiating immune cell death, CypNHOH NPs activated both innate and adaptive immunity by maturing dendritic cells, infiltrating tumors with natural killer cells, and activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which offer a fresh perspective for the development of photo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhe Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaohui Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meicen Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yinhui Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yanli Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - YueQing Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Guo X, Sheng W, Pan H, Guo L, Zuo H, Wu Z, Ling S, Jiang X, Chen Z, Jiao L, Hao E. Tuning Shortwave-Infrared J-aggregates of Aromatic Ring-Fused Aza-BODIPYs by Peripheral Substituents for Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapies at Ultralow Laser Power. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319875. [PMID: 38225205 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Achieving photothermal therapy (PTT) at ultralow laser power density is crucial for minimizing photo-damage and allowing for higher maximum permissible skin exposure. However, this requires photothermal agents to possess not just superior photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), but also exceptional near-infrared (NIR) absorptivity. J-aggregates, exhibit a significant redshift and narrower absorption peak with a higher extinction coefficient. Nevertheless, achieving predictable J-aggregates through molecular design remains a challenge. In this study, we successfully induced desirable J-aggregation (λabs max : 968 nm, ϵ: 2.96×105 M-1 cm-1 , λem max : 972 nm, ΦFL : 6.2 %) by tuning electrostatic interactions between π-conjugated molecular planes through manipulating molecular surface electrostatic potential of aromatic ring-fused aza-BODIPY dyes. Notably, by controlling the preparation method for encapsulating dyes into F-127 polymer, we were able to selectively generate H-/J-aggregates, respectively. Furthermore, the J-aggregates exhibited two controllable morphologies: nanospheres and nanowires. Importantly, the shortwave-infrared J-aggregated nanoparticles with impressive PCE of 72.9 % effectively destroyed cancer cells and mice-tumors at an ultralow power density of 0.27 W cm-2 (915 nm). This phototherapeutic nano-platform, which generates predictable J-aggregation behavior, and can controllably form J-/H-aggregates and selectable J-aggregate morphology, is a valuable paradigm for developing photothermal agents for tumor-treatment at ultralow laser power density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education Institution, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Wanle Sheng
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education Institution, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Hongfei Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Luying Guo
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education Institution, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Huiquan Zuo
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education Institution, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- The Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, China
| | - Shizhang Ling
- The Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, China
| | - Xiaochun Jiang
- The Translational Research Institute for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education Institution, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education Institution, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Chemical Measurement, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
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Jiang X, Yi L, Li C, Wang H, Xiong W, Li Y, Zhou Z, Shen J. Mitochondrial Disruption Nanosystem Simultaneously Depressed Programmed Death Ligand-1 and Transforming Growth Factor-β to Overcome Photodynamic Immunotherapy Resistance. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3331-3348. [PMID: 38227812 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Currently, limited photosensitizers possess the capacity to reverse tumor hypoxia and reduce programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression simultaneously, hindering the perfect photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect due to acquired immune resistance and the tumor hypoxic microenvironment. To tackle these challenges, in this research, we demonstrated that mitochondrial energy metabolism depression can be utilized as an innovative and efficient approach for reducing the expression of PD-L1 and TGF-β simultaneously, which may offer a design strategy for a more ideal PDT nanosystem. Through proteomic analysis of 5637 cells, we revealed that tamoxifen (TMX) can incredibly regulate PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. Then, to selectively deliver clinically used mitochondrial energy metabolism depressant TMX to solid tumors as well as design an ideal PDT nanosystem, we synthesized MHI-TMX@ALB by combining a mitochondria-targeted heptamethine cyanine PDT-dye MHI with TMX through self-assembly with albumin (ALB). Interestingly enough, the MHI-TMX@ALB nanoparticle demonstrated effective reversion of tumor hypoxia and inhibition of PD-L1 protein expression at a lower dosage (7.5 times to TMX), which then enhanced the efficacy of photodynamic immunotherapy via enhancing T-cell infiltration. Apart from this, by leveraging the heptamethine dye's targeting capacity toward tumors and TMX's role in suppressing TGF-β, MHI-TMX@ALB also more effectively mitigated 4T1 tumor lung metastasis development. All in all, the MHI-TMX@ALB nanoparticle could be used as a multifunctional economical PD-L1 and TGF-β codepression immune-regulating strategy, broadening the potential clinical applications for a more ideal PDT nanosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Lei Yi
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Haoxiang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zaigang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jianliang Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
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Zhu H, Huang C, Di J, Chang Z, Li K, Zhang S, Li X, Wu D. Doxorubicin-Fe(III)-Gossypol Infinite Coordination Polymer@PDA:CuO 2 Composite Nanoparticles for Cost-Effective Programmed Photothermal-Chemodynamic-Coordinated Dual Drug Chemotherapy Trimodal Synergistic Tumor Therapy. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37354436 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
To achieve the maximum therapeutic effects and minimize adverse effects of trimodal synergistic tumor therapies, a cost-effective programmed photothermal (PTT)-chemodynamic (CDT)-coordinated dual drug chemotherapy (CT) trimodal synergistic therapy strategy in chronological order is proposed. According to the status or volumes of the tumors, the intensity and time of each therapeutic modality are optimized, and three modalities are combined programmatically and work in chronological order. The optimal synergistic therapy begins with high-intensity PTT for 10 min to ablate larger tumors, followed by medium-intensity CDT for several hours to eliminate medium-sized tumors, and then low-intensity coordinated dual drugs CT lasts over 48 h to clear smaller residual tumors. Composite nanoparticles, made of Fe-coordinated polydopamine mixed with copper peroxide as the cores and their surface dotted with lots of doxorubicin-Fe(III)-gossypol infinite coordination polymers (ICPs), have been developed to implement the strategy. These composite nanoparticles show excellent synergistic effects with the minimum dose of therapeutic agents and result in nearly 100% tumor inhibition for mice bearing PC-3 tumors and no observed recurrence within 60 days of treatment. The ratios of the different therapeutic agents in the composite nanoparticles can be adjusted to accommodate different types of tumors with this cost-effective programmed trimodal therapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Chenqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Jingran Di
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Zepu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Ke Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Common Aging Diseases, Translational and Research Centre for Prevention and Therapy of Chronic Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xueping Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Common Aging Diseases, Translational and Research Centre for Prevention and Therapy of Chronic Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Daocheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
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