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Alhashmi Alamer F, Beyari RF. The Influence of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles and UV Radiation on the Electrical Properties of PEDOT:PSS-Coated Cotton Fabrics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1738. [PMID: 36837368 PMCID: PMC9962308 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of electronic textiles, there is a need for highly conductive fabrics containing fewer conductive materials, allowing them to maintain flexibility, low cost and light weight. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), is one of the most promising conductive materials for the production of conductive fabrics due to its excellent properties such as solubility, relatively high conductivity, and market availability. Moreover, its electrical conductivity can be enhanced by polar solvents or acid treatment. The aim of this work was to fabricate conductive cotton fabrics with a small fixed amount of PEDOT:PSS and to investigate how titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles affect the electrical, thermal and structural properties of PEDOT:PSS-coated cotton fabrics. The change in electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite fabric was then related to morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. We found that the sheet resistance of the nanocomposite cotton fabric depends on the TiO2 concentration, with a minimum value of 2.68 Ω/□ at 2.92 wt% TiO2. The effect of UV light on the sheet resistance of the nanocomposite cotton fabric was also investigated; we found that UV irradiation leads to an increase in conductivity at an irradiation time of 10 min, after which the conductivity decreases with increasing irradiation time. In addition, the electrical behavior of the nanocomposite cotton fabric as a function of temperature was investigated. The nanocomposite fabrics exhibited metallic behavior at high-TiO2 concentrations of 40.20 wt% and metallic semiconducting behavior at low and medium concentrations of 11.33 and 28.50 wt%, respectively. Interestingly, cotton fabrics coated with nanocomposite possessed excellent washing durability even after seven steam washes.
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Alhashmi Alamer F, Althagafy K, Alsalmi O, Aldeih A, Alotaiby H, Althebaiti M, Alghamdi H, Alotibi N, Saeedi A, Zabarmawi Y, Hawsawi M, Alnefaie MA. Review on PEDOT:PSS-Based Conductive Fabric. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35371-35386. [PMID: 36249401 PMCID: PMC9557891 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews conductive fabrics made with the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), their fabrication techniques, and their applications. PEDOT:PSS has attracted interest in smart textile technology due to its relatively high electrical conductivity, water dispersibility, ease of manufacturing, environmental stability, and commercial availability. Several methods apply PEDOT:PSS to textiles. They include polymerization of the monomer, coating, dyeing, and printing methods. In addition, several studies have shown the conductivity of fabrics with the addition of PEDOT:PSS. The electrical properties of conductive textiles with a certain sheet resistance can be reduced by several orders of magnitude using PEDOT:PSS and polar solvents as secondary dopants. In addition, several studies have shown that the flexibility and durability of textiles coated with PEDOT:PSS can be improved by creating a composite with other polymers, such as polyurethane, which has high flexibility and extensibility. This improvement is due to the stronger bonding of PEDOT:PSS to the fabrics. Sensors, actuators, antennas, interconnectors, energy harvesting, and storage devices have been developed with PEDOT:PSS-based conductive fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alhashmi Alamer
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University, Al Taif Road, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Althagafy
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University, Al Taif Road, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Alsalmi
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University, Al Taif Road, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asal Aldeih
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University, Al Taif Road, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hissah Alotaiby
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University, Al Taif Road, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Althebaiti
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University, Al Taif Road, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa Alghamdi
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University, Al Taif Road, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najlaa Alotibi
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University, Al Taif Road, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Saeedi
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University, Al Taif Road, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusra Zabarmawi
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University, Al Taif Road, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Hawsawi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied
Science, Umm AL-Qura University, Al Taif Road, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Modhi A. Alnefaie
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University, Al Taif Road, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Physics, College of Sciences and Arts, Shaqra University, Sajiir, Riyadh 17649, Saudi Arabia
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Collier GS, Wilkins R, Tomlinson AL, Reynolds JR. Exploring Isomeric Effects on Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Red/Orange Electrochromic Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham S. Collier
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Riley Wilkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, United States
| | - Aimée L. Tomlinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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A practical approach for generation of WO3-based flexible electrochromic devices. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lo CK, Shen DE, Reynolds JR. Fine-Tuning the Color Hue of π-Conjugated Black-to-Clear Electrochromic Random Copolymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kin Lo
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - D. Eric Shen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Corrêa CM, Córdoba de Torresi SI, Benedetti TM, Torresi RM. Viologen-functionalized poly(ionic liquids): Spectroelectrochemical and QCM-D studies. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu K, Varghese J, Gerasimov JY, Polyakov AO, Shuai M, Su J, Chen D, Zajaczkowski W, Marcozzi A, Pisula W, Noheda B, Palstra TTM, Clark NA, Herrmann A. Controlling the volatility of the written optical state in electrochromic DNA liquid crystals. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11476. [PMID: 27157494 PMCID: PMC4865822 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystals are widely used in displays for portable electronic information display. To broaden their scope for other applications like smart windows and tags, new material properties such as polarizer-free operation and tunable memory of a written state become important. Here, we describe an anhydrous nanoDNA–surfactant thermotropic liquid crystal system, which exhibits distinctive electrically controlled optical absorption, and temperature-dependent memory. In the liquid crystal isotropic phase, electric field-induced colouration and bleaching have a switching time of seconds. Upon transition to the smectic liquid crystal phase, optical memory of the written state is observed for many hours without applied voltage. The reorientation of the DNA–surfactant lamellar layers plays an important role in preventing colour decay. Thereby, the volatility of optoelectronic state can be controlled simply by changing the phase of the material. This research may pave the way for developing a new generation of DNA-based, phase-modulated, photoelectronic devices. Electrochromism, the dependence of light absorption upon electronic control, finds a wide range of applications in smart materials. Here, Liu et al. show an electrochromic DNA–surfactant liquid crystal system that exhibits electrically tunable optical absorption and thermally tunable memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justin Varghese
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Y Gerasimov
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey O Polyakov
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Min Shuai
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Juanjuan Su
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.,Institute of Process Equipment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | | | - Alessio Marcozzi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beatriz Noheda
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas T M Palstra
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Noel A Clark
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kao SY, Lu HC, Kung CW, Chen HW, Chang TH, Ho KC. Thermally Cured Dual Functional Viologen-Based All-in-One Electrochromic Devices with Panchromatic Modulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:4175-4184. [PMID: 26807824 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl benzyl viologen (VBV) was synthesized and utilized to obtain all-in-one thermally cured electrochromic devices (ECDs). The vinyl moiety of VBV monomer could react with methyl methacrylate (MMA) to yield bulky VBV/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chains and even cross-linked network without the assistance of additional cross-linker. Both the bulky VBV/PMMA chains and the resulting polymer network can hinder the aggregation of the viologens and reduce the possibility of dimerization, rendering enhanced cycling stability. Large transmittance changes (ΔT) over 60% at both 570 and 615 nm were achieved when the VBV-based ECD was switched from 0 V to a low potential bias of 0.5 V. Ultimately, the dual functional of VBV molecules, serving simultaneously as a promising electrochromic material and a cross-linker, is fully utilized in the proposed electrochromic system, making its fabrication process much easier. Negligible decays in ΔT at both wavelengths were observed for the cured ECD after being subjected to 1000 repetitive cycles, while 17.1% and 22.0% decays were noticed at 570 and 615 nm, respectively, for the noncured ECD. In addition, the low voltage-driven feature of the VBV-based ECD enables it to be incorporated with phenyl viologen (PV), further expanding the absorption range of the ECD. Panchromatic characteristic of the proposed PV/VBV-based ECD was demonstrated while exhibiting ΔT over 60% at both wavelengths. Only 5.3% and 6.9% decays, corresponding at 570 and 615 nm, respectively, were observed in the PV/VBV-based ECD after 10 000 continuous cycles at bleaching/coloring voltages of 0/0.5 V with an interval of 10 s for both bleaching and coloring processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yuan Kao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Che Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Chen BH, Kao SY, Hu CW, Higuchi M, Ho KC, Liao YC. Printed Multicolor High-Contrast Electrochromic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25069-25076. [PMID: 26496422 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, electrochemical responses of inkjet-printed multicolored electrochromic devices (ECD) were studied to evaluate the feasibility of presenting multiple colors in one ECD. Metallo-supramolecular polymers (MEPE) solutions with two primary colors were inkjet-printed on flexible electrodes. By digitally controlling print dosages of each species, the colors of the printed EC thin film patterns can be adjusted directly without premixing or synthesizing new materials. The printed EC thin films were then laminated with a solid transparent thin film electrolyte and a transparent conductive thin film to form an ECD. After applying a dc voltage, the printed ECDs exhibited great contrast with a transmittance change (ΔT) of 40.1% and a high coloration efficiency of 445 cm(2) C(-1) within a short darkening time of 2 s. The flexible ECDs also showed the same darkening time of 2 s and still had a high ΔT of 30.1% under bending condition. This study demonstrated the feasibility to fabricate display devices with different color setups by an all-solution process and can be further extended to other types of displays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chih-Wei Hu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Anagahora 2266-98, Shimoshidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Higuchi
- National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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Brooke R, Fabretto M, Pering S, Switalska E, Reeks L, Evans D, Murphy P. Diffuse color patterning using blended electrochromic polymers for proof-of-concept adaptive camouflage plaques. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brooke
- Thin Film Coatings Group; Mawson Institute, University of South Australia; Mawson Lakes 5095 South Australia Australia
| | - Manrico Fabretto
- Thin Film Coatings Group; Mawson Institute, University of South Australia; Mawson Lakes 5095 South Australia Australia
| | - Samuel Pering
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY United Kingdom
| | - Eliza Switalska
- Thin Film Coatings Group; Mawson Institute, University of South Australia; Mawson Lakes 5095 South Australia Australia
| | - Lachlan Reeks
- Thin Film Coatings Group; Mawson Institute, University of South Australia; Mawson Lakes 5095 South Australia Australia
| | - Drew Evans
- Thin Film Coatings Group; Mawson Institute, University of South Australia; Mawson Lakes 5095 South Australia Australia
| | - Peter Murphy
- Thin Film Coatings Group; Mawson Institute, University of South Australia; Mawson Lakes 5095 South Australia Australia
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Otley MT, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Li M, Sotzing GA. Color-tuning neutrality for flexible electrochromics via a single-layer dual conjugated polymer approach. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:8004-8009. [PMID: 25348495 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A method to color-tune electrochromic devices through the use of theoretical calculations is demonstrated to achieve neutrality using only three monomers that form two distinct copolymers. These devices exhibit photopic contrasts up to ca. 38%, high neutrality, color uniformity, and switch speeds of less than 1 s. In addition, this method is used to fabricate a large-area flexible electrochromic device of 75 cm(2) , exceeding the size of small displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Otley
- Department of Chemistry, 55 N. Eagleville Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Otley MT, Alamer FA, Zhu Y, Singhaviranon A, Zhang X, Li M, Kumar A, Sotzing GA. Acrylated poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) for enhancement of lifetime and optical properties for single-layer electrochromic devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:1734-1739. [PMID: 24437552 DOI: 10.1021/am404686w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We utilized our in situ method for the one-step assembly of single-layer electrochromic devices (ECDs) with a 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) acrylate derivative, and long-term stability was achieved. By coupling the electroactive monomer to the cross-linkable polymer matrix, preparation of the electrochromic ProDOT polymer can occur followed by UV cross-linking. Thus, we achieve immobilization of the unreacted monomer, which prevents any degradative processes from occurring at the counter electrode. This approach eliminated spot formation in the device and increased stability to over 10 000 cycles when compared to 500 cycles with conventional ProDOT devices wherein the monomer is not immobilized. The acrylated electrochromic polymer exhibits similar electrochromic properties as conventional ProDOT devices, such as photopic contrast (48% compared to 46%) and switch speed (both 2 s). This method can be applied to any one-layer electrochromic system where improved stability is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Otley
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics, and §Polymer Program, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Zhu Y, Otley MT, Kumar A, Li M, Zhang X, Asemota C, Sotzing GA. Neutral color tuning of polymer electrochromic devices using an organic dye. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8167-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02289k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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