1
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He T, Yang Y, Chen XB. Propulsion mechanisms of micro/nanorobots: a review. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38940742 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01776e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are intelligent, efficient and promising micro/nanorobots (MNR) that can respond to external stimuli (e.g., chemical energy, temperature, light, pH, ultrasound, magnetic, biosignals, ions) and perform specific tasks. The MNR can adapt to different external stimuli and transform into various functional forms to match different application scenarios. So far, MNR have found extensive application in targeted therapy, drug delivery, tissue engineering, environmental remediation, and other fields. Despite the promise of MNR, there are few reviews that focus on them. To shed new light on the further development of the field, it is necessary to provide an overview of the current state of development of these MNR. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress of MNR in terms of propulsion mechanisms, and points out the pros and cons of different stimulus types. Finally, this paper highlights the current challenges faced by MNR and proposes possible solutions to facilitate the practical application of MNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China.
| | - Yonghui Yang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China.
| | - Xue-Bo Chen
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China.
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2
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Zhang X, Wei J, Qin L, Yu Y. Liquid crystal polymer actuators with complex and multiple actuations. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38916076 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01055h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Deformable liquid crystal polymers (LCPs), which exhibit both entropic elasticity of polymer networks and anisotropic properties originating from ordered mesogens, have gained more and more interest for use as biomedical soft actuators. Especially, LCP actuators with controllable mesogen alignment, sophisticated geometry and reprogrammability are a rising star on the horizon of soft actuators, since they enable complex and multiple actuations. This review focuses on two topics: (1) the regulation of mesogen alignment and geometry of LCP actuators for complex actuations; (2) newly designed reprogrammable LCP materials for multiple actuations. First, basic actuation mechanisms are briefly introduced. Then, LCP actuators with complex actuations are demonstrated. Special attention is devoted to the improvement of fabrication methods, which profoundly influence the available complexity of the mesogen alignment and geometry. Subsequently, reprogrammable LCP actuators featuring dynamic networks or shape memory effects are discussed, with an emphasis on their multiple actuations. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and potential development trends toward more intelligent LCP actuators are discussed, which may shed light on future investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Lang Qin
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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3
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Guillen Campos J, Tobin C, Sandlass S, Park M, Wu Y, Gordon M, Read de Alaniz J. Photoactivation of Millimeters Thick Liquid Crystal Elastomers with Broadband Visible Light Using Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404932. [PMID: 38899577 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Light-responsive liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are stimuli-responsive materials that facilitate the conversion of light energy into a mechanical response. In this work, a novel polysiloxane-based LCE with donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) side-chains is synthesized using a late-stage functionalization strategy. It is demonstrated that this approach does not compromise the molecular alignment observed in the traditional Finkelmann method. This easy, single-batch process provides a robust platform to access well-aligned, light-responsive LCE films with thickness ranging from 400 µm to a 14-layer stack that is 5 mm thick. Upon irradiation with low-intensity broadband visible light (100-200 mW cm-2), these systems undergo 2D planar actuation and complete bleaching. Conversely, exposure to higher-intensity visible light induces bending followed by contraction (300 mW cm-2). These processes are repeatable over several cycles. Finally, it is demonstrated how light intensity and the resulting heat generation influences the photothermal stationary state equilibrium of DASA, thereby controlling its photoresponsive properties. This work establishes the groundwork for advancement of LCE-based actuators beyond thin film and UV-light reliant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Guillen Campos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Cassidy Tobin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Sara Sandlass
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Minwook Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Yuhang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Michael Gordon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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4
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Berrow SR, Mandle RJ, Raistrick T, Reynolds M, Gleeson HF. Toward Monodomain Nematic Liquid Crystal Elastomers of Arbitrary Thickness through PET-RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2024; 57:5218-5229. [PMID: 38882196 PMCID: PMC11171763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are polymeric materials that are proposed for a range of applications. However, to reach their full potential, it is desirable to have as much flexibility as possible in terms of the sample dimensions, while maintaining well-defined alignment. In this work, photoinduced electron/energy transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization is applied to the synthesis of LCEs for the first time. An initial LCE layer (∼100 μm thickness) is partially cured before a second layer of the precursor mixture is added. The curing reaction is then resumed and is observed by FTIR to complete within 15 min of irradiation, yielding samples of increased thickness. Monodomain samples that exhibit an auxetic response and are of thickness 250-300 μm are consistently achieved. All samples are characterized thermally, mechanically, and in terms of their order parameters. The LCEs have physical properties comparable to those of analogous LCEs produced via free-radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart R Berrow
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Richard J Mandle
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Thomas Raistrick
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Matthew Reynolds
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Helen F Gleeson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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5
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Liu C, Li K, Yu X, Yang J, Wang Z. A Multimodal Self-Propelling Tensegrity Structure. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2314093. [PMID: 38561911 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Tensegrity structure is composed of tensile cables and compressive rods, offering high stiffness-to-mass ratio, deploy ability, and excellent energy damping capability. The active and dynamic tensegrity designs demonstrate great potential for soft robots. In previous designs, the movement has relied on carefully controlled input power or manually controlled light irradiation, limiting their potential applications. Here, a hybrid tensegrity structure (HTS) is constructed by integrating thermally responsive cables, nonresponsive cables, and stiff rods. The HTS can self-propel continuously on a hot surface due to its unique geometry. The HTS allows for the easy achievement of multimodal self-propelled locomotive modes, which has been challenging for previously demonstrated self-propelling structures. Additionally, using Velcro tapes to adhere the rods and cables together, a modulable and reassemblable HTS is created. The HTS introduced in this study presents a new strategy and offers a large design space for constructing self-propelling and modulable robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Xinzi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Tianmushan Laboratory, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 310023, China
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6
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Tian X, Guo Y, Zhang J, Ivasishin OM, Jia J, Yan J. Fiber Actuators Based on Reversible Thermal Responsive Liquid Crystal Elastomer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306952. [PMID: 38175860 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Soft actuators inspired by the movement of organisms have attracted extensive attention in the fields of soft robotics, electronic skin, artificial intelligence, and healthcare due to their excellent adaptability and operational safety. Liquid crystal elastomer fiber actuators (LCEFAs) are considered as one of the most promising soft actuators since they can provide reversible linear motion and are easily integrated or woven into complex structures to perform pre-programmed movements such as stretching, rotating, bending, and expanding. The research on LCEFAs mainly focuses on controllable preparation, structural design, and functional applications. This review, for the first time, provides a comprehensive and systematic review of recent advances in this important field by focusing on reversible thermal response LCEFAs. First, the thermal driving mechanism, and direct and indirect heating strategies of LCEFAs are systematically summarized and analyzed. Then, the fabrication methods and functional applications of LCEFAs are summarized and discussed. Finally, the challenges and technical difficulties that may hinder the performance improvement and large-scale production of LCEFAs are proposed, and the development opportunities of LCEFAs are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwang Tian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yongshi Guo
- College of Textile, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Orest M Ivasishin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jiru Jia
- School of Textile Garment and Design, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215500, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- College of Textile, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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7
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Zhou X, Chen G, Jin B, Feng H, Chen Z, Fang M, Yang B, Xiao R, Xie T, Zheng N. Multimodal Autonomous Locomotion of Liquid Crystal Elastomer Soft Robot. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402358. [PMID: 38520731 PMCID: PMC11187929 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Self-oscillation phenomena observed in nature serve as extraordinary inspiration for designing synthetic autonomous moving systems. Converting self-oscillation into designable self-sustained locomotion can lead to a new generation of soft robots that require minimal/no external control. However, such locomotion is typically constrained to a single mode dictated by the constant surrounding environment. In this study, a liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) robot capable of achieving self-sustained multimodal locomotion, with the specific motion mode being controlled via substrate adhesion or remote light stimulation is presented. Specifically, the LCE is mechanically trained to undergo repeated snapping actions to ensure its self-sustained rolling motion in a constant gradient thermal field atop a hotplate. By further fine-tuning the substrate adhesion, the LCE robot exhibits reversible transitions between rolling and jumping modes. In addition, the rolling motion can be manipulated in real time through light stimulation to perform other diverse motions including turning, decelerating, stopping, backing up, and steering around complex obstacles. The principle of introducing an on-demand gate control offers a new venue for designing future autonomous soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCollege of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Guancong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCollege of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Binjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCollege of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Haijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCollege of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Zike Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic SystemsKey Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang ProvinceDepartment of Engineering MechanicsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Mengqi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCollege of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCollege of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Rui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic SystemsKey Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang ProvinceDepartment of Engineering MechanicsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCollege of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Ning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringCollege of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
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8
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Xu L, Zhu C, Lamont S, Zou X, Yang Y, Chen S, Ding J, Vernerey FJ. Programming Motion into Materials Using Electricity-Driven Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators. Soft Robot 2024; 11:464-472. [PMID: 38265749 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2023.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
As thermally driven smart materials capable of large reversible deformations, liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have great potential for applications in bionic soft robots, artificial muscles, controllable actuators, and flexible sensors due to their ability to program controllable motion into materials. In this article, we introduce conductive LCE actuators using a liquid metal electrothermal layer and a polyethylene terephthalate substrate. Our LCE actuators can be stimulated at low currents from 2 to 4 A and produce a maximum work density of 9.4 k J ∕ m 3 . We illustrate the potential applications of this system by designing a palm-activated artificial muscle gripper, which can be used to grasp soft objects ranging from 5 to 55 mm in size, and even ring-shaped workpieces with precise external or internal support. Furthermore, inspired by the movement of fruit fly larvae, we designed a new soft robot capable of bioinspired crawling and turning by inducing anisotropic friction with an asymmetric design. Finally, we illustrate advanced motional control by designing an autonomously rotating wheel based on the asymmetric contraction of its spokes. To assist in the production of autonomously moving robots, we provide a thorough characterization of its motion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Chen Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Samuel Lamont
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiang Zou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Yabing Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Si Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Jianning Ding
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Franck J Vernerey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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9
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Yang W, Wang X, Teng X, Qiao Z, Yu H, Yuan Z. A bionic mimosa soft robot based on a multi-responsive PNIPAM-PEGDA hydrogel composition. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:034102. [PMID: 38726372 PMCID: PMC11078265 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Deformation plays a vital role in the survival of natural organisms. One example is that plants deform themselves to face the sun for sufficient sunlight exposure, which allows them to produce nutrients through photosynthesis. Drawing inspiration from nature, researchers have been exploring the development of 3D deformable materials. However, the traditional approach to manufacturing deformable hydrogels relies on complex technology, which limits their potential applications. In this study, we simulate the stress variations observed in the plant tissue to create a 3D structure from a 2D material. Using UV curing technology, we create a single-layer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel sheet with microchannels that exhibit distinct swelling rates when subjected to stimulation. After a two-step curing process, we produce a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-polyethylene glycol diacrylatedouble-layer structure that can be manipulated to change its shape by controlling the light and solvent content. Based on the double-layer structure, we fabricate a dual-response driven bionic mimosa robot that can perform a variety of functions. This soft robot can not only reversibly change its shape but also maintain a specific shape without continuous stimulation. Its capacity for reversible deformation, resulting from internal stress, presents promising application prospects in the biomedical and soft robotics domain. This study delivers an insightful framework for the development of programmable soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xiangyu Teng
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zezheng Qiao
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zheng Yuan
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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10
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Zhao J, Sun Y, Dai Y, Wu J, Li K. Dynamic response of a simply supported liquid-crystal elastomer beam under moving illumination. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:054704. [PMID: 38907412 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.054704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Optically responsive liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) devices have thriving potential to flourish in soft robots and microdrives, owing to their advantages of remote controllability, structural simplicity, and no power supply. In terms of illumination-driven modes, most research has focused on the dynamic response of LCE devices under continuous and periodic illumination, while the theoretical study of the dynamic response under moving illumination is limited. In this paper, based on the coupling of LCE and mechanical deformation under moving illumination, the dynamic model of a LCE simply supported beam is built to investigate its dynamic response under moving illumination. The analytical solution of the dynamic response of the LCE beam under moving illumination is derived through the modal superposition method and the Duhamel integration, and the solution is programed and analyzed with matlab software. By numerical calculations, the influence of the internal and driving parameters of the structure on the dynamic response of the LCE simply supported beam can be analyzed. The results show that when the moving speed of illumination reaches the first-order critical frequency, the maximum amplitude of the dynamic response at the beam mid-span will reach a peak. Meanwhile, the dynamic response of beam can be improved by increasing the illumination width, increasing the light intensity, increasing the shrinkage coefficient, and reducing the damping coefficient. This work provides theoretical guidance for applying the dynamic response of LCE devices under moving illumination in soft robots, microactuators, energy harvesters, sensors, etc.
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Donato S, Nocentini S, Martella D, Kolagatla S, Wiersma DS, Parmeggiani C, Delaney C, Florea L. Liquid Crystalline Network Microstructures for Stimuli Responsive Labels with Multi-Level Encryption. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306802. [PMID: 38063817 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Two-photon direct laser writing enables the fabrication of shape-changing microstructures that can be exploited in stimuli responsive micro-robotics and photonics. The use of Liquid Crystalline Networks (LCN) allows to realize 3D micrometric objects that can contract along a specific direction in response to stimuli, such as temperature or light. In this paper, the fabrication of free-standing LCN microstructures is demonstrated as graphical units of a smart tag for simple physical and optical encryption. Using an array of identical pixels, information can be hidden to the observer and revealed only upon application of a specific stimulus. The reading mechanism is based on the shape-change of each pixel under stimuli and their color that combine together in a two-level encryption label. Once the stimulus is removed, the pixels recover their original shape and the message remains completely hidden. Therefore, an opto-mechanical equivalent of an "invisible ink" is realized. This new concept paves the way for introducing enhanced functionalities in smart micro-systems within a single lithography step, spanning from storage devices with physical encryption to complex motion actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Donato
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Sara Nocentini
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Daniele Martella
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Srikanth Kolagatla
- School of Chemistry & AMBER, The SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Diederik S Wiersma
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Camilla Parmeggiani
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Colm Delaney
- School of Chemistry & AMBER, The SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Larisa Florea
- School of Chemistry & AMBER, The SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
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12
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Jia Y, Qian J, Hao S, Zhang S, Wei F, Zheng H, Li Y, Song J, Zhao Z. New Prospects Arising from Dynamically Crosslinked Polymers: Reprogramming Their Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313164. [PMID: 38577834 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Dynamically crosslinked polymers (DCPs) have gained significant attention owing to their applications in fabricating (re)processable, recyclable, and self-healable thermosets, which hold great promise in addressing ecological issues, such as plastic pollution and resource scarcity. However, the current research predominantly focuses on redefining and/or manipulating their geometries while replicating their bulk properties. Given the inherent design flexibility of dynamic covalent networks, DCPs also exhibit a remarkable potential for various novel applications through postsynthesis reprogramming their properties. In this review, the recent advancements in strategies that enable DCPs to transform their bulk properties after synthesis are presented. The underlying mechanisms and associated material properties are overviewed mainly through three distinct strategies, namely latent catalysts, material-growth, and topology isomerizable networks. Furthermore, the mutual relationship and impact of these strategies when integrated within one material system are also discussed. Finally, the application prospects and relevant issues necessitating further investigation, along with the potential solutions are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Senyuan Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Fengchun Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hongjuan Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yilong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Ave., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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13
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Yao DR, Kim I, Yin S, Gao W. Multimodal Soft Robotic Actuation and Locomotion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308829. [PMID: 38305065 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Diverse and adaptable modes of complex motion observed at different scales in living creatures are challenging to reproduce in robotic systems. Achieving dexterous movement in conventional robots can be difficult due to the many limitations of applying rigid materials. Robots based on soft materials are inherently deformable, compliant, adaptable, and adjustable, making soft robotics conducive to creating machines with complicated actuation and motion gaits. This review examines the mechanisms and modalities of actuation deformation in materials that respond to various stimuli. Then, strategies based on composite materials are considered to build toward actuators that combine multiple actuation modes for sophisticated movements. Examples across literature illustrate the development of soft actuators as free-moving, entirely soft-bodied robots with multiple locomotion gaits via careful manipulation of external stimuli. The review further highlights how the application of soft functional materials into robots with rigid components further enhances their locomotive abilities. Finally, taking advantage of the shape-morphing properties of soft materials, reconfigurable soft robots have shown the capacity for adaptive gaits that enable transition across environments with different locomotive modes for optimal efficiency. Overall, soft materials enable varied multimodal motion in actuators and robots, positioning soft robotics to make real-world applications for intricate and challenging tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson R Yao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Inho Kim
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Shukun Yin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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14
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Gao Y, Wang X, Chen Y. Light-driven soft microrobots based on hydrogels and LCEs: development and prospects. RSC Adv 2024; 14:14278-14288. [PMID: 38694551 PMCID: PMC11062240 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00495g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In the daily life of mankind, microrobots can respond to stimulations received and perform different functions, which can be used to complete repetitive or dangerous tasks. Magnetic driving works well in robots that are tens or hundreds of microns in size, but there are big challenges in driving microrobots that are just a few microns in size. Therefore, it is impossible to guarantee the precise drive of microrobots to perform tasks. Acoustic driven micro-nano robot can achieve non-invasive and on-demand movement, and the drive has good biological compatibility, but the drive mode has low resolution and requires expensive experimental equipment. Light-driven robots move by converting light energy into other forms of energy. Light is a renewable, powerful energy source that can be used to transmit energy. Due to the gradual maturity of beam modulation and optical microscope technology, the application of light-driven microrobots has gradually become widespread. Light as a kind of electromagnetic wave, we can change the energy of light by controlling the wavelength and intensity of light. Therefore, the light-driven robot has the advantages of programmable, wireless, high resolution and accurate spatio-temporal control. According to the types of robots, light-driven robots are subdivided into three categories, namely light-driven soft microrobots, photochemical microrobots and 3D printed hard polymer microrobots. In this paper, the driving materials, driving mechanisms and application scenarios of light-driven soft microrobots are reviewed, and their advantages and limitations are discussed. Finally, we prospected the field, pointed out the challenges faced by light-driven soft micro robots and proposed corresponding solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Gao
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China
| | - Yibao Chen
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China
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15
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Cheng G, Sui C, Hao W, Li J, Zhao Y, Miao L, Zhao G, Li J, Sang Y, Zhao C, Wen L, He X, Wang C. Ultra-Strong Janus Covalent Organic Framework Membrane with Smart Response to Organic Vapor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401635. [PMID: 38607950 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Vapor-driven smart Janus materials have made significant advancements in intelligent monitoring, control, and interaction, etc. Nevertheless, the development of ultrafast response single-layer Janus membrane, along with a deep exploration of the smart response mechanisms, remains a long-term endeavor. Here, the successful synthesis of a high-crystallinity single-layer Covalent organic framework (COF) Janus membrane is reported by morphology control. This kind of membrane displays superior mechanical properties and specific surface area, along with excellent responsiveness to CH2Cl2 vapor. The analysis of the underlying mechanisms reveals that the vapor-induced breathing effect of the COF and the stress mismatch of the Janus structure play a crucial role in its smart deformation performance. It is believed that this COF Janus membrane holds promise for complex tasks in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Chao Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Weizhe Hao
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yushun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Linlin Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Guoxin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Junjiao Li
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yuna Sang
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Lei Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
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16
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Mandal A, Chatterjee K. 4D printing for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2985-3005. [PMID: 38436200 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00006d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
While three-dimensional (3D) printing excels at fabricating static constructs, it fails to emulate the dynamic behavior of native tissues or the temporal programmability desired for medical devices. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an advanced additive manufacturing technology capable of fabricating constructs that can undergo pre-programmed changes in shape, property, or functionality when exposed to specific stimuli. In this Perspective, we summarize the advances in materials chemistry, 3D printing strategies, and post-printing methodologies that collectively facilitate the realization of temporal dynamics within 4D-printed soft materials (hydrogels, shape-memory polymers, liquid crystalline elastomers), ceramics, and metals. We also discuss and present insights about the diverse biomedical applications of 4D printing, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, drug delivery, in vitro models, and medical devices. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and emphasize the importance of an application-driven design approach to enable the clinical translation and widespread adoption of 4D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkodip Mandal
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India.
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17
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Saberi Riseh R, Hassanisaadi M, Vatankhah M, Varma RS, Thakur VK. Nano/Micro-Structural Supramolecular Biopolymers: Innovative Networks with the Boundless Potential in Sustainable Agriculture. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:147. [PMID: 38457088 PMCID: PMC10923760 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture plays a crucial role in meeting the growing global demand for food while minimizing adverse environmental impacts from the overuse of synthetic pesticides and conventional fertilizers. In this context, renewable biopolymers being more sustainable offer a viable solution to improve agricultural sustainability and production. Nano/micro-structural supramolecular biopolymers are among these innovative biopolymers that are much sought after for their unique features. These biomaterials have complex hierarchical structures, great stability, adjustable mechanical strength, stimuli-responsiveness, and self-healing attributes. Functional molecules may be added to their flexible structure, for enabling novel agricultural uses. This overview scrutinizes how nano/micro-structural supramolecular biopolymers may radically alter farming practices and solve lingering problems in agricultural sector namely improve agricultural production, soil health, and resource efficiency. Controlled bioactive ingredient released from biopolymers allows the tailored administration of agrochemicals, bioactive agents, and biostimulators as they enhance nutrient absorption, moisture retention, and root growth. Nano/micro-structural supramolecular biopolymers may protect crops by appending antimicrobials and biosensing entities while their eco-friendliness supports sustainable agriculture. Despite their potential, further studies are warranted to understand and optimize their usage in agricultural domain. This effort seeks to bridge the knowledge gap by investigating their applications, challenges, and future prospects in the agricultural sector. Through experimental investigations and theoretical modeling, this overview aims to provide valuable insights into the practical implementation and optimization of supramolecular biopolymers in sustainable agriculture, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative and eco-friendly solutions to enhance agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Imam Khomeini Square, Rafsanjan, 7718897111, Iran.
| | - Mohadeseh Hassanisaadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Imam Khomeini Square, Rafsanjan, 7718897111, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Vatankhah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Imam Khomeini Square, Rafsanjan, 7718897111, Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural Collage (SRUC), Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.
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18
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Feng X, Wang L, Xue Z, Xie C, Han J, Pei Y, Zhang Z, Guo W, Lu B. Melt electrowriting enabled 3D liquid crystal elastomer structures for cross-scale actuators and temperature field sensors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk3854. [PMID: 38446880 PMCID: PMC10917348 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have garnered attention for their remarkable reversible strains under various stimuli. Early studies on LCEs mainly focused on basic dimensional changes in macrostructures or quasi-three-dimensional (3D) microstructures. However, fabricating complex 3D microstructures and cross-scale LCE-based structures has remained challenging. In this study, we report a compatible method named melt electrowriting (MEW) to fabricate LCE-based microfiber actuators and various 3D actuators on the micrometer to centimeter scales. By controlling printing parameters, these actuators were fabricated with high resolutions (4.5 to 60 μm), actuation strains (10 to 55%), and a maximum work density of 160 J/kg. In addition, through the integration of a deep learning-based model, we demonstrated the application of LCE materials in temperature field sensing. Large-scale, real-time, LCE grid-based spatial temperature field sensors have been designed, exhibiting a low response time of less than 42 ms and a high precision of 94.79%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Feng
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Li Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- National Innovation Institute of Additive Manufacturing, No. 997, Shanglinyuan 8th Road, Gaoxin District, Xi’an 710300, China
| | - Zhengjie Xue
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Chao Xie
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Jie Han
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yuechen Pei
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Zhaofa Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Wenhua Guo
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- National Innovation Institute of Additive Manufacturing, No. 997, Shanglinyuan 8th Road, Gaoxin District, Xi’an 710300, China
| | - Bingheng Lu
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- National Innovation Institute of Additive Manufacturing, No. 997, Shanglinyuan 8th Road, Gaoxin District, Xi’an 710300, China
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19
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Liu G, Deng Y, Ni B, Nguyen GTM, Vancaeyzeele C, Brûlet A, Vidal F, Plesse C, Li MH. Electroactive Bi-Functional Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307565. [PMID: 37946670 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) with promising applications in the field of actuators and soft robotics are reported. However, most of them are activated by external heating or light illumination. The examples of electroactive LCEs are still limited; moreover, they are monofunctional with one type of deformation (bending or contraction). Here, the study reports on trilayer electroactive LCE (eLCE) by intimate combination of LCE and ionic electroactive polymer device (i-EAD). This eLCE is bi-functional and can perform either bending or contractile deformations by the control of the low-voltage stimulation. By applying a voltage of ±2 V at 0.1 Hz, the redox behavior and associated ionic motion provide a bending strain difference of 0.80%. Besides, by applying a voltage of ±6 V at 10 Hz, the ionic current-induced Joule heating triggers the muscle-like linear contraction with 20% strain for eLCE without load. With load, eLCE can lift a weight of 270 times of eLCE-actuator weight, while keeping 20% strain and affording 5.38 kJ·m-3 work capacity. This approach of combining two smart polymer technologies (LCE and i-EAD) in a single device is promising for the development of smart materials with multiple degrees of freedom in soft robotics, electronic devices, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyu Liu
- Chimie ParisTech, Université Paris Sciences & Lettres, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Yakui Deng
- Chimie ParisTech, Université Paris Sciences & Lettres, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Bin Ni
- Chimie ParisTech, Université Paris Sciences & Lettres, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Giao T M Nguyen
- CY Cergy Paris Université, Laboratoire de physicochimie des polymères et des interfaces (LPPI), 5 mail Gay Lussac, Cergy-Pontoise, Cedex, 95031, France
| | - Cédric Vancaeyzeele
- CY Cergy Paris Université, Laboratoire de physicochimie des polymères et des interfaces (LPPI), 5 mail Gay Lussac, Cergy-Pontoise, Cedex, 95031, France
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, 3 rue Joliot Curie, Gif sur Yvette, Cedex, 91191, France
| | - Frédéric Vidal
- CY Cergy Paris Université, Laboratoire de physicochimie des polymères et des interfaces (LPPI), 5 mail Gay Lussac, Cergy-Pontoise, Cedex, 95031, France
| | - Cédric Plesse
- CY Cergy Paris Université, Laboratoire de physicochimie des polymères et des interfaces (LPPI), 5 mail Gay Lussac, Cergy-Pontoise, Cedex, 95031, France
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Chimie ParisTech, Université Paris Sciences & Lettres, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR8247, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
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20
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Leanza S, Wu S, Sun X, Qi HJ, Zhao RR. Active Materials for Functional Origami. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2302066. [PMID: 37120795 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, origami has been explored to aid in the design of engineering structures. These structures span multiple scales and have been demonstrated to be used toward various areas such as aerospace, metamaterial, biomedical, robotics, and architectural applications. Conventionally, origami or deployable structures have been actuated by hands, motors, or pneumatic actuators, which can result in heavy or bulky structures. On the other hand, active materials, which reconfigure in response to external stimulus, eliminate the need for external mechanical loads and bulky actuation systems. Thus, in recent years, active materials incorporated with deployable structures have shown promise for remote actuation of light weight, programmable origami. In this review, active materials such as shape memory polymers (SMPs) and alloys (SMAs), hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), magnetic soft materials (MSMs), and covalent adaptable network (CAN) polymers, their actuation mechanisms, as well as how they have been utilized for active origami and where these structures are applicable is discussed. Additionally, the state-of-the-art fabrication methods to construct active origami are highlighted. The existing structural modeling strategies for origami, the constitutive models used to describe active materials, and the largest challenges and future directions for active origami research are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leanza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaohao Sun
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - H Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ruike Renee Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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21
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Park J, Lee Y, Cho S, Choe A, Yeom J, Ro YG, Kim J, Kang DH, Lee S, Ko H. Soft Sensors and Actuators for Wearable Human-Machine Interfaces. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1464-1534. [PMID: 38314694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Haptic human-machine interfaces (HHMIs) combine tactile sensation and haptic feedback to allow humans to interact closely with machines and robots, providing immersive experiences and convenient lifestyles. Significant progress has been made in developing wearable sensors that accurately detect physical and electrophysiological stimuli with improved softness, functionality, reliability, and selectivity. In addition, soft actuating systems have been developed to provide high-quality haptic feedback by precisely controlling force, displacement, frequency, and spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss the latest technological advances of soft sensors and actuators for the demonstration of wearable HHMIs. We particularly focus on highlighting material and structural approaches that enable desired sensing and feedback properties necessary for effective wearable HHMIs. Furthermore, promising practical applications of current HHMI technology in various areas such as the metaverse, robotics, and user-interactive devices are discussed in detail. Finally, this Review further concludes by discussing the outlook for next-generation HHMI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Choe
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Yeom
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
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22
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Guo K, Yang X, Zhou C, Li C. Self-regulated reversal deformation and locomotion of structurally homogenous hydrogels subjected to constant light illumination. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1694. [PMID: 38402204 PMCID: PMC10894256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmentally adaptive hydrogels that are capable of reconfiguration in response to external stimuli have shown great potential toward bioinspired actuation and soft robotics. Previous efforts have focused mainly on either the sophisticated design of heterogeneously structured hydrogels or the complex manipulation of external stimuli, and achieving self-regulated reversal shape deformation in homogenous hydrogels under a constant stimulus has been challenging. Here, we report the molecular design of structurally homogenous hydrogels containing simultaneously two spiropyrans that exhibit self-regulated transient deformation reversal when subjected to constant illumination. The deformation reversal mechanism originates from the molecular sequential descending-ascending charge variation of two coexisting spiropyrans upon irradiation, resulting in a macroscale volumetric contraction-expansion of the hydrogels. Hydrogel film actuators were developed to display complex temporary bidirectional shape transformations and self-regulated reversal rolling under constant illumination. Our work represents an innovative strategy for programming complex shape transformations of homogeneous hydrogels using a single constant stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xuehan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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23
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Ma S, Zhou Y, Wang L, Zhang H. Multifunctional UV-NIR Dual Light-Responsive Soft Actuators from a Main-Chain Azobenzene Semi-Crystalline Poly(ester-amide) Doped with Polydopamine Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303306. [PMID: 37965800 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of soft photoactuators with multifunctionality and improved performance is highly important for their broad applications. Herein, we report on a facile and efficient strategy for fabricating such photoactuators with UV-NIR dual light-responsivity, room-temperature 3D shape reprogrammability and reprocessability, and photothermal healability by doping polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles into a main-chain azobenzene semi-crystalline poly(ester-amide) (PEA). The PEA/PDA nanoparticle composite was readily processed into free-standing films with enhanced mechanical and photomechanical properties compared with the blank PEA films. Its physically crosslinked uniaxially oriented films showed rapid and highly reversible photochemically induced bending/unbending under the UV/visible light irradiation at room temperature in both the air atmosphere and water. When exposed to the NIR light, they (and their bilayer films formed with a polyimide film) exhibited photothermally induced bending even at a temperature much lower than their crystalline-to-isotropic phase transition temperature based on a unique mechanism (involving photothermally induced polymer chain relaxation due to the disruption of their hydrogen bonds). The room-temperature 3D shape reprogrammability and reprocessability and photothermal healability of the composite polymer films were also demonstrated. Such multifunctional dual light-responsive photoactuators with well-balanced mechanical robustness, actuation stability, 3D shape reprogrammability/reprocessability and photothermal healability hold much promise in various photoactuating applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Huiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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24
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Zhang C, Fei G, Lu X, Xia H, Zhao Y. Liquid Crystal Elastomer Artificial Tendrils with Asymmetric Core-Sheath Structure Showing Evolutionary Biomimetic Locomotion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307210. [PMID: 37805917 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The sophisticated and complex haptonastic movements in response to environmental-stimuli of living organisms have always fascinated scientists. However, how to fundamentally mimic the sophisticated hierarchical architectures of living organisms to provide the artificial counterparts with similar or even beyond-natural functions based on the underlying mechanism remains a major scientific challenge. Here, liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) artificial tendrils showing evolutionary biomimetic locomotion are developed following the structure-function principle that is used in nature to grow climbing plants. These elaborately designed tendril-like LCE actuators possess an asymmetric core-sheath architecture which shows a higher-to-lower transition in the degree of LC orientation from the sheath-to-core layer across the semi-ellipse cross-section. Upon heating and cooling, the LCE artificial tendril can undergo reversible tendril-like shape-morphing behaviors, such as helical coiling/winding, and perversion. The fundamental mechanism of the helical shape-morphing of the artificial tendril is revealed by using theoretical models and finite element simulations. Besides, the incorporation of metal-ligand coordination into the LCE network provides the artificial tendril with reconfigurable shape-morphing performances such as helical transitions and rotational deformations. Finally, the abilities of helical and rotational deformations are integrated into a new reprogrammed flagellum-like architecture to perform evolutionary locomotion mimicking the haptonastic movements of the natural flagellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Guoxia Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département de chimie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
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25
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Becerra D, Xu Y, Wang X, Hall LM. Impact of Molecular-level Structural Disruption on Relaxation Dynamics of Polymers with End-on and Side-on Liquid Crystal Moieties. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24790-24801. [PMID: 38047918 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
In side-chain liquid crystal polymers (SCLCPs), short side chains are attached on a flexible polymer backbone, and each side chain can have a liquid crystal (LC) group attached at the final bead in either an end-on or a side-on configuration. SCLCPs with random sequences of end-on and side-on LC moieties exhibit nonmonotonic thermal behavior as a function of composition, with some mixed sequences having a lower isotropic to LC phase transition than either purely end-on or side-on configurations. The origin of this nonmonotonic thermal trend lies in the disruption of molecular-level positional ordering and alignment due to the different preferred types of ordering of the different LC attachment types. We compare coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experiments on SCLCP systems with only one type of LC moiety and demonstrate qualitative agreement in the observed mesophases of end-on and side-on SCLCP systems. Specifically, end-on SCLCPs display a smectic B-like mesophase, with layers of polymer between LC layers, while side-on SCLCPs exhibit a quasi-hexagonal columnar structure of polymer and a nematic surrounding the LC mesophase. Detailed analysis of SCLCP systems with various compositions of these types of LC attachments via MD reveals structural disruption in systems with intermediate compositions. Simulation snapshots and anisotropy ratio measurements show how random SCLCP systems deviate from the expected behavior of prolate or oblate systems in terms of their conformation. This molecular disruption in random SCLCP systems, particularly with a high composition of side-on LC moieties, also significantly impacts the relaxation dynamics. Modifying the composition of the LC type of attachment (molecular structure) is a possible route to tuning both the phase behavior and mechanical response of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Becerra
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yang Xu
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lisa M Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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26
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Li S, Aizenberg M, Lerch MM, Aizenberg J. Programming Deformations of 3D Microstructures: Opportunities Enabled by Magnetic Alignment of Liquid Crystalline Elastomers. ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2023; 4:1008-1019. [PMID: 38148997 PMCID: PMC10749463 DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.3c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic structures that undergo controlled movement are crucial building blocks for developing new technologies applicable to robotics, healthcare, and sustainable self-regulated materials. Yet, programming motion is nontrivial, and particularly at the microscale it remains a fundamental challenge. At the macroscale, movement can be controlled by conventional electric, pneumatic, or combustion-based machinery. At the nanoscale, chemistry has taken strides in enabling molecularly fueled movement. Yet in between, at the microscale, top-down fabrication becomes cumbersome and expensive, while bottom-up chemical self-assembly and amplified molecular motion does not reach the necessary sophistication. Hence, new approaches that converge top-down and bottom-up methods and enable motional complexity at the microscale are urgently needed. Synthetic anisotropic materials (e.g., liquid crystalline elastomers, LCEs) with encoded molecular anisotropy that are shaped into arbitrary geometries by top-down fabrication promise new opportunities to implement controlled actuation at the microscale. In such materials, motional complexity is directly linked to the built-in molecular anisotropy that can be "activated" by external stimuli. So far, encoding the desired patterns of molecular directionality has relied mostly on either mechanical or surface alignment techniques, which do not allow the decoupling of molecular and geometric features, severely restricting achievable material shapes and thus limiting attainable actuation patterns, unless complex multimaterial constructs are fabricated. Electromagnetic fields have recently emerged as possible alternatives to provide 3D control over local anisotropy, independent of the geometry of a given 3D object. The combination of magnetic alignment and soft lithography, in particular, provides a powerful platform for the rapid, practical, and facile production of microscale soft actuators with field-defined local anisotropy. Recent work has established the feasibility of this approach with low magnetic field strengths (in the lower mT range) and comparably simple setups used for the fabrication of the microactuators, in which magnetic fields can be engineered through arrangement of permanent magnets. This workflow gives access to microstructures with unusual spatial patterning of molecular alignment and has enabled a multitude of nontrivial deformation types that would not be possible to program by any other means at the micron scale. A range of "activating" stimuli can be used to put these structures in motion, and the type of the trigger plays a key role too: directional and dynamic stimuli (such as light) make it possible to activate the patterned anisotropic material locally and transiently, which enables one to achieve and further program motional complexity and communication in microactuators. In this Account, we will discuss recent advances in magnetic alignment of molecular anisotropy and its use in soft lithography and related fabrication approaches to create LCE microactuators. We will examine how design choices-from the molecular to the fabrication and the operational levels-control and define the achievable LCE deformations. We then address the role of stimuli in realizing the motional complexity and how one can engineer feedback within and communication between microactuator arrays fabricated by soft lithography. Overall, we outline emerging strategies that make possible a completely new approach to designing for desired sets of motions of active, microscale objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucong Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Aizenberg
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael M. Lerch
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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27
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Fallah-Darrehchi M, Zahedi P. Improvement of Intracellular Interactions through Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Scaffolds by the Alteration of Topology. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:46878-46891. [PMID: 38107894 PMCID: PMC10720303 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of inherently bioactive scaffolds has become a challenging issue owing to their complicated synthesis and nonrobust modified cell-actuating property. Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs), due to their combined specialties of liquid crystals and elastomers as well as their ability to respond to various kinds of stimuli, have reversibly led to the design of a new class of stimuli-responsive tissue-engineered scaffolds. In this line, in the first stage of this research work, synthesis and evaluation of acrylate-based LCE films (LCEfilm) encompassing mesogenic monomers are carried out. In the second step, the design of an affordable electrospinning technique for preparing LCE nanofibers (LCEfiber) as a problematic topic, thanks to the low molecular weight of the mesogenic chains of LCEs, is investigated. For this purpose, two approaches are considered, including (1) photo-cross-linking of electrospun LCEfiber and (2) blending LCE with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) to produce morphologically stable nanofibers (PCL-LCEfiber). In the following, thermal, mechanical, and morphological evaluations show the optimized crosslinker (mol)/aliphatic spacer (mol) molar ratio of 50:50 for LCEfilm samples. On the other hand, for LCEfiber samples, the appropriate amounts of excessive mesogenic monomer and PCL/LCE (v/v) to fabricate the uniform nanofibers are determined to be 20% and 1:2, respectively. Eventually, PC12 cell compatibility and the impact of the liquid crystalline phase on the PC12 cell dynamic behavior of the samples are examined. The obtained results reveal that PC12 cells cultured on electrospun PCL-LCEfiber nanofibers with an average diameter of ∼659 nm per sample are alive and the scaffold has susceptibility for cell proliferation and actuation because of the rapid increase in cell density and number of singularity points formed in time-lapse cell imaging. Moreover, the PCL-LCEfiber nanofibrous scaffold exhibits a high performance for cell differentiation according to detailed biological evaluations such as gene expression level measurements. The time-lapse evaluation of PC12 cell flow fields confirms the significant influence of the reprogrammable liquid crystalline phase in the PCL-LCEfiber nanofibrous scaffold on topographical cue induction compared to the biodegradable PCL nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Fallah-Darrehchi
- Nano-Biopolymers Research
Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417613131, Iran
| | - Payam Zahedi
- Nano-Biopolymers Research
Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417613131, Iran
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Antezana PE, Municoy S, Ostapchuk G, Catalano PN, Hardy JG, Evelson PA, Orive G, Desimone MF. 4D Printing: The Development of Responsive Materials Using 3D-Printing Technology. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2743. [PMID: 38140084 PMCID: PMC10747900 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, widely known as 3D printing, has revolutionized the production of biomaterials. While conventional 3D-printed structures are perceived as static, 4D printing introduces the ability to fabricate materials capable of self-transforming their configuration or function over time in response to external stimuli such as temperature, light, or electric field. This transformative technology has garnered significant attention in the field of biomedical engineering due to its potential to address limitations associated with traditional therapies. Here, we delve into an in-depth review of 4D-printing systems, exploring their diverse biomedical applications and meticulously evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. We emphasize the novelty of this review paper by highlighting the latest advancements and emerging trends in 4D-printing technology, particularly in the context of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Edmundo Antezana
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (P.E.A.); (S.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Sofia Municoy
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (P.E.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Gabriel Ostapchuk
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina; (G.O.); (P.N.C.)
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Gerencia de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Proyectos Especiales, Gerencia de Área de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina
| | - Paolo Nicolás Catalano
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina; (G.O.); (P.N.C.)
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Gerencia de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Proyectos Especiales, Gerencia de Área de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires 8400, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, Junín 954, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - John G. Hardy
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK;
- Department of Chemistry, Faraday Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Pablo Andrés Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Martin Federico Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Junín 956, Piso 3, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (P.E.A.); (S.M.)
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29
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Jin B, Zhu Z, Wong TW, Chen G. Network Topology Optimization for Alignment Programming of a Dynamic Liquid Crystalline Organo-Gel. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1486-1490. [PMID: 37874195 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) exhibit muscle-like actuation upon an external stimulus. To control this, various alignment programming strategies have been developed over the past decades. Among them, force-directed solvent evaporation, namely, that the alignment depends on the applied external force during solvent evaporation, is appreciated for its universality in material design and versatility in attainable actuations. Here, we investigate the influence of network topology on the alignment programming of a liquid crystalline (LC) organo-gel via varying feeding ratios of the monomers. As a result, distinct self-supporting actuations can be repeatedly introduced into a topology-optimized LC organo-gel. Beyond this, the bond exchange reaction of the embedded ester groups can be activated upon heating, which enables alignment manipulation based on dynamic network reconfiguration after drying. The availability of inviting two distinct programming strategies into one LCE network allows us to regulate the LCE alignment at both the gel and dried states, offering ample room to diversify actuation manners. Our design principle shall be adopted by other dynamic LCE systems owing to its maneuverability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tuck-Whye Wong
- Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Guancong Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
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30
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Chen G, Feng H, Zhou X, Gao F, Zhou K, Huang Y, Jin B, Xie T, Zhao Q. Programming actuation onset of a liquid crystalline elastomer via isomerization of network topology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6822. [PMID: 37884494 PMCID: PMC10603074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuning actuation temperatures of liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) achieves control of their actuation onsets, which is generally accomplished in the synthesis step and cannot be altered afterward. Multiple actuation onsets in one LCE can be encoded if the post-synthesis regulation of actuation temperature can be spatiotemporally achieved. This would allow realizing a logical time-evolution of actuation, desired for future soft robots. Nevertheless, this task is challenging given the additional need to ensure mesogen alignment required for actuation. We achieved this goal with a topology isomerizable network (TIN) of LCE containing aromatic and aliphatic esters in the mesogenic and amorphous phases, respectively. These two ester bonds can be distinctly activated for transesterification. The homolytic bond exchange between aliphatic esters allows mechanically induced mesogen alignment without affecting the mesogenic phase. Most importantly, the heterolytic exchange between aromatic and aliphatic esters changes the actuation temperature under different conditions. Spatial control of the two mechanisms via a photo-latent catalyst unleashes the freedom in regulating actuation temperature distribution, yielding unusual controllability in actuation geometries and logical sequence. Our principle is generally applicable to common LCEs containing both aromatic and aliphatic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guancong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youju Huang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
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31
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Wei C, Cao S, Zhou Y, Lin D, Jin L. Rate-dependent stress-order coupling in main-chain liquid crystal elastomers. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7923-7936. [PMID: 37812029 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00770g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) exhibit significant viscoelasticity. Although the rate-dependent stress-strain relation of LCEs has already been widely observed, the effect of the intricate interplay of director rotation and network extension on the viscoelastic behavior of main-chain LCEs remains inadequately understood. In this study, we report real-time measurements of the stress, director rotation, and all strain components in main-chain nematic LCEs subjected to uniaxial tension both parallel and tilted to the initial directors at different loading rates and relaxation tests. We find that both network extension and director rotation play roles in viscoelasticity, and the characteristic relaxation time of the network extension is much larger than that of the director rotation. Interestingly, the gradual change of the director in a long-time relaxation indicates the director reorientation delay is not solely due to the viscous rotation of liquid crystals but also arises from its coupling with the highly viscous network. Additionally, significant rate-dependent shear strain occurs in LCEs under uniaxial tension, showing non-monotonic changes when the angle between the stretching and the initial director is large enough. Finally, a viscoelastic constitutive model, only considering the viscosity of the network by introducing multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, is utilized to manifest the relation between rate-dependent macroscopic deformation and microscopic director rotation in LCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wei
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Scott Cao
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Yu Zhou
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Dehao Lin
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Engineering Department, El Camino College, Torrance, CA 90506, USA
| | - Lihua Jin
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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32
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Qiu W, He X, Fang Z, Wang Y, Dong K, Zhang G, Xu X, Ge Q, Xiong Y. Shape-Tunable 4D Printing of LCEs via Cooling Rate Modulation: Stimulus-Free Locking of Actuated State at Room Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47509-47519. [PMID: 37769329 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have garnered considerable attention in the field of four-dimensional (4D) printing due to their large, reversible, and anisotropic shape-morphing capabilities. By utilizing direct ink writing, intricate LCE structures with programmable shape morphing can be achieved. However, the maintenance of the actuated state for LCEs requires continuous and substantial external stimuli, presenting challenges for practical applications, particularly under ambient conditions. This study reports a straightforward and effective physical approach to lock the actuated state of LCEs through rapid cooling while preserving their reversible performance. Rapid cooling significantly reduces the mobility of the lightly cross-linked network in LCEs, resulting in a notably slow recovery of mesogen alignment. As a result, the locked LCE structures retain their actuated state even at room temperature. Moreover, we demonstrate the ability to achieve tunable shapes between the original and actuated states by modulating the cooling rate, i.e., varying the temperature and type of cooling medium. The proposed method opens up new possibilities to achieve stable and tunable shape locking of soft devices for engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanglin Qiu
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiangnan He
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zeming Fang
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ke Dong
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Guoquan Zhang
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xuguang Xu
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qi Ge
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xiong
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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Lee YJ, Abdelrahman MK, Kalairaj MS, Ware TH. Self-Assembled Microactuators Using Chiral Liquid Crystal Elastomers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302774. [PMID: 37291979 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Materials that undergo reversible changes in form typically require top-down processing to program the microstructure of the material. As a result, it is difficult to program microscale, 3D shape-morphing materials that undergo non-uniaxial deformations. Here, a simple bottom-up fabrication approach to prepare bending microactuators is described. Spontaneous self-assembly of liquid crystal (LC) monomers with controlled chirality within 3D micromold results in a change in molecular orientation across thickness of the microstructure. As a result, heating induces bending in these microactuators. The concentration of chiral dopant is varied to adjust the chirality of the monomer mixture. Liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) microactuators doped with 0.05 wt% of chiral dopant produce needle-shaped actuators that bend from flat to an angle of 27.2 ± 11.3° at 180 °C. Higher concentrations of chiral dopant lead to actuators with reduced bending, and lower concentrations of chiral dopant lead to actuators with poorly controlled bending. Asymmetric molecular alignment inside 3D structure is confirmed by sectioning actuators. Arrays of microactuators that all bend in the same direction can be fabricated if symmetry of geometry of the microstructure is broken. It is envisioned that the new platform to synthesize microstructures can further be applied in soft robotics and biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mustafa K Abdelrahman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Taylor H Ware
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Wu Y, Pei D, Wei F, Liu P, Li M, Li T, Li C. Tough and Photo-Plastic Liquid Crystal Elastomer with a 2-Fold Dynamic Linker for Artificial Muscles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44205-44211. [PMID: 37672356 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have been optimized by combining cross-linkers and dynamic bonds to achieve a reversible actuation behavior comparable to living skeletal muscles. In this study, one unique type of segment with 2-fold dynamic properties was introduced into LCEs, which offered not only dynamic diselenide covalent bonds for thermo-/photoplasticity but also H-bond arrays for dynamic cross-linking and mechanical robustness. Besides self-healing, self-welding, and recyclability, the LCEs were reprogrammable with elevated temperature or intensive visible light irradiation. The resultant LCEs gave an actuation blocking stress of 1.96 MPa and an elastic modulus of 14.4 MPa at 80 °C. The actuation work capacity reached 135.2 kJ m-3. When incorporating the Joule electrode or photothermal materials, the LCEs could be programmed as the electricity-driven and photothermal artificial muscles and thereby promised the application both as a biomimetic artificial hand and as an energy collector from sunlight. Thus, the 2-fold dynamic LCEs offered the pathway of enabling the reversible actuation behavior comparable to living skeletal muscles and promising applications in sustainable actuators, artificial muscles, and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Wu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Pei
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wei
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Tingxi Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxu Li
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, CAS & Shandong Energy Institute, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
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35
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Xu X, Cheng J, Zhao H, He W, Zhang L, Cheng Z. Second-Generation Soft Actuators Driven by NIR Light Based on Croconaine Dye-Doped Vitrimers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41916-41926. [PMID: 37610709 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Soft actuators with photo-response can be selectively driven by the light source, but it is challenging to achieve a selective response of multiple components under a uniform light field, which is actually of great importance for the development of soft robots. In this work, a series of near-infrared light (NIR)-responsive vitrimers (CR-vitrimers) are synthesized by carboxylate transesterification using carboxyl-bearing croconaine dye (CR-800) as a photothermal agent (PTA). NIR-responsive liquid crystalline elastomers (CR-vitrimer-LCEs) under NIR laser (λmax = 808 nm) without the template can be further prepared. More importantly, the dynamic covalent bonding properties of vitrimer allow for the fabrication of a hand-shaped actuator by hot pressing, consisting of "fingers" with different NIR-response threshold values. After programming as needed, the hand-shaped actuator successfully achieves local and sequential control under a uniform NIR light field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiannan Cheng
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weiwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RADX), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhenping Cheng
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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36
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Leighton MP, Kreplak L, Rutenberg AD. Torsion and bistability of double-twist elastomers. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6376-6386. [PMID: 37577969 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00554b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the elastic properties of anisotropic elastomers with a double-twist director field, which is a model for collagen fibrils or blue phases. We observe a significant Poynting-like effect, coupling torsion (fibril twist) and extension. For freely-rotating boundary conditions, we identify a structural bistability at very small extensional strains which undergoes a saddle-node bifurcation at a critical strain - at approximately 1% strain for a parameterization appropriate for collagen fibrils. With clamped boundary conditions appropriate for many experimental setups, the bifurcation is not present. We expect significant helical shape effects when fixed torsion does not equal the equilibrium torsion of freely-rotating boundary conditions, due to residual torques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Leighton
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Laurent Kreplak
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Andrew D Rutenberg
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Zhou Y, Ye M, Hu C, Qian H, Nelson BJ, Wang X. Stimuli-Responsive Functional Micro-/Nanorobots: A Review. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15254-15276. [PMID: 37534824 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive functional micro-/nanorobots (srFM/Ns) are a class of intelligent, efficient, and promising microrobots that can react to external stimuli (such as temperature, light, ultrasound, pH, ion, and magnetic field) and perform designated tasks. Through adaptive transformation into the corresponding functional forms, they can perfectly match the demands depending on different applications, which manifest extremely important roles in targeted therapy, biological detection, tissue engineering, and other fields. Promising as srFM/Ns can be, few reviews have focused on them. It is therefore necessary to provide an overview of the current development of these intelligent srFM/Ns to provide clear inspiration for further development of this field. Hence, this review summarizes the current advances of stimuli-responsive functional microrobots regarding their response mechanism, the achieved functions, and their applications to highlight the pros and cons of different stimuli. Finally, we emphasize the existing challenges of srFM/Ns and propose possible strategies to help accelerate the study of this field and promote srFM/Ns toward actual applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518129, China
| | - Min Ye
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518129, China
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huihuan Qian
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518129, China
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518129, China
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaopu Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518129, China
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38
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Liu A, Qi H, Chi D, Chen S. Construction of Conjugated 1,3-Enynes via Pd-Catalyzed Cascade Alkynylation of Aryl Phenol-Tethered Alkynes with Alkynyl Bromides. Org Lett 2023; 25:6087-6092. [PMID: 37552605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
An efficient Pd-catalyzed cascade alkynylation of aryl phenol-tethered alkynes with alkynyl bromides is described. This protocol could provide various conjugated 1,3-enynes possessing a polysubstituted spirocyclohexadienone, as well as an all-carbon tetrasubstituted alkene moiety. The products could also undergo ring-expansion and cyclization transformations under different conditions to convert to diverse fused cyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjia Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Dongmei Chi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Shufeng Chen
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
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Lan R, Shen W, Yao W, Chen J, Chen X, Yang H. Bioinspired humidity-responsive liquid crystalline materials: from adaptive soft actuators to visualized sensors and detectors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:2824-2844. [PMID: 37211901 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00392b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by nature, humidity-responsive materials and devices have attracted significant interest from scientists in multiple disciplines, ranging from chemistry, physics and materials science to biomimetics. Owing to their superiorities, including harmless stimulus and untethered control, humidity-driven materials have been widely investigated for application in soft robots, smart sensors and detectors, biomimetic devices and anticounterfeiting labels. Especially, humidity-responsive liquid crystalline materials are particularly appealing due to the combination of programmable and adaptive liquid crystal matrix and humidity-controllability, enabling the fabrication of advanced self-adaptive robots and visualized sensors. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in humidity-driven liquid crystalline materials. First, a brief introduction of liquid crystal materials, including liquid crystalline polymers, cholesteric liquid crystals, blue-phase liquid crystals and cholesteric cellulose nanocrystals is provided. Subsequently, the mechanisms of humidity-responsiveness are presented, followed by the diverse strategies for the fabrication of humidity-responsive liquid crystalline materials. The applications of humidity-driven devices will be presented ranging from soft actuators to visualized sensors and detectors. Finally, we provide an outlook on the development of humidity-driven liquid crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Lan
- Institute of Advanced Materials & Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Wenbo Shen
- Hangzhou WITLANCE Technology Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wenhuan Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials & Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials & Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Huai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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40
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Li K, Lou J, Hu S, Dai Y, Wang F, Yu Y. Vibration of a Liquid Crystal Elastomer Spring Oscillator under Periodic Electrothermal Drive. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2822. [PMID: 37447468 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The oscillations of electrically actuated thermally-responsive liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) microfibers under cyclic electric actuation have been discovered in recent experiments. Periodic electric actuation is a common method of active control with potential applications in the fields of micro-actuators. In this paper, the vibration behavior of LCE spring oscillator under periodic electrothermal drive is studied theoretically. Based on the dynamic LCE model, the dynamic governing equation of the LCE spring oscillator is established, and the time history curves of the vibration are obtained by numerical calculations. The results show that the periodic electrothermal drive can cause periodic vibration of the LCE spring oscillator. With the increase of time rate, the vibration amplitude increases first and then decreases. In a small damping system, there exist optimal sets of electrothermal drive period and electrothermal drive time rate to maximize the system amplitude. For the optimum periodic mode, the vibration amplitude of the spring oscillator is affected by the current heat, damping coefficient, gravital acceleration, spring constant and shrinkage coefficient, but not by the initial velocity. The application examples of LCE materials show that periodic electrothermally driven LCEs have promising applications. The results of this study are instructive for the design of soft robots and LCE-based electric locomotives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jiangfeng Lou
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shaofei Hu
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yuntong Dai
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232002, China
| | - Yong Yu
- College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
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41
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Zhang W, Tian H, Liu T, Liu H, Zhao F, Li X, Wang C, Chen X, Shao J. Chameleon-inspired active tunable structural color based on smart skin with multi-functions of structural color, sensing and actuation. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:2024-2034. [PMID: 36942615 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tunable structural color has many potential applications in artificial camouflage, mechanical sensors, etc. Despite the extensive efforts to develop efficient tunable structural color, there is still a wide gap between the existing "passive" tuning methods and the "active" strategy found on organisms such as chameleons that can change color according to the environment. Inspired by the active tunable color system of chameleons, we propose a smart skin comprising a nanoscale hole array of photonic crystals, carbon nanotube coatings, and liquid crystal elastomers, to integrate multiple functions, i.e., structural color tunability, sensing, and actuation, in one structure. The smart skin was further coupled with an image acquisition unit (which mimics eyes to obtain colors from the environment) and a controller (which mimics the brain to process the signals transmitted from the image acquisition unit to the smart skin), to construct an active tunable structural color system. The proposed system autonomously modulates the color according to the environmental color. To validate the color tuning, color scanning from red to green to blue or vice versa is demonstrated in this work, which could certainly open up new paths to create active tunable structural color systems, and thus, push the development of structural color-based devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitian Zhang
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Tianci Liu
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Haoran Liu
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Fabo Zhao
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Xiangming Li
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- Micro- and Nano-Technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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42
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Chen M, Gao M, Bai L, Zheng H, Qi HJ, Zhou K. Recent Advances in 4D Printing of Liquid Crystal Elastomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209566. [PMID: 36461147 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are renowned for their large, reversible, and anisotropic shape change in response to various external stimuli due to their lightly cross-linked polymer networks with an oriented mesogen direction, thus showing great potential for applications in robotics, bio-medics, electronics, optics, and energy. To fully take advantage of the anisotropic stimuli-responsive behaviors of LCEs, it is preferable to achieve a locally controlled mesogen alignment into monodomain orientations. In recent years, the application of 4D printing to LCEs opens new doors for simultaneously programming the mesogen alignment and the 3D geometry, offering more opportunities and higher feasibility for the fabrication of 4D-printed LCE objects with desirable stimuli-responsive properties. Here, the state-of-the-art advances in 4D printing of LCEs are reviewed, with emphasis on both the mechanisms and potential applications. First, the fundamental properties of LCEs and the working principles of the representative 4D printing techniques are briefly introduced. Then, the fabrication of LCEs by 4D printing techniques and the advantages over conventional manufacturing methods are demonstrated. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and potential development trends toward the 4D printing of LCEs are discussed, which may shed light on future research directions in this new field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Gao
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lichun Bai
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - H Jerry Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kun Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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43
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Ma S, Wang L, Zhou Y, Zhang H. Fully Room Temperature Reprogrammable, Recyclable, and Photomobile Soft Actuators from Physically Cross-Linked Main-Chain Azobenzene Liquid Crystalline Polymers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104174. [PMID: 37241914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fully room temperature three-dimensional (3D) shape-reprogrammable, recyclable, and photomobile azobenzene (azo) polymer actuators hold much promise in many photoactuating applications, but their development is challenging. Herein, we report on the efficient synthesis of a series of main-chain azo liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) with such performances via Michael addition polymerization. They have both ester groups and two kinds of hydrogen bond-forming groups (i.e., amide and secondary amino groups) and different flexible spacer length in the backbones. Such poly(ester-amide-secondary amine)s (PEAsAs) show low glass transition temperatures (Tg ≤ 18.4 °C), highly ordered smectic liquid crystalline phases, and reversible photoresponsivity. Their uniaxially oriented fibers fabricated via the melt spinning method exhibit good mechanical strength and photoinduced reversible bending/unbending and large stress at room temperature, which are largely influenced by the flexible spacer length of the polymers. Importantly, all these fibers can be easily reprogrammed under strain at 25 °C into stable fiber springs capable of showing a totally different photomobile mode (i.e., unwinding/winding), mainly owing to the presence of low Tg and both dynamic hydrogen bonding and stable crystalline domains (induced by the uniaxial drawing during the fiber formation). They can also be recycled from a solution at 25 °C. This work not only presents the first azo LCPs with 3D shape reprogrammability, recyclability, and photomobility at room temperature, but also provides some important knowledge of their structure-property relationship, which is useful for designing more advanced photodeformable azo polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Vinciguerra MR, Patel DK, Zu W, Tavakoli M, Majidi C, Yao L. Multimaterial Printing of Liquid Crystal Elastomers with Integrated Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24777-24787. [PMID: 37163362 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have grown in popularity in recent years as a stimuli-responsive material for soft actuators and shape reconfigurable structures. To make these material systems electrically responsive, they must be integrated with soft conductive materials that match the compliance and deformability of the LCE. This study introduces a design and manufacturing methodology for combining direct ink write (DIW) 3D printing of soft, stretchable conductive inks with DIW-based "4D printing" of LCE to create fully integrated, electrically responsive, shape programmable matter. The conductive ink is composed of a soft thermoplastic elastomer, a liquid metal alloy (eutectic gallium indium, EGaIn), and silver flakes, exhibiting both high stretchability and conductivity (order of 105 S m-1). Empirical tuning of the LCE printing parameters gives rise to a smooth surface (<10 μm) for patterning the conductive ink with controlled trace dimensions. This multimaterial printing method is used to create shape reconfigurable LCE devices with on-demand circuit patterning that could otherwise not be easily fabricated through traditional means, such as an LCE bending actuator able to blink a Morse code signal and an LCE crawler with an on/off photoresistor controller. In contrast to existing fabrication methodologies, the inclusion of the conductive ink allows for stable power delivery to surface mount devices and Joule heating traces in a highly dynamic LCE system. This digital fabrication approach can be leveraged to push LCE actuators closer to becoming functional devices, such as shape programmable antennas and actuators with integrated sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Vinciguerra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Dinesh K Patel
- Human Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Wuzhou Zu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mahmoud Tavakoli
- Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3090-290, Portugal
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Lining Yao
- Human Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Ussembayev YY, De Witte N, Liu X, Belmonte A, Bus T, Lubach S, Beunis F, Strubbe F, Schenning APHJ, Neyts K. Uni- and Bidirectional Rotation and Speed Control in Chiral Photonic Micromotors Powered by Light. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207095. [PMID: 36793159 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline polymers are attractive materials for untethered miniature soft robots. When they contain azo dyes, they acquire light-responsive actuation properties. However, the manipulation of such photoresponsive polymers at the micrometer scale remains largely unexplored. Here, uni- and bidirectional rotation and speed control of polymerized azo-containing chiral liquid crystalline photonic microparticles powered by light is reported. The rotation of these polymer particles is first studied in an optical trap experimentally and theoretically. The micro-sized polymer particles respond to the handedness of a circularly polarized trapping laser due to their chirality and exhibit uni- and bidirectional rotation depending on their alignment within the optical tweezers. The attained optical torque causes the particles to spin with a rotation rate of several hertz. The angular speed can be controlled by small structural changes, induced by ultraviolet (UV) light absorption. After switching off the UV illumination, the particle recovers its rotation speed. The results provide evidence of uni- and bidirectional motion and speed control in light-responsive polymer particles and offer a new way to devise light-controlled rotary microengines at the micrometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yera Ye Ussembayev
- LCP research group, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
- Center for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Noah De Witte
- LCP research group, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Belmonte
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Bus
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoukje Lubach
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Beunis
- LCP research group, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
- Center for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Filip Strubbe
- LCP research group, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
- Center for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan Neyts
- LCP research group, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
- Center for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, Gent, 9052, Belgium
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46
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Geng Y, Lagerwall JPF. Multiresponsive Cylindrically Symmetric Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomer Fibers Templated by Tubular Confinement. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2301414. [PMID: 37186075 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrically symmetric cholesteric liquid crystal elastomer (CLCE) fibers templated by tubular confinement are reported, displaying mechanochromic, thermochromic, and thermomechanical responses. The synthesis inside a sacrificial tube secures radial orientation of the cholesteric helix, and the ground state retroreflection wavelength is easily tuned throughout the visible spectrum or into the near-infrared by varying the concentration of a chiral dopant. The fibers display continuous, repeatable, and quantitatively predictable mechanochromic response, reaching a blue shift of more than -220 nm for 180% elongation. The cylindrical symmetry renders the response identical in all directions perpendicular to the fiber axis, making them exceptionally useful for monitoring complex strains, as demonstrated in revealing local strain during tying of different knots. The CLCE reflection color can be revealed with high contrast against any background by taking advantage of the circularly polarized reflection. Upon heating, the fibers respond-fully reversibly-with red shift and radial expansion/axial contraction. However, there is no transition to an isotropic state, confirming a largely forgotten theoretical prediction by de Gennes. These fibers and the easy way of making them may open new windows for large-scale application in advanced wearable technology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Geng
- Experimental Soft Matter Physics group, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jan P F Lagerwall
- Experimental Soft Matter Physics group, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Zhan Y, Broer DJ, Li J, Xue J, Liu D. A cold-responsive liquid crystal elastomer provides visual signals for monitoring a critical temperature decrease. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023. [PMID: 37098874 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00271c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Critical temperature indicators have been extensively utilized in various fields, ranging from healthcare to food safety. However, the majority of the temperature indicators are designed for upper critical temperature monitoring, indicating when the temperature rises and exceeds a predefined limit, whereas stringently demanded low critical temperature indicators are scarcely developed. Herein, we develop a new material and system that monitor temperature decrease, e.g., from ambient temperature to the freezing point, or even to an ultra-low temperature of -20 °C. For this purpose, we create a dynamic membrane which can open and close during temperature cycles from high temperature to low temperature. This membrane consists of a gold-liquid crystal elastomer (Au-LCE) bilayer structure. Unlike the commonly used thermo-responsive LCEs which actuate upon temperature rise, our LCE is cold-responsive. This means that geometric deformations occur when the environmental temperature decreases. Specifically, upon temperature decrease the LCE creates stresses at the gold interface by uniaxial deformation due to expansion along the molecular director and shrinkage perpendicular to it. At a critical stress, optimized to occur at the desired temperature, the brittle Au top layer fractures, which allows contact between the LCE and material on top of the gold layer. Material transport via cracks enables the onset of the visible signal for instance caused by a pH indicator substance. We apply the dynamic Au-LCE membrane for cold-chain applications, indicating the loss of the effectiveness of perishable goods. We anticipate that our newly developed low critical temperature/time indicator will be shortly implemented in supply chains to minimize food and medical product waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Broer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Junyu Li
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jiuzhi Xue
- Smart Liquid Crystal Technologies Co. Ltd, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), 280 Huangpujiang Road, Chuangshu, 215556, China
| | - Danqing Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Zhao L, Tian H, Liu H, Zhang W, Zhao F, Song X, Shao J. Bio-Inspired Soft-Rigid Hybrid Smart Artificial Muscle Based on Liquid Crystal Elastomer and Helical Metal Wire. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206342. [PMID: 36653937 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Artificial muscles are of significant value in robotic applications. Rigid artificial muscles possess a strong load-bearing capacity, while their deformation is small; soft artificial muscles can be shifted to a large degree; however, their load-bearing capacity is weak. Furthermore, artificial muscles are generally controlled in an open loop due to a lack of deformation-related feedback. Human arms include muscles, bones, and nerves, which ingeniously coordinate the actuation, load-bearing, and sensory systems. Inspired by this, a soft-rigid hybrid smart artificial muscle (SRH-SAM) based on liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) and helical metal wire is proposed. The thermotropic responsiveness of the LCE is adopted for large reversible deformation, and the helical metal wire is used to fulfill high bearing capacity and electric heating function requirements. During actuation, the helical metal wire's resistance changes with the LCE's electrothermal deformation, thereby achieving deformation-sensing characteristics. Based on the proposed SRH-SAM, a reconfigurable blazed grating plane and the effective switch between attachment and detachment in bionic dry adhesion are accomplished. The SRH-SAM opens a new avenue for designing smart artificial muscles and can promote the development of artificial muscle-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limeng Zhao
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Weitian Zhang
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Fabo Zhao
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xiaowen Song
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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Wang Y, He Q, Wang Z, Zhang S, Li C, Wang Z, Park YL, Cai S. Liquid Crystal Elastomer Based Dexterous Artificial Motor Unit. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211283. [PMID: 36806211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great advancement in designing diverse soft robots, they are not yet as dexterous as animals in many aspects. One challenge is that they still lack the compact design of an artificial motor unit with a great comprehensive performance that can be conveniently fabricated, although many recently developed artificial muscles have shown excellent properties in one or two aspects. Herein, an artificial motor unit is developed based on gold-coated ultrathin liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) film. Subject to a voltage, Joule heating generated by the gold film increases the temperature of the LCE film underneath and causes it to contract. Due to the small thermal inertial and electrically controlling method of the ultrathin LCE structure, its cyclic actuation speed is fast and controllable. It is shown that under electrical stimulation, the actuation strain of the LCE-based motor unit reaches 45%, the strain rate reaches 750%/s, and the output power density is as high as 1360 W kg-1 . It is further demonstrated that the LCE-based motor unit behaves like an actuator, a brake, or a nonlinear spring on demand, analogous to most animal muscles. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, multiple highly dexterous artificial neuromuscular systems are demonstrated using the LCE-based motor unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Qiguang He
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shengjia Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Chenghai Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zijun Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yong-Lae Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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50
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Wu J, Wang Y, Ye W, She J, Su CY. Modeling and Control Strategies for Liquid Crystal Elastomer-Based Soft Robot Actuator. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENT INFORMATICS 2023. [DOI: 10.20965/jaciii.2023.p0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomer is a type of soft material with unique physical and chemical properties that offer a variety of possibilities in the growing field of soft robot actuators. This type of material is able to exhibit large, revertible deformation under various external stimuli, including heat, electric or magnetic fields, light, etc., which may lead to a wide range of different applications such as bio-sensors, artificial muscles, optical devices, solar cell plants, etc. With these possibilities, it is important to establish modeling and control strategies for liquid crystal elastomer-based actuators, to obtain the accurate prediction and description of its physical dynamics. However, so far, existing studies on this type of the actuators mainly focus on material properties and fabrication, the state of art on the modeling and control of such actuators is still preliminary. To gain a better understanding on current studies of the topic from the control perspective, this review provides a brief collection on recent studies on the modeling and control of the liquid crystal elastomer-based soft robot actuator. The review will introduce the deformation mechanism of the actuator, as well as basic concepts. Existing studies on the modeling and control for the liquid crystal elastomer-based actuator will be organized and introduced to provide an overview in this field as well as future insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundong Wu
- School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, Wuhan 430074, China
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Geo-Exploration, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yawu Wang
- School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, Wuhan 430074, China
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Geo-Exploration, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenjun Ye
- Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. W. Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Jinhua She
- School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakuramachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Chun-Yi Su
- Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. W. Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada
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