1
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Xu L, Jia H, Zhang C, Yin B, Yao J. Magnetically controlled assembly: a new approach to organic integrated photonics. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8723-8742. [PMID: 37621424 PMCID: PMC10445431 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01779f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hierarchical self-assembly of organic molecules or assemblies is of great importance for organic photonics to move from fundamental research to integrated and practical applications. Magnetic fields with the advantages of high controllability, non-contact manipulation, and instantaneous response have emerged as an elegant way to prepare organic hierarchical nanostructures. In this perspective, we outline the development history of organic photonic materials and highlight the importance of organic hierarchical nanostructures for a wide range of applications, including microlasers, optical displays, information encoding, sensing, and beyond. Then, we will discuss recent advances in magnetically controlled assembly for creating organic hierarchical nanostructures, with a particular focus on their potential for enabling the development of integrated photonic devices with unprecedented functionality and performance. Finally, we present several perspectives on the further development of magnetically controlled assembly strategies from the perspective of performance optimization and functional design of organic integrated photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hao Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Baipeng Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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2
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Dhatt-Gauthier K, Livitz D, Wu Y, Bishop KJM. Accelerating the Design of Self-Guided Microrobots in Time-Varying Magnetic Fields. JACS AU 2023; 3:611-627. [PMID: 37006772 PMCID: PMC10052236 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mobile robots combine sensory information with mechanical actuation to move autonomously through structured environments and perform specific tasks. The miniaturization of such robots to the size of living cells is actively pursued for applications in biomedicine, materials science, and environmental sustainability. Existing microrobots based on field-driven particles rely on knowledge of the particle position and the target destination to control particle motion through fluid environments. Often, however, these external control strategies are challenged by limited information and global actuation where a common field directs multiple robots with unknown positions. In this Perspective, we discuss how time-varying magnetic fields can be used to encode the self-guided behaviors of magnetic particles conditioned on local environmental cues. Programming these behaviors is framed as a design problem: we seek to identify the design variables (e.g., particle shape, magnetization, elasticity, stimuli-response) that achieve the desired performance in a given environment. We discuss strategies for accelerating the design process using automated experiments, computational models, statistical inference, and machine learning approaches. Based on the current understanding of field-driven particle dynamics and existing capabilities for particle fabrication and actuation, we argue that self-guided microrobots with potentially transformative capabilities are close at hand.
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3
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Kichatov B, Korshunov A, Sudakov V, Golubkov A, Gubernov V, Kiverin A. Motion of a chemically reactive bimetal motor in a magnetic field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19693-19696. [PMID: 35968933 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03383f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The wide research interest in nano-, micro-, and macromotors is due to the diverse range of applied problems in engineering, biomedicine, and ecology. At the same time, the amount of known mechanisms responsible for the locomotion of motors is limited. Here, we demonstrate a novel method of motor locomotion, which can be contingently called "chemical magnetism". The phenomenon considered here is based on the fact that any current loop in the magnetic field is affected by a force. "Chemical magnet" represents a bimetal surfer swimming at the electrolyte surface. When the redox reaction proceeds, a current loop emerges. That defines the action of the additional magnetic force on the surfer in the non-uniform magnetic field. The magnetic properties of the surfer can be varied in a wide range by changing the concentration of the electrolyte solution, its temperature, and the pair of metals composing the surfer. The phenomenon of "chemical magnetism" considered here widens a list of known mechanisms of motor locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Kichatov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey Korshunov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Sudakov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexandr Golubkov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Gubernov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey Kiverin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Fan X, Walther A. 1D Colloidal chains: recent progress from formation to emergent properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4023-4074. [PMID: 35502721 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00112h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Integrating nanoscale building blocks of low dimensionality (0D; i.e., spheres) into higher dimensional structures endows them and their corresponding materials with emergent properties non-existent or only weakly existent in the individual building blocks. Constructing 1D chains, 2D arrays and 3D superlattices using nanoparticles and colloids therefore continues to be one of the grand goals in colloid and nanomaterial science. Amongst these higher order structures, 1D colloidal chains are of particular interest, as they possess unique anisotropic properties. In recent years, the most relevant advances in 1D colloidal chain research have been made in novel synthetic methodologies and applications. In this review, we first address a comprehensive description of the research progress concerning various synthetic strategies developed to construct 1D colloidal chains. Following this, we highlight the amplified and emergent properties of the resulting materials, originating from the assembly of the individual building blocks and their collective behavior, and discuss relevant applications in advanced materials. In the discussion of synthetic strategies, properties, and applications, particular attention will be paid to overarching concepts, fresh trends, and potential areas of future research. We believe that this comprehensive review will be a driver to guide the interdisciplinary field of 1D colloidal chains, where nanomaterial synthesis, self-assembly, physical property studies, and material applications meet, to a higher level, and open up new research opportunities at the interface of classical disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Fan
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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5
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Socoliuc V, Avdeev MV, Kuncser V, Turcu R, Tombácz E, Vékás L. Ferrofluids and bio-ferrofluids: looking back and stepping forward. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4786-4886. [PMID: 35297919 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05841j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ferrofluids investigated along for about five decades are ultrastable colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles, which manifest simultaneously fluid and magnetic properties. Their magnetically controllable and tunable feature proved to be from the beginning an extremely fertile ground for a wide range of engineering applications. More recently, biocompatible ferrofluids attracted huge interest and produced a considerable increase of the applicative potential in nanomedicine, biotechnology and environmental protection. This paper offers a brief overview of the most relevant early results and a comprehensive description of recent achievements in ferrofluid synthesis, advanced characterization, as well as the governing equations of ferrohydrodynamics, the most important interfacial phenomena and the flow properties. Finally, it provides an overview of recent advances in tunable and adaptive multifunctional materials derived from ferrofluids and a detailed presentation of the recent progress of applications in the field of sensors and actuators, ferrofluid-driven assembly and manipulation, droplet technology, including droplet generation and control, mechanical actuation, liquid computing and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Socoliuc
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - M V Avdeev
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie Str. 6, 141980 Dubna, Moscow Reg., Russia.
| | - V Kuncser
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Bucharest-Magurele, 077125, Romania
| | - Rodica Turcu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies (INCDTIM), Donat Str. 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Etelka Tombácz
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Moszkvai krt. 5-7, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary.
- University of Pannonia - Soós Ernő Water Technology Research and Development Center, H-8800 Zrínyi M. str. 18, Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - L Vékás
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania.
- Politehnica University of Timisoara, Research Center for Complex Fluids Systems Engineering, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 1, 300222 Timisoara, Romania
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6
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Chong WH, Leong SS, Lim J. Design and operation of magnetophoretic systems at microscale: Device and particle approaches. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2303-2328. [PMID: 34213767 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Combining both device and particle designs are the essential concepts to be considered in magnetophoretic system development. Researcher efforts are often dedicated to only one of these design aspects and neglecting the interplay between them. Herein, to bring out importance of the idea of integration between device and particle, we reviewed the working principle of magnetophoretic system (includes both device and particle design concepts). Since, the magnetophoretic force is influenced by both field gradient and magnetization volume, hence, accurate prediction of the magnetophoretic force is relying on the availability of information on both parameters. In device design, we focus on the different strategies used to create localized high-field gradient. For particle design, we emphasize on the scaling between hydrodynamic size and magnetization volume. Moreover, we also briefly discussed the importance of magnetoshape anisotropy related to particle design aspect of magnetophoretic systems. Next, we illustrated the need for integration between device and particle design using microscale applications of magnetophoretic systems, include magnetic tweezers and microfluidic systems, as our working example. On the basis of our discussion, we highlighted several promising examples of microscale magnetophoretic systems which greatly utilized the interplay between device and particle design. Further, we concluded the review with several factors that possibly resulted in the lack of research efforts related to device and particle design integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hong Chong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sim Siong Leong
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - JitKang Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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7
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Kim H, Lim B, Yoon J, Kim K, Torati SR, Kim C. Magnetophoretic Decoupler for Disaggregation and Interparticle Distance Control. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100532. [PMID: 34194951 PMCID: PMC8224445 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of superparamagnetic beads has attracted various lab on a chip and magnetic tweezer platforms for separating, sorting, and labeling cells and bioentities, but the irreversible aggregation of beads owing to magnetic interactions has limited its actual functionality. Here, an efficient solution is developed for the disaggregation of magnetic beads and interparticle distance control with a magnetophoretic decoupler using an external rotating magnetic field. A unique magnetic potential energy distribution in the form of an asymmetric magnetic thin film around the gap is created and tuned in a controlled manner, regulated by the size ratio of the bead with a magnetic pattern. Hence, the aggregated beads are detached into single beads and transported in one direction in an array pattern. Furthermore, the simultaneous and accurate spacing control of multiple magnetic bead pairs is performed by adjusting the angle of the rotating magnetic field, which continuously changes the energy well associated with a specific shape of the magnetic patterns. This technique offers an advanced solution for the disaggregation and controlled manipulation of beads, can allow new possibilities for the enhanced functioning of lab on a chip and magnetic tweezers platforms for biological assays, intercellular interactions, and magnetic biochip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseol Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghwa Lim
- Department of Emerging Materials ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Yoon
- Department of Emerging Materials ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Keonmok Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Sri Ramulu Torati
- Department of Emerging Materials ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - CheolGi Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
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8
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Wang H, Xu BB, Zhang YL, Kollipara PS, Liu S, Lin L, Chen QD, Zheng Y, Sun HB. Light-Driven Magnetic Encoding for Hybrid Magnetic Micromachines. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1628-1635. [PMID: 33555185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Remote manipulation of a micromachine under an external magnetic field is significant in a variety of applications. However, magnetic manipulation requires that either the target objects or the fluids should be ferromagnetic or superparamagnetic. To extend the applicability, we propose a versatile optical printing technique termed femtosecond laser-directed bubble microprinting (FsLDBM) for on-demand magnetic encoding. Harnessing Marangoni convection, evaporation flow, and capillary force for long-distance delivery, near-field attraction, and printing, respectively, FsLDBM is capable of printing nanomaterials on the solid-state substrate made of arbitrary materials. As a proof-of-concept, we actuate a 3D polymer microturbine under a rotating magnetic field by implementing γ-Fe2O3 nanomagnets on its blade. Moreover, we demonstrate the magnetic encoding on a living daphnia and versatile manipulation of the hybrid daphnia. With its general applicability, the FsLDBM approach provides opportunities for magnetic control of general microstructures in a variety of applications, such as smart microbots and biological microsurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
- Hooke Instruments, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Bin-Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Pavana Siddhartha Kollipara
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi-Dai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Wang S, Chen Y, Zhou X, Lei L, Shah ZH, Lin G, Gao Y. Magnetic Manipulation and Assembly of Nonmagnetic Colloidal Rods in a Ferrofluid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1429-1437. [PMID: 33464908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated experimentally and theoretically the interactions and assembly of rodlike colloids in a ferrofluid confined at solid/liquid interface by the gravity under external magnetic fields. We first derived analytical expressions for the interaction energy of a single rod with the external magnetic field and the interaction between two rods using classical electromagnetism. The theory well captured the experimentally observed alignment of a single rod along the field direction under an in-plane field and switching between the horizontal and the vertical configurations in an out-of-plane field due to the competition between the magnetic energy and the gravitational energy. The theory can also predict the symmetric position fluctuations of a free rod on a fixed one at 90° and the gradual bias toward the end of the fixed rod as the angle was reduced to 0°, favoring the tip-toe arrangement. Finally, we showed that this anisotropic interaction led to the formation of chain-like structures, whose growth kinetics followed a simple scaling behavior with time. This work provides a theoretical framework for understanding the behaviors of rodlike colloids in ferrofluids and highlights the importance of shape anisotropy in manipulating colloids and their self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xuemao Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lijie Lei
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zameer Hussain Shah
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guanhua Lin
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
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10
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Ge S, Nemiroski A, Mirica KA, Mace CR, Hennek JW, Kumar AA, Whitesides GM. Magnetic Levitation in Chemistry, Materials Science, and Biochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17810-17855. [PMID: 31165560 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
All matter has density. The recorded uses of density to characterize matter date back to as early as ca. 250 BC, when Archimedes was believed to have solved "The Puzzle of The King's Crown" using density.[1] Today, measurements of density are used to separate and characterize a range of materials (including cells and organisms), and their chemical and/or physical changes in time and space. This Review describes a density-based technique-magnetic levitation (which we call "MagLev" for simplicity)-developed and used to solve problems in the fields of chemistry, materials science, and biochemistry. MagLev has two principal characteristics-simplicity, and applicability to a wide range of materials-that make it useful for a number of applications (for example, characterization of materials, quality control of manufactured plastic parts, self-assembly of objects in 3D, separation of different types of biological cells, and bioanalyses). Its simplicity and breadth of applications also enable its use in low-resource settings (for example-in economically developing regions-in evaluating water/food quality, and in diagnosing disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shencheng Ge
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Alex Nemiroski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Charles R Mace
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jonathan W Hennek
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ashok A Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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11
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Ge S, Nemiroski A, Mirica KA, Mace CR, Hennek JW, Kumar AA, Whitesides GM. Magnetische Levitation in Chemie, Materialwissenschaft und Biochemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shencheng Ge
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Alex Nemiroski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Katherine A. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Charles R. Mace
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Jonathan W. Hennek
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Ashok A. Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University 60 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology Harvard University 29 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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12
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Hu X, Torati SR, Kim H, Yoon J, Lim B, Kim K, Sitti M, Kim C. Multifarious Transit Gates for Programmable Delivery of Bio-functionalized Matters. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901105. [PMID: 31058439 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Programmable delivery of biological matter is indispensable for the massive arrays of individual objects in biochemical and biomedical applications. Although a digital manipulation of single cells has been implemented by the integrated circuits of micromagnetophoretic patterns with current wires, the complex fabrication process and multiple current operation steps restrict its practical application for biomolecule arrays. Here, a convenient approach using multifarious transit gates is proposed, for digital manipulation of biofunctionalized microrobotic particles that can pass through the local energy barriers by a time-dependent pulsed magnetic field instead of multiple current wires. The multifarious transit gates including return, delay, and resistance linear gates, as well as dividing, reversed, and rectifying T-junction gates, are investigated theoretically and experimentally for the programmable manipulation of microrobotic particles. The results demonstrate that, a suitable angle of the gating field at a suitable time zone is crucial to implement digital operations at integrated multifarious transit gates along bifurcation paths to trap microrobotic particles in specific apartments, paving the way for flexible on-chip arrays of biomolecules and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Hu
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sri Ramulu Torati
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseol Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Yoon
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghwa Lim
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunwoo Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - CheolGi Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
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13
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Luo Z, Evans BA, Chang CH. Magnetically Actuated Dynamic Iridescence Inspired by the Neon Tetra. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4657-4666. [PMID: 30889354 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the tropical fish neon tetra, we report a mechanism to achieve dynamic iridescence that can be magnetically tuned. This approach is based on the tilting of periodic photonic nanostructures, as opposed to the more common strain-induced color tuning. In this method, a periodic array of magnetic nanopillars serves as a template to guide the assembly of iron oxide nanoparticles when magnetized in a liquid environment. The periodic local fields induced by the magnetic template anchor the assembled particle columns, allowing the structure to tilt about the base when the angle of the applied field is changed. This effect emulates a microscopic "Venetian blind" and results in dynamic optical properties through structural coloration that is tunable in real time. The fabricated prototype demonstrates tunable reflectance spectra with peak wavelength shift from 528 to 720 nm. The magnetic actuation mechanism is reversible and has a fast response time around 0.3 s. This structure can be implemented on an arbitrary surface as dynamic camouflage, iridescent display, and tunable photonic elements, as well as in other applications such as active fluidic devices and particle manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiren Luo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Benjamin Aaron Evans
- Department of Physics , Elon University , Elon , North Carolina 27244 , United States
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
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15
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Houlton JP, Chen ML, Brubaker MD, Bertness KA, Rogers CT. Axisymmetric scalable magneto-gravitational trap for diamagnetic particle levitation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:125107. [PMID: 30599595 PMCID: PMC7061913 DOI: 10.1063/1.5051667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design, construction, and use of axisymmetric magnetic traps for levitating diamagnetic particles. The magnetic traps each consist of two pole pieces passively driven by a neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) permanent magnet. The magnetic field configuration between the pole pieces combined with the earth's gravitational field forms a 3D confining potential capable of levitating a range of diamagnetic substances, e.g., graphite powder, silica microspheres, and gallium nitride (GaN) powder and nanowires. Particles trap stably at atmosphere and in high-vacuum for periods up to weeks with lifetimes largely determined by choices made to actively destabilize the trap. We describe the principles of operation, finite element design, approximate closed-form results for design rules, and examples of operation of such traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Houlton
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - M L Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - M D Brubaker
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K A Bertness
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - C T Rogers
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Ge S, Whitesides GM. “Axial” Magnetic Levitation Using Ring Magnets Enables Simple Density-Based Analysis, Separation, and Manipulation. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12239-12245. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shencheng Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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17
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Wang W, Timonen JVI, Carlson A, Drotlef DM, Zhang CT, Kolle S, Grinthal A, Wong TS, Hatton B, Kang SH, Kennedy S, Chi J, Blough RT, Sitti M, Mahadevan L, Aizenberg J. Multifunctional ferrofluid-infused surfaces with reconfigurable multiscale topography. Nature 2018; 559:77-82. [PMID: 29942075 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Developing adaptive materials with geometries that change in response to external stimuli provides fundamental insights into the links between the physical forces involved and the resultant morphologies and creates a foundation for technologically relevant dynamic systems1,2. In particular, reconfigurable surface topography as a means to control interfacial properties3 has recently been explored using responsive gels4, shape-memory polymers5, liquid crystals6-8 and hybrid composites9-14, including magnetically active slippery surfaces12-14. However, these designs exhibit a limited range of topographical changes and thus a restricted scope of function. Here we introduce a hierarchical magneto-responsive composite surface, made by infiltrating a ferrofluid into a microstructured matrix (termed ferrofluid-containing liquid-infused porous surfaces, or FLIPS). We demonstrate various topographical reconfigurations at multiple length scales and a broad range of associated emergent behaviours. An applied magnetic-field gradient induces the movement of magnetic nanoparticles suspended in the ferrofluid, which leads to microscale flow of the ferrofluid first above and then within the microstructured surface. This redistribution changes the initially smooth surface of the ferrofluid (which is immobilized by the porous matrix through capillary forces) into various multiscale hierarchical topographies shaped by the size, arrangement and orientation of the confining microstructures in the magnetic field. We analyse the spatial and temporal dynamics of these reconfigurations theoretically and experimentally as a function of the balance between capillary and magnetic pressures15-19 and of the geometric anisotropy of the FLIPS system. Several interesting functions at three different length scales are demonstrated: self-assembly of colloidal particles at the micrometre scale; regulated flow of liquid droplets at the millimetre scale; and switchable adhesion and friction, liquid pumping and removal of biofilms at the centimetre scale. We envision that FLIPS could be used as part of integrated control systems for the manipulation and transport of matter, thermal management, microfluidics and fouling-release materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jaakko V I Timonen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Andreas Carlson
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Mathematics, Mechanics Division, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Cathy T Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Kolle
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alison Grinthal
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tak-Sing Wong
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Hatton
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sung Hoon Kang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Kennedy
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Joshua Chi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Thomas Blough
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Metin Sitti
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - L Mahadevan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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18
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Abstract
The active transport of cargo molecules within cells is essential for life. Developing synthetic strategies for cargo control in living or inanimate thermal systems could lead to powerful tools to manipulate chemical gradients at the microscale and thus drive processes out of equilibrium to realize work. Here we demonstrate a colloidal analog of the complex biological shuttles responsible for molecular trafficking in cells. Our colloidal shuttles consist of magneto-dielectric particles that are loaded with cargo particles or living cells through size-selective dielectrophoretic trapping using electrical fields. The loaded colloidal shuttle can be transported with magnetic field gradients before cargo is released at the target location by switching off the electrical field. Such spatiotemporal control over the distribution of chemically active cargo in a reversible fashion can be potentially exploited for fundamental biological research or for the development of novel technologies for advanced cell culturing, drug discovery and medical diagnosis. Biological shuttles efficiently traffic molecules in cells, inspiring the development of synthetic analogs. Here, the authors create colloidal shuttles that collect, transport, and deliver cargo particles and cells under the control of external electrical and magnetic fields.
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Interference-like patterns of static magnetic fields imprinted into polymer/nanoparticle composites. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1564. [PMID: 29146909 PMCID: PMC5691180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interference of waves is important and used in many areas of science and technology but does not extend to static magnetic fields which lack the wave structure. On the other hand, magnetic fields can be spatially modulated using microstructured materials comprising magnetic and non-magnetic domains. Here, we show that when such spatial modulation is coupled to the dynamics of magnetic particles, it can give rise to interference-like patterns. These patterns are imprinted into thin polymer films by overlaying “stamps” presenting periodic arrays of magnetic and nonmagnetic regions. The structures that emerge from such a superposition are sensitive to any motions of the stamps, can depend on the history of these motions, can produce features significantly smaller than those in the stamps, and can be either planar or three-dimensional. For materials fabrication, it is most efficient to create various patterns from the same set of templates. Here, the authors show that when magnetic particles are exposed to stacks of periodic magnetic fields, they can form dynamic interference-like patterns that reflect where the magnetic fields overlap.
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Timonen JVI, Grzybowski BA. Tweezing of Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Objects with Magnetic Fields. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603516. [PMID: 28198579 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although strong magnetic fields cannot be conveniently "focused" like light, modern microfabrication techniques enable preparation of microstructures with which the field gradients - and resulting magnetic forces - can be localized to very small dimensions. This ability provides the foundation for magnetic tweezers which in their classical variant can address magnetic targets. More recently, the so-called negative magnetophoretic tweezers have also been developed which enable trapping and manipulations of completely nonmagnetic particles provided that they are suspended in a high-magnetic-susceptibility liquid. These two modes of magnetic tweezing are complimentary techniques tailorable for different types of applications. This Progress Report provides the theoretical basis for both modalities and illustrates their specific uses ranging from the manipulation of colloids in 2D and 3D, to trapping of living cells, control of cell function, experiments with single molecules, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko V I Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
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21
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Timonen JVI, Raimondo C, Pilans D, Pillai PP, Grzybowski BA. Trapping, manipulation, and crystallization of live cells using magnetofluidic tweezers. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2017; 2:50-54. [PMID: 32260677 DOI: 10.1039/c6nh00104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Live mammalian cells are captured and manipulated in magnetofluidic traps created in a suspension of biocompatible, magnetic nanoparticles by a coaxial magnetic/non-magnetic "micropen". Upon activation by an external electromagnet, the pen creates microscale gradients of magnetic field and nanoparticle concentration that translate into directional and confining forces acting on the cells. Both individual cells and cell collections can be trapped by this method, allowing, for instance, for the formation of regularly shaped cell assemblies. The method does not entail any local heating artifacts and does not require magnetic tagging of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V I Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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