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Scott JJR, Lu G, Rodriguez BJ, MacLaren I, Salje EKH, Arredondo M. Evidence of the Monopolar-Dipolar Crossover Regime: A Multiscale Study of Ferroelastic Domains by In Situ Microscopy Techniques. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400646. [PMID: 38686673 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The elastic interaction between kinks (and antikinks) within domain walls plays a pivotal role in shaping the domain structure, and their dynamics. In bulk materials, kinks interact as elastic monopoles, dependent on the distance between walls (d-1) and typically characterized by a rigid and straight domain configuration. In this work the evolution of the domain structure is investigated, as the sample size decreases, by the means of in situ heating microscopy techniques on free-standing samples. As the sample size decreases, a significant transformation is observed: domain walls exhibit pronounced curvature, accompanied by an increase in both domain wall and junction density. This transformation is attributed to the pronounced influence of kinks, inducing sample warping, where "dipole-dipole" interactions are dominant (d-2). Moreover, a critical thickness range that delineates a crossover between the monopolar and dipolar regimens is experimentally identified and corroborated by atomic simulations. These findings are relevant for in situ TEM studies and for the development of novel devices based on free-standing ferroic thin films and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J R Scott
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland
| | - Guangming Lu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Brian J Rodriguez
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Ian MacLaren
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ekhard K H Salje
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Miryam Arredondo
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland
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Salje EKH, Kustov S. Dynamic domain boundaries: chemical dopants carried by moving twin walls. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1588-1601. [PMID: 36602278 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04908b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Domain walls and specifically ferroelastic twin boundaries are depositaries and fast diffusion pathways for chemical dopants and intrinsic lattice defects. Ferroelastic domain patterns act as templates for chemical structures where the walls are the device and not the bulk. Several examples of such engineered domain boundaries are given. Moving twin boundaries are shown to carry with them the dopants, although the activation of this mechanism depends sensitively on the applied external force. If the force is too weak, the walls remain pinned while too strong forces break the walls free of the dopants and move them independently. Several experimental methods and approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K H Salje
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - S Kustov
- Department of Physics, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Acoustic Emission Spectroscopy: Applications in Geomaterials and Related Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11198801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a non-destructive testing technology with fast response and high resolution, acoustic emission is widely used in material monitoring. The material deforms under stress and releases elastic waves. The wave signals are received by piezoelectric sensors and converted into electrical signals for rapid storage and analysis. Although the acoustic emission signal is not the original stress signal inside the material, the typical statistical distributions of acoustic emission energy and waiting time between signals are not affected by signal conversion. In this review, we first introduce acoustic emission technology and its main parameters. Then, the relationship between the exponents of power law distributed AE signals and material failure state is reviewed. The change of distribution exponent reflects the transition of the material’s internal failure from a random and uncorrelated state to an interrelated state, and this change can act as an early warning of material failure. The failure process of materials is often not a single mechanism, and the interaction of multiple mechanisms can be reflected in the probability density distribution of the AE energy. A large number of examples, including acoustic emission analysis of biocemented geological materials, hydroxyapatite (human teeth), sandstone creep, granite, and sugar lumps are introduced. Finally, some supplementary discussions are made on the applicability of Båth’s law.
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Avalanche criticality during ferroelectric/ferroelastic switching. Nat Commun 2021; 12:345. [PMID: 33436615 PMCID: PMC7804440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Field induced domain wall displacements define ferroelectric/ferroelastic hysteresis loops, which are at the core of piezoelectric, magnetoelectric and memristive devices. These collective displacements are scale invariant jumps with avalanche characteristics. Here, we analyse the spatial distribution of avalanches in ferroelectrics with different domain and transformation patterns: Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 contains complex domains with needles and junction patterns, while BaTiO3 has parallel straight domains. Nevertheless, their avalanche characteristics are indistinguishable. The energies, areas and perimeters of the switched regions are power law distributed with exponents close to predicted mean field values. At the coercive field, the area exponent decreases, while the fractal dimension increases. This fine structure of the switching process has not been detected before and suggests that switching occurs via criticality at the coercive field with fundamentally different switching geometries at and near this critical point. We conjecture that the domain switching process in ferroelectrics is universal at the coercive field. While classical approaches rely on the study of individual ferroelectric domain wall movement on long time scales, the authors consider collective movements of domain walls during short time scales, characterized by discrete jumps, as indicators of avalanches on a broad range of scales.
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Abstract
Superconducting domain boundaries were found in WO3-x and doped WO3. The charge carriers in WO3-type materials were identified by Schirmer and Salje as bipolarons. Several previous attempts to determine the electronic properties of polarons in WO3 failed until Bousque et al. (2020) reported a full first principle calculation of free polarons in WO3. They confirmed the model of Schirmer and Salje that each single polaron is centred around one tungsten position with surplus charges smeared over the adjacent eight tungsten positions. Small additional charges are distributed further apart. Further calculations to clarify the coupling mechanism between polaron to form bipolarons are not yet available. These calculations would help to identify the carrier distribution in Magneli clusters, which were shown recently to contain high carrier concentrations and may indicate totally localized superconductivity in non-percolating clusters.
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Temperature Chaos, Memory Effect, and Domain Fluctuations in the Spiral Antiferromagnet Dy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5076. [PMID: 30911078 PMCID: PMC6433891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The spiral antiferromagnetic phase of polycrystalline dysprosium between 140 K and the Néel temperature at 178 K and its domain wall (DW) dynamics were investigated using high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy. Two kinetic processes of quasi-static DW motion occur under non-isothermal and isothermal conditions. A “fast” process is proportional to the rate of the temperature change and results in a new category of anelastic phenomena: magnetic transient ultrasonic internal friction (IF). This IF, related to fast moving magnetic DWs, decays rapidly after interruptions of cooling/heating cycles. A second, “slow” kinetic process is seen as logarithmic IF relaxation under isothermal conditions. This second process is glass-like and results in memory and temperature chaos effects. Low-frequency thermal fluctuations of DWs, previously detected by X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, are related to critical fluctuations with Brownian motion-like dynamics of DWs.
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Ding X, Aktas O, Wang X, Li S, Zhao Z, Zhang L, He X, Lookman T, Saxena A, Sun J. Statistics of twinning in strained ferroelastics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:394002. [PMID: 28825916 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7ea0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we show that the evolution of the microstructure and kinetics of ferroelastic crystals under external shear can be explored by computer simulations of 2D model materials. We find that the nucleation and propagation of twin boundaries in ferroelastics depend sensitively on temperature. In the plastic regime, the evolution of the ferroelastic microstructure under strain deformation maintains a stick-and-slip mechanism in all temperature regimes, whereas the dynamic behavior changes dramatically from power-law statistics at low temperature to a Kohlrausch law at intermediate temperature, and then to a Vogel-Fulcher law at high temperature. In the yield regime, the distribution of jerk energies follows power-law statistics in all temperature regimes for a large range of strain rates. The non-spanning avalanches in the yield regime follow a parabolic temporal profile. The changes of twin pattern and twin boundaries density represent an important step towards domain boundary engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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Li S, Ding X, Ren J, Moya X, Li J, Sun J, Salje EKH. Strain-controlled thermal conductivity in ferroic twinned films. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6375. [PMID: 25224749 PMCID: PMC4165272 DOI: 10.1038/srep06375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Large reversible changes of thermal conductivity are induced by mechanical stress, and the corresponding device is a key element for phononics applications. We show that the thermal conductivity κ of ferroic twinned thin films can be reversibly controlled by strain. Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations reveal that thermal conductivity decreases linearly with the number of twin boundaries perpendicular to the direction of heat flow. Our demonstration of large and reversible changes in thermal conductivity driven by strain may inspire the design of controllable thermal switches for thermal logic gates and all-solid-state cooling devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiangdong Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jie Ren
- 1] Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xavier Moya
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Ju Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China [2] Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ekhard K H Salje
- 1] State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China [2] Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
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Zhao Z, Ding X, Sun J, Salje EKH. Thermal and athermal crackling noise in ferroelastic nanostructures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:142201. [PMID: 24651403 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/14/142201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of ferroelastic microstructures under external shear is determined by large-scale molecular dynamics simulations in two and three dimensions. Ferroelastic pattern formation was found to be almost identical in two and three dimensions, with only the ferroelastic transition temperature changing. The twin patterns generated by shear deformation depend strongly on temperature, with high wall densities nucleating under optimized temperature conditions. The dynamical tweed and mobile kink movement inside the twin walls is continuous and thermally activated at high temperatures, and becomes jerky and athermal at low temperatures. With decreasing temperature, the statistical distributions of dynamical tweed and kinks vary from a Vogel-Fulcher law P(E)~exp-(E/(T-TVF)) to an athermal power-law distribution P(E)~E-E. During the yield event, the nucleation of needles and kinks is always jerky, and the energy of the jerks is power-law distributed. Low-temperature yield proceeds via one large avalanche. With increasing temperature, the large avalanche is thermally broken up into a multitude of small segments. The power-law exponents reflect the changes in temperature, even in the athermal regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhao
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK. State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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Zhao Z, Ding X, Lookman T, Sun J, Salje EKH. Mechanical loss in multiferroic materials at high frequencies: friction and the evolution of ferroelastic microstructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3244-3248. [PMID: 23649792 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Energy absorption in multiferroic materials stems typically from strain relaxation which can be strong even when no extrinsic defects exist in the material. Computer simulations of a simple two-dimensional model on a generic, proper ferroelastic material identify the dissipative mechanisms associated with the dynamical motion as: a) advance and retraction of needle-shaped twin domains and, b) movement of kinks inside twin boundaries. Both movements involve friction losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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