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Hu S, Thiesbrummel J, Pascual J, Stolterfoht M, Wakamiya A, Snaith HJ. Narrow Bandgap Metal Halide Perovskites for All-Perovskite Tandem Photovoltaics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4079-4123. [PMID: 38527274 PMCID: PMC11009966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
All-perovskite tandem solar cells are attracting considerable interest in photovoltaics research, owing to their potential to surpass the theoretical efficiency limit of single-junction cells, in a cost-effective sustainable manner. Thanks to the bandgap-bowing effect, mixed tin-lead (Sn-Pb) perovskites possess a close to ideal narrow bandgap for constructing tandem cells, matched with wide-bandgap neat lead-based counterparts. The performance of all-perovskite tandems, however, has yet to reach its efficiency potential. One of the main obstacles that need to be overcome is the─oftentimes─low quality of the mixed Sn-Pb perovskite films, largely caused by the facile oxidation of Sn(II) to Sn(IV), as well as the difficult-to-control film crystallization dynamics. Additional detrimental imperfections are introduced in the perovskite thin film, particularly at its vulnerable surfaces, including the top and bottom interfaces as well as the grain boundaries. Due to these issues, the resultant device performance is distinctly far lower than their theoretically achievable maximum efficiency. Robust modifications and improvements to the surfaces of mixed Sn-Pb perovskite films are therefore critical for the advancement of the field. This Review describes the origins of imperfections in thin films and covers efforts made so far toward reaching a better understanding of mixed Sn-Pb perovskites, in particular with respect to surface modifications that improved the efficiency and stability of the narrow bandgap solar cells. In addition, we also outline the important issues of integrating the narrow bandgap subcells for achieving reliable and efficient all-perovskite double- and multi-junction tandems. Future work should focus on the characterization and visualization of the specific surface defects, as well as tracking their evolution under different external stimuli, guiding in turn the processing for efficient and stable single-junction and tandem solar cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifeng Hu
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United
Kingdom
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jarla Thiesbrummel
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United
Kingdom
- Institute
for Physics and Astronomy, University of
Potsdam,14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jorge Pascual
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Polymat, University of the
Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastian, Spain
| | - Martin Stolterfoht
- Institute
for Physics and Astronomy, University of
Potsdam,14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Electronic
Engineering Department, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR China
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Henry J. Snaith
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United
Kingdom
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Wan X, Xu C, Wang H, Jiang Z, Li F, Xu G, Dai Z, He X, Song Q. Efficient Tin-Lead Perovskite Solar Cells with a Ultrawide Usage Windows of Precursor Solution Opened by SnF 2. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401136. [PMID: 38501858 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
High quality tin-lead perovskite solar cells (Sn─Pb PSCs) can be fabricated via simple solution processing methods. However, the instability of precursor solutions and their narrow usage windows still pose challenges in manufacturing efficient and reproducible Sn─Pb PSCs, hindering the commercialization of PSCs. Fluorine tin (SnF2 ) is widely used as an antioxidant to improve the crystallinity of perovskite. In this study, another role of SnF2 as a stabilizer is found to restrain the deprotonation of methylammonium iodide (MAI) in the precursor solution, which improves their stability and expands their usage windows. Due to the inhibition of SnF2 on oxidation and deprotonation, stable large-sized colloidal clusters form gradually in perovskite precursor solution during aging, leading to uniform nucleation/crystallization during film growth, significantly reducing the roughness and defect density in the films. Because of the competitive deprotonation and oxidation process of Sn2+ , the benefit of larger cluster maximizes after about ten days storage of precursor solution. The champion efficiency of Sn─Pb PSCs prepared with 10 days aged precursor solution is 22.00%. High performance of devices fabricated with precursor solution stored for even ≈40 days discloses the wide usage windows of precursor solution with SnF2 additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wan
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Cunyun Xu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zezhuan Jiang
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Fuling Li
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Gaobo Xu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhongjun Dai
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng He
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Qunliang Song
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
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Noman M, Khan Z, Jan ST. A comprehensive review on the advancements and challenges in perovskite solar cell technology. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5085-5131. [PMID: 38332783 PMCID: PMC10851055 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07518d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as revolutionary technology in the field of photovoltaics, offering a promising avenue for efficient and cost-effective solar energy conversion. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress and developments in PSCs, beginning with an introduction to their fundamental properties and significance. Herein, we discuss the various types of PSCs, including lead-based, tin-based, mixed Sn-Pb, germanium-based, and polymer-based PSCs, highlighting their unique attributes and performance metrics. Special emphasis is given to halide double PSCs and their potential in enhancing the stability of PSCs. Charge transport layers and their significance in influencing the overall efficiency of solar cells are discussed in detail. The review also explores the role of tandem solar cells as a solution to overcome the limitations of single-junction solar cells, offering an integrated approach to harness a broader spectrum of sunlight. This review concludes with challenges associated with PSCs and perspective on the future potential of PSCs, emphasizing their role in shaping a sustainable energy landscape. Through this review readers will gain a comprehensive insight into the current state-of-the-art in PSC technology and the avenues for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Noman
- U.S. - Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Khan
- U.S. - Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Shayan Tariq Jan
- U.S. - Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy, University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar Pakistan
- Department of Energy Engineering Technology, University of Technology Nowshera Pakistan
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4
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Sun Q, Shi C, Xie W, Li Y, Zhang C, Wu J, Zheng Q, Deng H, Cheng S. Defect Synergistic Regulations of Li&Na Co-Doped Flexible Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 Solar Cells Achieving over 10% Certified Efficiency. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306740. [PMID: 38054649 PMCID: PMC10853737 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Ion doping is an effective strategy for achieving high-performance flexible Cu2 ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells by defect regulations. Here, a Li&Na co-doped strategy is applied to synergistically regulate defects in CZTSSe bulks. The quality absorbers with the uniformly distributed Li and Na elements are obtained using the solution method, where the acetates (LiAc and NaAc) are as additives. The concentration of the harmful CuZn anti-site defects is decreased by 8.13% after Li incorporation, and that of the benign NaZn defects is increased by 36.91% after Na incorporation. Synergistic Li&Na co-doping enhances the carrier concentration and reduces the interfacial defects concentration by one order of magnitude. As a result, the flexible CZTSSe solar cell achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.53% with certified 10.12%. Because of the high PCE and the homogeneous property, the Li&Na co-doped device is fabricated to a large area (2.38 cm2 ) and obtains 9.41% PCE. The co-doping investigation to synergistically regulate defects provides a new perspective for efficient flexible CZTSSe solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhen Sun
- Institute of Micro‐Nano Devices and Solar CellsCollege of Physics and Information EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of ChinaFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
| | - Chen Shi
- Institute of Micro‐Nano Devices and Solar CellsCollege of Physics and Information EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of ChinaFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
| | - Weihao Xie
- Institute of Micro‐Nano Devices and Solar CellsCollege of Physics and Information EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of ChinaFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
| | - Yifan Li
- Institute of Micro‐Nano Devices and Solar CellsCollege of Physics and Information EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of ChinaFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Institute of Micro‐Nano Devices and Solar CellsCollege of Physics and Information EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of ChinaFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
| | - Jionghua Wu
- Institute of Micro‐Nano Devices and Solar CellsCollege of Physics and Information EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of ChinaFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
| | - Qiao Zheng
- Institute of Micro‐Nano Devices and Solar CellsCollege of Physics and Information EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou213164P. R. China
| | - Hui Deng
- Institute of Micro‐Nano Devices and Solar CellsCollege of Physics and Information EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of ChinaFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
| | - Shuying Cheng
- Institute of Micro‐Nano Devices and Solar CellsCollege of Physics and Information EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of ChinaFuzhouFujian350108P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and EngineeringChangzhou213164P. R. China
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5
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Ning C, Ji Q, Wu Y, Wang J, Ju MG. Disorder on Mixed Cation Halide Perovskite for Photovoltaic Applications. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8034-8042. [PMID: 37651711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
With reduced toxicity and tunable optoelectronic properties, mixed cation halide perovskites (MCHPs) featuring partially substituted Pb with Sn and Ge have emerged as promising candidates for photovoltaic applications. However, the introduction of the disorder through large-scale preparation and alloying strategies leads to a significant challenge in comprehending the disorder's microscopic-level impact. Here, we found that, in addition to compositional variation, a synergy of disorder and cation radii ratio significantly affects optoelectronic properties. For Pb-Ge/Ge-Sn MCHPs, severe octahedral distortion with increasing degree of disorder adjusted their bandgaps in a wide range, giving rise to large effective masses, exciton binding energies, and weak visible absorption coefficients. The synergy of disorder and distortion transforms the Wannier excitons into localized characteristics, whereas the optoelectronic properties of Pb-Sn MCHPs are modulated by the disorder. Our work highlights the role of disorder in the tunability of optoelectronic properties, providing a novel strategy for designing photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Ning
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yilei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jinlan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ming-Gang Ju
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Ašmontas S, Mujahid M. Recent Progress in Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1886. [PMID: 37368318 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Tandem solar cells are widely considered the industry's next step in photovoltaics because of their excellent power conversion efficiency. Since halide perovskite absorber material was developed, it has been feasible to develop tandem solar cells that are more efficient. The European Solar Test Installation has verified a 32.5% efficiency for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. There has been an increase in the perovskite/Si tandem devices' power conversion efficiency, but it is still not as high as it might be. Their instability and difficulties in large-area realization are significant challenges in commercialization. In the first part of this overview, we set the stage by discussing the background of tandem solar cells and their development over time. Subsequently, a concise summary of recent advancements in perovskite tandem solar cells utilizing various device topologies is presented. In addition, we explore the many possible configurations of tandem module technology: the present work addresses the characteristics and efficacy of 2T monolithic and mechanically stacked four-terminal devices. Next, we explore ways to boost perovskite tandem solar cells' power conversion efficiencies. Recent advancements in the efficiency of tandem cells are described, along with the limitations that are still restricting their efficiency. Stability is also a significant hurdle in commercializing such devices, so we proposed eliminating ion migration as a cornerstone strategy for solving intrinsic instability problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steponas Ašmontas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Muhammad Mujahid
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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7
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Lee H, Kang SB, Lee S, Zhu K, Kim DH. Progress and outlook of Sn-Pb mixed perovskite solar cells. NANO CONVERGENCE 2023; 10:27. [PMID: 37326774 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have revolutionized solar cell research owing to their excellent material properties. Most previous research has been done on Pb-based perovskites. Recently, efforts to discover a Pb-free or Pb-less perovskite material with an ideal bandgap ranging 1.1-1.3 eV have led researchers to investigate Sn-Pb mixed perovskites. Sn-Pb mixed perovskites have a bandgap of ~ 1.25 eV, which is suitable for high-efficiency single-junction and perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells. Moreover, the Pb content of Sn-Pb mixed perovskites is 50-60% lower than that of Pb-based perovskites, partially mitigating the Pb toxicity issue. However, incorporating Sn2+ into the crystal structure also causes various drawbacks, such as inhomogeneous thin film morphologies, easy oxidation of Sn2+, and more vulnerable surface properties. Researchers have made substantial progress in addressing these challenges through improvements in compositional design, structural optimization, precursor design, and surface treatments. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the progress in Sn-Pb mixed perovskite solar cells. Furthermore, we analyze the key variables and trends as well as provide an outlook for future directions in the research on Sn-Pb mixed perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Beom Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwook Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kai Zhu
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Dong Hoe Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Jang CH, Kim YI, Harit AK, Ha JM, Park S, Noh YW, Lee AY, Kim KS, Jung JW, Woo HY, Song MH. Multifunctional Conjugated Molecular Additives for Highly Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210511. [PMID: 36930970 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Further optimization of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) is impeded by crystal deformation caused by residual stress and defect formation with subsequent non-radiative recombination. Molecular additives for defect passivation are widely studied; however, the majority have insulating properties that hinder charge injection and transport. Herein, highly efficient green-emitting PeLEDs are reported by introducing semiconducting molecular additives (Fl-OEGA and Fl-C8A). Transmission electron microscopy shows that conjugated additives exist primarily at the grain boundaries of perovskite, and Kelvin probe force microscopy confirms that the variation in contact potential difference between grain boundaries and perovskite crystal domains is significantly reduced. The residual tensile stress is reduced by 13% and the activation energy for ion migration increases in the Fl-OEGA-treated perovskite film, compared to those of the film without additives. Compared to insulating 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)diethylamine (EDEA), the introduction of semiconducting additives prevents a significant reduction in the charge-transport capability. Furthermore, the PeLEDs with Fl-OEGA show a negligible shift in the turn-on voltage and a significantly smaller decrease in the current density with increasing Fl-OEGA compared to the devices with EDEA. Finally, the 3D CsPbBr3 -PeLEDs show the highest external quantum efficiency of 21.3% by the incorporation of semiconducting Fl-OEGA as a new multifunctional additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hyeon Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye In Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Kumar Harit
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejeong Park
- Korea I. T. S, Application Group, Korea I. T. S. Co., Ltd., Seoul, 06373, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Wook Noh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Young Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Su Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information & Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woong Jung
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information & Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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Chen Y, Lei P, Geng Y, Meng T, Li X, Zeng Q, Guo Q, Tang A, Zhong Y, Zhou E. Selective fluorination on donor and acceptor for management of efficiency and energy loss in non-fullerene organic photovoltaics. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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10
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Li M, Huang P, Zhong H. Current Understanding of Band-Edge Properties of Halide Perovskites: Urbach Tail, Rashba Splitting, and Exciton Binding Energy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1592-1603. [PMID: 36749031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The band-edge structure of halide perovskites, derived from the hybridization of atomic orbitals, plays a fundamental role in determining their optical and electronic properties. Several important concepts have been frequently discussed to describe the influence of band-edge structure on their optoelectronic properties, including Urbach tail, Rashba splitting, and exciton binding energy. In this Perspective, we provide a fundamental understanding of these concepts, with the focus on their dependence on composition, structure, or dimensionality. Subsequently, the implications for material optimization and device fabrication are discussed. Furthermore, we highlight the Rashba effect on the exciton fine structure in perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs), which explains the unique emissive properties. Finally, we discuss the potential influence of band-edge properties on the light emission process. We hope that this Perspective can inspire the investigation of band-edge properties of halide perovskites for light-emitting diodes, lasers, and spin electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peng Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haizheng Zhong
- MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Straus DB, Cava RJ. Tuning the Band Gap in the Halide Perovskite CsPbBr 3 through Sr Substitution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:34884-34890. [PMID: 35867850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to continuously tune the band gap of a semiconductor allows its optical properties to be precisely tailored for specific applications. We demonstrate that the band gap of the halide perovskite CsPbBr3 can be continuously widened through homovalent substitution of Sr2+ for Pb2+ using solid-state synthesis, creating a material with the formula CsPb1-xSrxBr3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). Sr2+ and Pb2+ form a solid solution in CsPb1-xSrxBr3. Pure CsPbBr3 has a band gap of 2.29(2) eV, which increases to 2.64(3) eV for CsPb0.25Sr0.75Br3. The increase in band gap is clearly visible in the color change of the materials and is also confirmed by a shift in the photoluminescence. Density-functional theory calculations support the hypothesis that Sr incorporation widens the band gap without introducing mid-gap defect states. These results demonstrate that homovalent B-site alloying can be a viable method to tune the band gap of simple halide perovskites for absorptive and emissive applications such as color-tunable light-emitting diodes, tandem solar cells, and photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Straus
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 United States
| | - Robert J Cava
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 United States
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12
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Cai X, Liu F, Yu A, Qin J, Hatamvand M, Ahmed I, Luo J, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhan Y. Data-driven design of high-performance MASn xPb 1-xI 3 perovskite materials by machine learning and experimental realization. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:234. [PMID: 35882845 PMCID: PMC9325779 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cell is determined by multiple interrelated factors, such as perovskite compositions, electronic properties of each transport layer and fabrication parameters, which makes it rather challenging for optimization of device performances and discovery of underlying mechanisms. Here, we propose and realize a novel machine learning approach based on forward-reverse framework to establish the relationship between key parameters and photovoltaic performance in high-profile MASnxPb1-xI3 perovskite materials. The proposed method establishes the asymmetrically bowing relationship between band gap and Sn composition, which is precisely verified by our experiments. Based on the analysis of structural evolution and SHAP library, the rapid-change region and low-bandgap plateau region for small and large Sn composition are explained, respectively. By establishing the models for photovoltaic parameters of working photovoltaic devices, the deviation of short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage with band gap in defective-zone and low-bandgap-plateau regions from Shockley-Queisser theory is captured by our models, and the former is due to the deep-level traps formed by crystallographic distortion and the latter is due to the enhanced susceptibility by increased Sn4+ content. The more difficulty for hole extraction than electron is also concluded in the models and the prediction curve of power conversion efficiency is in a good agreement with Shockley-Queisser limit. With the help of search and optimization algorithms, an optimized Sn:Pb composition ratio near 0.6 is finally obtained for high-performance perovskite solar cells, then verified by our experiments. Our constructive method could also be applicable to other material optimization and efficient device development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cai
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- College of Information, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Center of Micro-Nano System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fengcai Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Center of Micro-Nano System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Anran Yu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Center of Micro-Nano System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiajun Qin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Hatamvand
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Center of Micro-Nano System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Center of Micro-Nano System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiayan Luo
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Center of Micro-Nano System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures and Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures and Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, Zhejiang, 322000, China.
| | - Yiqiang Zhan
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Center of Micro-Nano System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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13
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Kaur G, Shukla A, Babu KJ, Ghosh HN. Chemically Engineered Avenues: Opportunities for Attaining Desired Carrier Cooling in Perovskites. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200106. [PMID: 35882519 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hot carrier extraction-based devices are presently being persuaded as the most revolutionary means of surpassing the theoretical thermodynamic conversion efficiency limit (∼67 % for a model hot carrier solar cell). However, for practical realisation, there stand various hurdles that need to be surmounted, a major among all being the rapid hot carrier cooling rate. Though, the perovskite family has already demonstrated itself to exhibit slower cooling in contrast to the prototypical semiconductors. Decelerating this entire process of cooling further can prove to be a crucial stride in this regard. Quite contrarily, for the optoelectronic applications the situation is entirely conflicting where quick rate of cooling is a chief prerequisite. In the recent times, there have been various key developments that have targeted altering this cooling rate by various chemically engineered strategies. This review highlights such blueprints that can be utilized towards the advantageous alteration of the carrier cooling in accordance with the device requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Ayushi Shukla
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - K Justice Babu
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India.,RPC Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 40085, India
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14
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Koh TM, Wang H, Ng YF, Bruno A, Mhaisalkar S, Mathews N. Halide Perovskite Solar Cells for Building Integrated Photovoltaics: Transforming Building Façades into Power Generators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104661. [PMID: 34699646 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites for low-cost and high-efficiency photovoltaics promises to impact new photovoltaic concepts. Their high power conversion efficiencies, ability to coat perovskite layers on glass via various scalable deposition techniques, excellent optoelectronic properties, and synthetic versatility for modulating transparency and color allow perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to be an ideal solution for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs), which transforms windows or façades into electric power generators. In this review, the unique features and properties of PSCs for BIPV application are accessed. Device engineering and optical management strategies of active layers, interlayers, and electrodes for semitransparent, bifacial, and colorful PSCs are also discussed. The performance of PSCs under conditions that are relevant for BIPV such as different operational temperature, light intensity, and light incident angle are also reviewed. Recent outdoor stability testing of PSCs in different countries and other demonstration of scalability and deployment of PSCs are also spotlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities for realizing perovskite-based BIPV are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck Ming Koh
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Yan Fong Ng
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Annalisa Bruno
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Subodh Mhaisalkar
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nripan Mathews
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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15
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Tonkaev P, Sinev IS, Rybin MV, Makarov SV, Kivshar Y. Multifunctional and Transformative Metaphotonics with Emerging Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15414-15449. [PMID: 35549165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Future technologies underpinning multifunctional physical and chemical systems and compact biological sensors will rely on densely packed transformative and tunable circuitry employing nanophotonics. For many years, plasmonics was considered as the only available platform for subwavelength optics, but the recently emerged field of resonant metaphotonics may provide a versatile practical platform for nanoscale science by employing resonances in high-index dielectric nanoparticles and metasurfaces. Here, we discuss the recently emerged field of metaphotonics and describe its connection to material science and chemistry. For tunabilty, metaphotonics employs a variety of the recently highlighted materials such as polymers, perovskites, transition metal dichalcogenides, and phase change materials. This allows to achieve diverse functionalities of metasystems and metasurfaces for efficient spatial and temporal control of light by employing multipolar resonances and the physics of bound states in the continuum. We anticipate expanding applications of these concepts in nanolasers, tunable metadevices, metachemistry, as well as a design of a new generation of chemical and biological ultracompact sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Tonkaev
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Ivan S Sinev
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Rybin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia.,Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Sergey V Makarov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
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16
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Sahamir SR, Kamarudin MA, Ripolles TS, Baranwal AK, Kapil G, Shen Q, Segawa H, Bisquert J, Hayase S. Enhancing the Electronic Properties and Stability of High-Efficiency Tin-Lead Mixed Halide Perovskite Solar Cells via Doping Engineering. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3130-3137. [PMID: 35357181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming Voc loss to increase the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been aggressively studied. In this work, we introduce and compare rubidium iodide (RbI) and potassium iodide (KI) alkali metal halides (AMHs) as dopants in a tin-lead (SnPb)-based perovskite system to improve the performance of PSCs by enhancing their Voc. Improvement in terms of surface morphology, crystallinity, charge transfer, and carrier transport in the SnPb perovskites was observed with the addition of AMH dopants. Significant power conversion efficiency improvement has been achieved with the incorporation of either dopant, and the highest efficiency was 21.04% in SnPb mixed halide PSCs when the RbI dopant was employed. In conclusion, we can outline the enhancement strategy that yields a remarkable efficiency of >20% with a smaller Voc loss and improved storage, light, and thermal stability in SnPb PSCs via doping engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrir Razey Sahamir
- Info-Powered Energy System Research Center (i-PERC), The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Muhammad Akmal Kamarudin
- Info-Powered Energy System Research Center (i-PERC), The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Teresa S Ripolles
- Instituto de Ciencia de los Materiales, University of Valencia, Carrer del Catedrátic José Beltrán Martinez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ajay Kumar Baranwal
- Info-Powered Energy System Research Center (i-PERC), The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Gaurav Kapil
- Info-Powered Energy System Research Center (i-PERC), The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Qing Shen
- Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Segawa
- Research Center for Advance Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Edificio de Investigación n°1 Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Shuzi Hayase
- Info-Powered Energy System Research Center (i-PERC), The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
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17
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Subedi B, Li C, Chen C, Liu D, Junda MM, Song Z, Yan Y, Podraza NJ. Urbach Energy and Open-Circuit Voltage Deficit for Mixed Anion-Cation Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7796-7804. [PMID: 35129320 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Urbach energy indicating the width of the exponentially decaying sub-bandgap absorption tail is commonly used as the indicator of electronic quality of thin-film materials used as absorbers in solar cells. Urbach energies of hybrid inorganic-organic metal halide perovskites with various anion-cation compositions are measured by photothermal deflection spectroscopy. The variation in anion-cation composition has a substantial effect on the measured Urbach energy and hence the electronic quality of the perovskite. Depending upon the compositions, the Urbach energy varies from 18 to 65 meV for perovskite films with similar bandgap energies. For most of the perovskite compositions studied here including methylammonium (MA) + formamidinium (FA)-based Pb iodides, mixed Sn + Pb narrow-bandgap perovskites with low or intermediate Sn contents, and wide-bandgap FA + Cs- and I + Br-based perovskites, the correlation between the Urbach energy of the perovskite thin film and open-circuit voltage (VOC) deficit for corresponding solar cells shows a direct relationship with reduction of the Urbach energy occurring with a beneficial decrease in the VOC deficit. However, due to issues related to material quality, impurity phases and stability in laboratory ambient air, and unoptimized film processing techniques, the solar cells incorporating Cs-based inorganic and mixed Sn + Pb perovskites with a higher than optimum Sn content show a higher VOC deficit even though the corresponding films show a lower Urbach energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwas Subedi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Chongwen Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Dachang Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Maxwell M Junda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Zhaoning Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Yanfa Yan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Nikolas J Podraza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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18
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Cao J, Loi HL, Xu Y, Guo X, Wang N, Liu CK, Wang T, Cheng H, Zhu Y, Li MG, Wong WY, Yan F. High-Performance Tin-Lead Mixed-Perovskite Solar Cells with Vertical Compositional Gradient. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107729. [PMID: 34676933 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sn-Pb mixed perovskites with bandgaps in the range of 1.1-1.4 eV are ideal candidates for single-junction solar cells to approach the Shockley-Queisser limit. However, the efficiency and stability of Sn-Pb mixed-perovskite solar cells (PSCs) still lag far behind those of Pb-based counterparts due to the easy oxidation of Sn2+ . Here, a reducing agent 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid is introduced as an additive along with SnF2 to suppress the oxidation of Sn2+ . Meanwhile, a vertical Pb/Sn compositional gradient is formed spontaneously after an antisolvent treatment due to different solubility and crystallization kinetics of Sn- and Pb-based perovskites and it can be finely tuned by controlling the antisolvent temperature. Because the band structure of a perovskite is dependent on its composition, graded vertical heterojunctions are constructed in the perovskite films with a compositional gradient, which can enhance photocarrier separation and suppress carrier recombination in the resultant PSCs. Under optimal fabrication conditions, the Sn-Pb mixed PSCs show power conversion efficiency up to 22% along with excellent stability during light soaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiupeng Cao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Hok-Leung Loi
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- Division of Integrative Systems and Design, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xuyun Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Naixiang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Ki Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Tianyue Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Cheng
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Mitch Guijun Li
- Division of Integrative Systems and Design, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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19
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Halford GC, Deng Q, Gomez A, Green T, Mankoff JM, Belisle RA. Structural Dynamics of Metal Halide Perovskites during Photoinduced Halide Segregation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4335-4343. [PMID: 35023337 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial research effort, photoinduced halide segregation in mixed halide perovskites continues to limit the available perovskite chemistries for use in optoelectronic applications. In this study, we present new insights into halide-segregation process through in situ X-ray diffraction measurements that reveal substantial structural changes in mixed-halide perovskites under excitation. We observe that photoinduced halide segregation leads to the formation of one iodide-rich and one bromide-rich perovskite composition whose Br:I ratios are the same (at 20 and 93% bromine, respectively), for a range of compositions of the pristine initial perovskite phase. This segregation reverses in the dark to re-form a mixed halide perovskite with the same lattice spacing as the pristine perovskite. From these results, we determine a kinetic rate for the formation and dissolution of these new crystalline phases and observe that the crystalline orientation is preserved through the light-segregation and dark-relaxation processes. Our results are consistent with a model of halide segregation where excitation causes changes in the free energy of mixing and ultimately the formation of a miscibility gap in the MAPb(IxBr1-x)3 phase diagram and should inform future works to model and manipulate the halide-segregation process in mixed-halide perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Halford
- Chemistry Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Qingmu Deng
- Olin College of Engineering, Needham, Massachusetts 02492, United States
| | - Annie Gomez
- Physics Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Tianna Green
- Physics Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Jill M Mankoff
- Chemistry Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Rebecca A Belisle
- Physics Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
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20
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Ding X, Wang H, Miao Y, Chen C, Zhai M, Yang C, Wang B, Tian Y, Cheng M. Bi(trifluoromethyl) Benzoic Acid-Assisted Shallow Defect Passivation for Perovskite Solar Cells with an Efficiency Exceeding 21. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3930-3938. [PMID: 35020343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical additive engineering is reported to be a simple yet effective approach to passivate shallow defects at the surface and grain boundaries, restrict nonradiative recombination losses, and further enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we successfully introduce a small organic molecule 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (6FBzA) into an antisolvent as a shallow defect passivator for perovskite films. The Pb2+ defects at the surface are greatly healed due to the coordination interaction of carbonyl and fluorine groups of 6FBzA with Pb2+. Consequently, the trap-assisted nonradiative recombination is effectively suppressed, as well as the interfacial charge extraction and transfer is significantly enhanced. As a result, the 6FBzA-treated PSC obtains a champion PCE of 21.09% with negligible hysteresis, which is obviously superior to the reference device (18.45%). Furthermore, on account of the high hydrophobicity of 6FBzA, the unencapsulated 6FBzA-treated device exhibits a good long-term stability, maintaining 82% of its initial PCE at a relative humidity of 30-40% in ambient air after 1800 h of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Ding
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Haoxin Wang
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yawei Miao
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mengde Zhai
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chuansu Yang
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Biyi Wang
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yi Tian
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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21
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Jiang S, Bai Y, Ma Z, Jin S, Zou C, Tan Z. Recent Advances of Monolithic
All‐Perovskite
Tandem Solar Cells: From Materials to Devices. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Yiming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources North China Electric Power University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Zongwen Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Shengli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Utilization & Energy Saving Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Energy Group R&D Institute Co., Ltd. Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 China
| | - Chao Zou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Wenzhou University, Wenzhou Zhejiang 325027 China
| | - Zhao'ao Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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22
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Pitaro M, Tekelenburg EK, Shao S, Loi MA. Tin Halide Perovskites: From Fundamental Properties to Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105844. [PMID: 34626031 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites have unique optical and electrical properties, which make them an excellent class of materials for a broad spectrum of optoelectronic applications. However, it is with photovoltaic devices that this class of materials has reached the apotheosis of popularity. High power conversion efficiencies are achieved with lead-based compounds, which are toxic to the environment. Tin-based perovskites are the most promising alternative because of their bandgap close to the optimal value for photovoltaic applications, the strong optical absorption, and good charge carrier mobilities. Nevertheless, the low defect tolerance, the fast crystallization, and the oxidative instability of tin halide perovskites currently limit their efficiency. The aim of this review is to give a detailed overview of the crystallographic, photophysical, and optoelectronic properties of tin-based perovskite compounds in their multiple forms from 3D to low-dimensional structures. At the end, recent progress in tin-based perovskite solar cells are reviewed, mainly focusing on the detail of the strategies adopted to improve the device performances. For each subtopic, the current challenges and the outlook are discussed, with the aim to stimulate the community to address the most important issues in a concerted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pitaro
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Kinsa Tekelenburg
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Shuyan Shao
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Antonietta Loi
- Photophysics and OptoElectronics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
Lead-free perovskites have received remarkable attention because of their nontoxicity, low-cost fabrication, and spectacular properties including controlled bandgap, long diffusion length of charge carrier, large absorption coefficient, and high photoluminescence quantum yield. Compared with the widely investigated polycrystals, single crystals have advantages of lower trap densities, longer diffusion length of carrier, and extended absorption spectrum due to the lack of grain boundaries, which facilitates their potential in different fields including photodetectors, solar cells, X-ray detectors, light-emitting diodes, and so on. Therefore, numerous research focusing on the novel properties, preparation methods, and remarkable progress in applications of lead-free perovskite single crystals (LFPSCs) has been extensively studied. In this review, the current advancements of LFPSCs are briefly summarized, including the synthesis approaches, compositional and interfacial engineering, and stability of several representative systems of LFPSCs as well as the reported practical applications. Finally, the critical challenges which limit the performance of LFPSCs, and their inspiring prospects for further developments are also discussed.
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24
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Ulatowski A, Farrar MD, Snaith HJ, Johnston MB, Herz LM. Revealing Ultrafast Charge-Carrier Thermalization in Tin-Iodide Perovskites through Novel Pump-Push-Probe Terahertz Spectroscopy. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:2509-2518. [PMID: 34476290 PMCID: PMC8397435 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tin-iodide perovskites are an important group of semiconductors for photovoltaic applications, promising higher intrinsic charge-carrier mobilities and lower toxicity than their lead-based counterparts. Controllable tin vacancy formation and the ensuing hole doping provide interesting opportunities to investigate dynamic intraband transitions of charge carriers in these materials. Here, we present for the first time an experimental implementation of a novel Optical-Pump-IR-Push-THz-Probe spectroscopic technique and demonstrate its suitability to investigate the intraband relaxation dynamics of charge carriers brought into nonequilibrium by an infrared "push" pulse. We observe a push-induced decrease of terahertz conductivity for both chemically- and photodoped FA0.83Cs0.17SnI3 thin films and show that these effects derive from stimulated THz emission. We use this technique to reveal that newly photogenerated charge carriers relax within the bands of FA0.83Cs0.17SnI3 on a subpicosecond time scale when a large, already fully thermalized (cold) population of charge-carriers is present. Such rapid dissipation of the initial charge-carrier energy suggests that the propensity of tin halide perovskites toward unintentional self-doping resulting from tin vacancy formation makes these materials less suited to implementation in hot-carrier solar cells than their lead-based counterparts.
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25
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Savill K, Ulatowski AM, Herz LM. Optoelectronic Properties of Tin-Lead Halide Perovskites. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2021; 6:2413-2426. [PMID: 34307880 PMCID: PMC8291762 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mixed tin-lead halide perovskites have recently emerged as highly promising materials for efficient single- and multi-junction photovoltaic devices. This Focus Review discusses the optoelectronic properties that underpin this performance, clearly differentiating between intrinsic and defect-mediated mechanisms. We show that from a fundamental perspective, increasing tin fraction may cause increases in attainable charge-carrier mobilities, decreases in exciton binding energies, and potentially a slowing of charge-carrier cooling, all beneficial for photovoltaic applications. We discuss the mechanisms leading to significant bandgap bowing along the tin-lead series, which enables attractive near-infrared bandgaps at intermediate tin content. However, tin-rich stoichiometries still suffer from tin oxidation and vacancy formation which often obscures the fundamentally achievable performance, causing high background hole densities, accelerating charge-carrier recombination, lowering charge-carrier mobilities, and blue-shifting absorption onsets through the Burstein-Moss effect. We evaluate impacts on photovoltaic device performance, and conclude with an outlook on remaining challenges and promising future directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley
J. Savill
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, U.K.
| | - Aleksander M. Ulatowski
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, U.K.
| | - Laura M. Herz
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, U.K.
- TUM
Institute for Advanced Study, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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26
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Chemical Vapor Deposited Mixed Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133526. [PMID: 34202688 PMCID: PMC8269519 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we used a two-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to synthesize methylammonium lead-tin triiodide perovskite films, MAPb1−xSnxI3, with x varying from 0 to 1. We successfully controlled the concentration of Sn in the perovskite films and used Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) to quantify the composition of the precursor films for conversion into perovskite films. According to the RBS results, increasing the SnCl2 source amount in the reaction chamber translate into an increase in Sn concentration in the films. The crystal structure and the optical properties of perovskite films were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis spectrometry. All the perovskite films depicted similar XRD patterns corresponding to a tetragonal structure with I4cm space group despite the precursor films having different crystal structures. The increasing concentration of Sn in the perovskite films linearly decreased the unit volume from about 988.4 Å3 for MAPbI3 to about 983.3 Å3 for MAPb0.39Sn0.61I3, which consequently influenced the optical properties of the films manifested by the decrease in energy bandgap (Eg) and an increase in the disorder in the band gap. The SEM micrographs depicted improvements in the grain size (0.3–1 µm) and surface coverage of the perovskite films compared with the precursor films.
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27
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Yan D, Mo Q, Zhao S, Cai W, Zang Z. Room temperature synthesis of Sn 2+ doped highly luminescent CsPbBr 3 quantum dots for high CRI white light-emitting diodes. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:9740-9746. [PMID: 34019052 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01492g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) being able to exceed 90% for those prepared by the hot injection method, CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) have attracted intensive attention for white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). However, the whole process is carried out in a 3-neck flask via air isolation and at a relatively high temperature. In addition, CsPbBr3 QDs suffer from poor stability under ambient atmosphere. In this work, an effective strategy through doping of Sn2+ ions at room-temperature is proposed to improve the emission efficiency and stability of CsPbBr3 QDs. Compared with pure CsPbBr3 QDs, a higher PLQY and a better stability are obtained. The detailed physical mechanism for this performance enhancement is discussed and described. An optimum result is found at an Sn2+ doping amount of 20%, which shows a high PLQY of 82.77%. WLEDs based on these 20% Sn2+ doped CsPbBr3 QDs are also studied, exhibiting a high color rendering index of 89 and a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 3954. The method proposed here provides an effective strategy to enhance the fluorescence and stability of CsPbBr3 QDs, which might have promising potential in the lighting fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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28
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Deng H, Sun Q, Yang Z, Li W, Yan Q, Zhang C, Zheng Q, Wang X, Lai Y, Cheng S. Novel symmetrical bifacial flexible CZTSSe thin film solar cells for indoor photovoltaic applications. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3107. [PMID: 34035256 PMCID: PMC8149396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Environment-friendly flexible Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells show great potentials for indoor photovoltaic market. Indoor lighting is weak and multi-directional, thus the researches of photovoltaic device structures, techniques and performances face new challenges. Here, we design symmetrical bifacial CZTSSe solar cells on flexible Mo-foil substrate to efficiently harvest the indoor energy. Such devices are fabricated by double-sided deposition techniques to ensure bifacial consistency and save cost. We report 9.3% and 9% efficiencies for the front and back sides of the flexible CZTSSe solar cell under the standard sun light. Considering the indoor environment, we verify weak-light response performance of the devices under LED illumination and flexibility properties after thousands of bending. Bifacial CZTSSe solar cells in parallel achieve the superposition of double-sided output current from multi-directional light, significantly enhancing the area utilization rate. The present results and methods are expected to expand indoor photovoltaic applications. Indoor lighting is weak and multi-directional, thus the requirement for photovoltaic differs from that designed for outdoor. To efficiently harvest the indoor energy, the authors designed CZTSSe bifacial solar cells on flexible Mo substrate using double-sided deposition to ensure consistency and to save cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Devices and Solar Cells, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Quanzhen Sun
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Devices and Solar Cells, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Devices and Solar Cells, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wangyang Li
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Devices and Solar Cells, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiong Yan
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Devices and Solar Cells, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Devices and Solar Cells, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou, China
| | - Qiao Zheng
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Devices and Solar Cells, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Devices and Solar Cells, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Lai
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Devices and Solar Cells, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou, China
| | - Shuying Cheng
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Devices and Solar Cells, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou, China.
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29
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Xi J, Loi MA. The Fascinating Properties of Tin-Alloyed Halide Perovskites. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2021; 6:1803-1810. [PMID: 34056109 PMCID: PMC8155387 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tin-alloyed halide perovskites are progressively becoming more popular as slowly their optoelectronic properties start to rival those of the potentially risky pure lead analogues. However, to push this attractive semiconductor toward realistic applications, several major issues need to be solved. This Perspective will start with a description of the fundamental properties of tin-alloyed halide perovskites, continue discussing their weak points with special attention on the structural and electronic instabilities, and conclude examining the effects of the above-mentioned properties on devices. Finally we propose a plausible roadmap to further boost tin-alloyed halide perovskite devices to practical applications. We believe this roadmap should start from an understanding of this family of semiconductors from an atomistic viewpoint, proceeding to the control of thin-film fabrication, the structural properties, and finally the device optimization. We hope this Perspective can help to inject new enthusiasm and facilitate the progress in tin-alloyed halide perovskites, catalyzing their transition from the cradle of the laboratories to the reality of their fabrication.
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30
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Huang YT, Kavanagh SR, Scanlon DO, Walsh A, Hoye RLZ. Perovskite-inspired materials for photovoltaics and beyond-from design to devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:132004. [PMID: 33260167 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abcf6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lead-halide perovskites have demonstrated astonishing increases in power conversion efficiency in photovoltaics over the last decade. The most efficient perovskite devices now outperform industry-standard multi-crystalline silicon solar cells, despite the fact that perovskites are typically grown at low temperature using simple solution-based methods. However, the toxicity of lead and its ready solubility in water are concerns for widespread implementation. These challenges, alongside the many successes of the perovskites, have motivated significant efforts across multiple disciplines to find lead-free and stable alternatives which could mimic the ability of the perovskites to achieve high performance with low temperature, facile fabrication methods. This Review discusses the computational and experimental approaches that have been taken to discover lead-free perovskite-inspired materials, and the recent successes and challenges in synthesizing these compounds. The atomistic origins of the extraordinary performance exhibited by lead-halide perovskites in photovoltaic devices is discussed, alongside the key challenges in engineering such high-performance in alternative, next-generation materials. Beyond photovoltaics, this Review discusses the impact perovskite-inspired materials have had in spurring efforts to apply new materials in other optoelectronic applications, namely light-emitting diodes, photocatalysts, radiation detectors, thin film transistors and memristors. Finally, the prospects and key challenges faced by the field in advancing the development of perovskite-inspired materials towards realization in commercial devices is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Teng Huang
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Seán R Kavanagh
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - David O Scanlon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Aron Walsh
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert L Z Hoye
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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31
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Gong C, Zhang L, Meng X, Xing Z, Rao L, Wang H, Huang Z, Tan L, Hu T, Hu X, Chen Y. A non-wetting and conductive polyethylene dioxothiophene hole transport layer for scalable and flexible perovskite solar cells. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Underwood CCL, Carey JD, Silva SRP. Nonlinear Band Gap Dependence of Mixed Pb-Sn 2D Ruddlesden-Popper PEA 2Pb 1-xSn xI 4 Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1501-1506. [PMID: 33534578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (RPPs) of the form PEA2Pb1-xSnxI4 can be used as the tunable active layer in photovoltaics, as the passivating layer for 3D perovskite photovoltaics or in light emitting diodes. Here, we show a nonlinear band gap behavior with Sn content in mixed phase 2D RPPs. Density functional theory calculations (with and without spin-orbit coupling) are employed to study the effects of the short-range ordering of Pb and Sn in PEA2Pb1-xSnxI4 compositions with x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1. Analysis of the partial density of states shows that the energy mismatch of the Pb 6s and Sn 5s states in the valence band maximum determines the nonlinearity of the band gap, leading to a bowing parameter of 0.35-0.38 eV. This research provides a critical insight for the design of future metal alloy 2D perovskite materials. The positions of the tunable energy band discontinuity may point to intraband transitions of interest to device engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C L Underwood
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - J David Carey
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - S Ravi P Silva
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
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33
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Mahajan P, Datt R, Chung Tsoi W, Gupta V, Tomar A, Arya S. Recent progress, fabrication challenges and stability issues of lead-free tin-based perovskite thin films in the field of photovoltaics. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Wang M, Wang W, Ma B, Shen W, Liu L, Cao K, Chen S, Huang W. Lead-Free Perovskite Materials for Solar Cells. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:62. [PMID: 34138241 PMCID: PMC8187519 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity issue of lead hinders large-scale commercial production and photovoltaic field application of lead halide perovskites. Some novel non- or low-toxic perovskite materials have been explored for development of environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This review studies the substitution of equivalent/heterovalent metals for Pb based on first-principles calculation, summarizes the theoretical basis of lead-free perovskites, and screens out some promising lead-free candidates with suitable bandgap, optical, and electrical properties. Then, it reports notable achievements for the experimental studies of lead-free perovskites to date, including the crystal structure and material bandgap for all of lead-free materials and photovoltaic performance and stability for corresponding devices. The review finally discusses challenges facing the successful development and commercialization of lead-free PSCs and predicts the prospect of lead-free PSCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Ma
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Cao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Chen C, Zheng S, Song H. Photon management to reduce energy loss in perovskite solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7250-7329. [PMID: 33977928 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01488e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) over the past few years, the conversion of solar energy into electricity is not efficient enough or cost-competitive yet. The principal energy loss in the conversion of solar energy to electricity fundamentally originates from the non-absorption of low-energy photons ascribed to Shockley-Queisser limits and thermalization losses of high-energy photons. Enhancing the light-harvesting efficiency of the perovskite photoactive layer by developing efficient photo management strategies with functional materials and arrays remains a long-standing challenge. Here, we briefly review the historical research trials and future research trends to overcome the fundamental loss mechanisms in PSCs, including upconversion, downconversion, scattering, tandem/graded structures, texturing, anti-reflection, and luminescent solar concentrators. We will deeply emphasize the availability and analyze the importance of a fine device structure, fluorescence efficiency, material proportion, and integration position for performance improvement. The unique energy level structure arising from the 4fn inner shell configuration of the trivalent rare-earth ions gives multifarious options for efficient light-harvesting by upconversion and downconversion. Tandem or graded PSCs by combining a series of subcells with varying bandgaps seek to rectify the spectral mismatch. Plasmonic nanostructures function as a secondary light source to augment the light-trapping within the perovskite layer and carrier transporting layer, enabling enhanced carrier generation. Texturing the interior using controllable micro/nanoarrays can realize light-matter interactions. Anti-reflective coatings on the top glass cover of the PSCs bring about better transmission and glare reduction. Photon concentration through perovskite-based luminescent solar concentrators offers a path to increase efficiency at reduced cost and plays a role in building-integrated photovoltaics. Distinct from other published reviews, we here systematically and hierarchically present all of the photon management strategies in PSCs by presenting the theoretical possibilities and summarizing the experimental results, expecting to inspire future research in the field of photovoltaics, phototransistors, photoelectrochemical sensors, photocatalysis, and especially light-emitting diodes. We further assess the overall possibilities of the strategies based on ultimate efficiency prospects, material requirements, and developmental outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Dingzigu Road 1, Tianjin 300130, People's Republic of China. and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shijian Zheng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Dingzigu Road 1, Tianjin 300130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Jeong JE, Park JH, Jang CH, Song MH, Woo HY. Multifunctional Charge Transporting Materials for Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002176. [PMID: 32886378 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite their low exciton-binding energies, metal halide perovskites are extensively studied as light-emitting materials owing to narrow emission with high color purity, easy/wide color tunability, and high photoluminescence quantum yields. To improve the efficiency of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), much effort has been devoted to controlling the emitting layer morphologies to induce charge confinement and decrease the nonradiative recombination. The interfaces between the emitting layer and charge transporting layer (CTL) are vulnerable to various defects that deteriorate the efficiency and stability of the PeLEDs. Therefore, the establishment of multifunctional CTLs that can improve not only charge transport but also critical factors that influence device performance, such as defect passivation, morphology/phase control, ion migration suppression, and light outcoupling efficiency, are highly required. Herein, the fundamental limitations of perovskites as emitters (i.e., defects, morphological and phase instability, high refractive index with poor outcoupling) and the recent developments with regard to multifunctional CTLs to compensate such limitations are summarized, and their device applications are also reviewed. Finally, based on the importance of multifunctional CTLs, the outlook and research prospects of multifunctional CTLs for the further improvement of PeLEDs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Hyeon Jang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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37
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Yeom KM, Kim SU, Woo MY, Noh JH, Im SH. Recent Progress in Metal Halide Perovskite-Based Tandem Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002228. [PMID: 32909335 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite (MHP)-based tandem solar cells are a promising candidate for use in cost-effective and high-performance solar cells that can compete with fossil fuels. To understand the research trends for MHP-based tandem solar cells, a general introduction to single-junction and multiple-junction MHP solar cells and the configuration of tandem devices is provided, along with an overview of the recent progress regarding various MHP-based tandem cells, including MHP/crystalline silicon, MHP/CuInGaS, MHP/organic photovoltaic, MHP/quantum dot, and all-perovskite tandem cell. Future research directions for MHP-based tandem solar cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Mun Yeom
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - So Un Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Young Woo
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Noh
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 17104, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Green School Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Im
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Piveteau L, Morad V, Kovalenko MV. Solid-State NMR and NQR Spectroscopy of Lead-Halide Perovskite Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19413-19437. [PMID: 32986955 PMCID: PMC7677932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two- and three-dimensional lead-halide perovskite (LHP) materials are novel semiconductors that have generated broad interest owing to their outstanding optical and electronic properties. Characterization and understanding of their atomic structure and structure-property relationships are often nontrivial as a result of the vast structural and compositional tunability of LHPs as well as the enhanced structure dynamics as compared with oxide perovskites or more conventional semiconductors. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy contributes to this thrust through its unique capability of sampling chemical bonding element-specifically (1/2H, 13C, 14/15N, 35/37Cl, 39K, 79/81Br, 87Rb, 127I, 133Cs, and 207Pb nuclei) and locally and shedding light onto the connectivity, geometry, topology, and dynamics of bonding. NMR can therefore readily observe phase transitions, evaluate phase purity and compositional and structural disorder, and probe molecular dynamics and ionic motion in diverse forms of LHPs, in which they can be used practically, ranging from bulk single crystals (e.g., in gamma and X-ray detectors) to polycrystalline films (e.g., in photovoltaics, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes) and colloidal nanocrystals (e.g., in liquid crystal displays and future quantum light sources). Herein we also outline the immense practical potential of nuclear quadrupolar resonance (NQR) spectroscopy for characterizing LHPs, owing to the strong quadrupole moments, good sensitivity, and high natural abundance of several halide nuclei (79/81Br and 127I) combined with the enhanced electric field gradients around these nuclei existing in LHPs as well as the instrumental simplicity. Strong quadrupole interactions, on one side, make 79/81Br and 127I NMR rather impractical but turn NQR into a high-resolution probe of the local structure around halide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piveteau
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
- CNRS,
UPR 3079, CEMHTI, Orléans, 45071 Cedex 02, France
| | - Viktoriia Morad
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Maksym V. Kovalenko
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
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39
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40
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Gu S, Lin R, Han Q, Gao Y, Tan H, Zhu J. Tin and Mixed Lead-Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and their Application in Tandem Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907392. [PMID: 32053273 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites have recently attracted enormous attention for photovoltaic applications due to their superior optical and electrical properties. Lead (Pb) halide perovskites stand out among this material series, with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 25%. According to the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit, lead halide perovskites typically exhibit bandgaps that are not within the optimal range for single-junction solar cells. Partial or complete replacement of lead with tin (Sn) is gaining increasing research interest, due to the promise of further narrowing the bandgaps. This enables ideal solar utilization for single-junction solar cells as well as the construction of all-perovskite tandem solar cells. In addition, the usage of Sn provides a path to the fabrication of lead-free or Pb-reduced perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Recent progress in addressing the challenges of fabricating efficient Sn halide and mixed lead-tin (Pb-Sn) halide PSCs is summarized herein. Mixed Pb-Sn halide perovskites hold promise not only for higher efficiency and more stable single-junction solar cells but also for efficient all-perovskite monolithic tandem solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 22 Hankou Rd., Gulou District, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Renxing Lin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 22 Hankou Rd., Gulou District, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qiaolei Han
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 22 Hankou Rd., Gulou District, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 22 Hankou Rd., Gulou District, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hairen Tan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 22 Hankou Rd., Gulou District, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, No. 22 Hankou Rd., Gulou District, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Chi W, Banerjee SK. Progress in Materials Development for the Rapid Efficiency Advancement of Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907531. [PMID: 32452645 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has undergone rapid advancement due to great progress in materials development over the past decade and is under extensive study. Despite the significant challenges (e.g., recombination and hysteresis), both the single-junction and tandem cells have gradually approached the theoretical efficiency limit. Herein, an overview is given of how passivation and crystallization reduce recombination and thus improve the device performance; how the materials of dominant layers (hole transporting layer (HTL), electron transporting layer (ETL), and absorber layer) affect the quality and optoelectronic properties of single-junction PSCs; and how the materials development contributes to rapid efficiency enhancement of perovskite/Si tandem devices with monolithic and mechanically stacked configurations. The interface optimization, novel materials development, mixture strategy, and bandgap tuning are reviewed and analyzed. This is a review of the major factors determining efficiency, and how further improvements can be made on the performance of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Chi
- Microelectronics Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Sanjay K Banerjee
- Microelectronics Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
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42
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Zhu T, Yang Y, Gong X. Recent Advancements and Challenges for Low-Toxicity Perovskite Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26776-26811. [PMID: 32432455 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead-based organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have been developed for advanced optoelectronic applications. However, the toxicity of lead and the chemical instability of lead-based perovskite materials have so far been demonstrated to be an overwhelming challenge. The discovery of perovskite materials based on low-toxicity elements, such as Sn, Bi, Sb, Ge, and Cu, with superior optoelectronic properties provides alternative approaches to realize high-performance perovskite optoelectronics. In this review, recent advances in the aspects of low-toxicity perovskite solar cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, and thermoelectric devices are highlighted. The antioxidation stability of metal cation and the crystallization process of the low-toxicity perovskite materials are discussed. In the last part, the outlook toward addressing various issues requiring further attention in the development of low-toxicity perovskite materials is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhu
- Department of Polymer Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yongrui Yang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Xiong Gong
- Department of Polymer Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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43
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Kubicki DJ, Prochowicz D, Salager E, Rakhmatullin A, Grey CP, Emsley L, Stranks SD. Local Structure and Dynamics in Methylammonium, Formamidinium, and Cesium Tin(II) Mixed-Halide Perovskites from 119Sn Solid-State NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7813-7826. [PMID: 32242661 PMCID: PMC7311059 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Organic–inorganic
tin(II) halide perovskites have emerged
as promising alternatives to lead halide perovskites in optoelectronic
applications. While they suffer from considerably poorer performance
and stability in comparison to their lead analogues, their performance
improvements have so far largely been driven by trial and error efforts
due to a critical lack of methods to probe their atomic-level microstructure.
Here, we identify the challenges and devise a 119Sn solid-state
NMR protocol for the determination of the local structure of mixed-cation
and mixed-halide tin(II) halide perovskites as well as their degradation
products and related phases. We establish that the longitudinal relaxation
of 119Sn can span 6 orders of magnitude in this class of
compounds, which makes judicious choice of experimental NMR parameters
essential for the reliable detection of various phases. We show that
Cl/Br and I/Br mixed-halide perovskites form solid alloys in any ratio,
while only limited mixing is possible for I/Cl compositions. We elucidate
the degradation pathways of Cs-, MA-, and FA-based tin(II) halides
and show that degradation leads to highly disordered, qualitatively
similar products, regardless of the A-site cation and halide. We detect
the presence of metallic tin among the degradation products, which
we suggest could contribute to the previously reported high conductivities
in tin(II) halide perovskites. 119Sn NMR chemical shifts
are a sensitive probe of the halide coordination environment as well
as of the A-site cation composition. Finally, we use variable-temperature
multifield relaxation measurements to quantify ion dynamics in MASnBr3 and establish activation energies for motion and show that
this motion leads to spontaneous halide homogenization at room temperature
whenever two different pure-halide perovskites are put in physical
contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik J Kubicki
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics (CB3 0HE), University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, U.K.,Department of Chemistry (CB2 1EW), University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Daniel Prochowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elodie Salager
- Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux: Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), UPR 3079 CNRS, Université d'Orléans, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans 45071, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR 3459 CNRS, 33 Rue Saint Leu, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Aydar Rakhmatullin
- Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux: Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), UPR 3079 CNRS, Université d'Orléans, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans 45071, France
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry (CB2 1EW), University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics (CB3 0HE), University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, U.K.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CB3 0AS), University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, U.K
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44
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Subedi B, Li C, Junda MM, Song Z, Yan Y, Podraza NJ. Effects of intrinsic and atmospherically induced defects in narrow bandgap (FASnI 3) x(MAPbI 3) 1-x perovskite films and solar cells. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:064705. [PMID: 32061228 DOI: 10.1063/1.5126867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Narrow bandgap mixed tin (Sn) + lead (Pb) perovskites are necessary for the bottom sub-cell absorber in high efficiency all-perovskite polycrystalline tandem solar cells. We report on the impact of mixed cation composition and atmospheric exposure of perovskite films on sub-gap absorption in films and performance of solar cells based on narrow bandgap mixed formamidinium (FA) + methylammonium (MA) and Sn + Pb halide perovskites, (FASnI3)x(MAPbI3)1-x. Structural and optical properties of 0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.8 (FASnI3)x(MAPbI3)1-x perovskite thin film absorbers with bandgaps ranging from 1.25 eV (x = 0.6) to 1.34 eV (x = 0.3) are probed with and without atmospheric exposure. Urbach energy, which quantifies the amount of sub-gap absorption, is tracked for pristine perovskite films as a function of composition, with x = 0.6 and 0.3 demonstrating the lowest and highest Urbach energies of 23 meV and 36 meV, respectively. Films with x = 0.5 and 0.6 compositions show less degradation upon atmospheric exposure than higher or lower Sn-content films having greater sub-gap absorption. The corresponding solar cells based on the x = 0.6 absorber show the highest device performance. Despite having a low Urbach energy, higher Sn-content solar cells show reduced device performances as the amount of degradation via oxidation is the most substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwas Subedi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Chongwen Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Maxwell M Junda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Zhaoning Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Yanfa Yan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Nikolas J Podraza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
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45
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Cao F, Chen J, Yu D, Wang S, Xu X, Liu J, Han Z, Huang B, Gu Y, Choy KL, Zeng H. Bionic Detectors Based on Low-Bandgap Inorganic Perovskite for Selective NIR-I Photon Detection and Imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905362. [PMID: 31858634 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging with photodetectors (PDs) toward near-infrared I (NIR-I) photons (700-900 nm), the so-called "optical window" in organisms, has provided an important path for tracing biological processes in vivo. With both excitation photons and fluorescence photons in this narrow range, a stringent requirement arises that the fluorescence signal should be efficiently differentiated for effective sensing, which cannot be fulfilled by common PDs with a broadband response such as Si-based PDs. In this work, delicate optical microcavities are designed to develop a series of bionic PDs with selective response to NIR-I photons, the merits of a narrowband response with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of <50 nm, and tunability to cover the NIR-I range are highlighted. Inorganic halide perovskite CsPb0.5 Sn0.5 I3 is chosen as the photoactive layer with comprehensive bandgap and film engineering. As a result, these bionic PDs offer a signal/noise ratio of ≈106 , a large bandwidth of 543 kHz and an ultralow detection limit of 0.33 nW. Meanwhile, the peak responsivity (R) and detectivity (D*) reach up to 270 mA W-1 and 5.4 × 1014 Jones, respectively. Finally, proof-of-concept NIR-I imaging using the PDs is demonstrated to show great promise in real-life application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cao
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jingde Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Dejian Yu
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobao Xu
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Zeyao Han
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yu Gu
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Kwang Leong Choy
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, Roberts Building, Malet Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Haibo Zeng
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
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46
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The Low-Dimensional Three-Dimensional Tin Halide Perovskite: Film Characterization and Device Performance. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are considered as one of the most promising candidates for the next generation solar cells as their power conversion efficiency (PCE) has rapidly increased up to 25.2%. However, the most efficient halide perovskite materials all contain toxic lead. Replacing the lead cation with environmentally friendly tin (Sn) is proposed as an important alternative. Today, the inferior performance of Sn-based PSCs mainly due to two challenging issues, namely the facile oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+ and the low formation energies of Sn vacancies. Two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskite, in which the large sized organic cations confine the corner sharing BX6 octahedra, exhibits higher formation energy than that of three-dimensional (3D) structure halide perovskite. The approach of mixing a small amount of 2D into 3D Sn-based perovskites was demonstrated as an efficient method to produce high performance perovskite films. In this review, we first provide an overview of key points for making high performance PSCs. Then we give an introduction to the physical parameters of 3D ASnX3 (MA+, FA+, and Cs+) perovskite and a photovoltaic device based on them, followed by an overview of 2D/3D halide perovskites based on ASnX3 (MA+ and FA+) and their optoelectronic applications. The current challenges and a future outlook of Sn-based PSCs are discussed in the end. This review will give readers a better understanding of the 2D/3D Sn-based PSCs.
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47
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Ke W, Stoumpos CC, Kanatzidis MG. "Unleaded" Perovskites: Status Quo and Future Prospects of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803230. [PMID: 30276882 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous interest focused on organic-inorganic halide perovskites since 2012 derives from their unique optical and electrical properties, which make them excellent photovoltaic materials. Pb-based halide perovskite solar cells, in particular, currently stand at a record efficiency of ≈23%, fulfilling their potential toward commercialization. However, because of the toxicity concerns of Pb-based perovskite solar cells, their market prospects are hindered. In principle, Pb can be replaced with other less-toxic, environmentally benign metals. Sn-based perovskites are thus the far most promising alternative due to their very similar and perhaps even superior semiconductor characteristics. After years of effort invested in Sn-based halide perovskites, sufficient breakthroughs have finally been achieved that make them the next runners up to the Pb halide perovskites. To help the reader better understand the nature of Sn-based halide perovskites, their optical and electrical properties are systematically discussed. Recent progress in Sn-based perovskite solar cells, focusing mainly on film fabrication methods and different device architectures, and highlighting roadblocks to progress and opportunities for future work are reviewed. Finally, a brief overview of mixed Sn/Pb-based systems with their anomalous yet beneficial optical trends are discussed. The current challenges and a future outlook for Sn-based perovskites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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48
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Zhu HL, Lin H, Song Z, Wang Z, Ye F, Zhang H, Yin WJ, Yan Y, Choy WCH. Achieving High-Quality Sn-Pb Perovskite Films on Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Compatible Metal/Silicon Substrates for Efficient Imaging Array. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11800-11808. [PMID: 31553178 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although Sn-Pb perovskites sensing near-ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared light could be an attractive alternative to silicon in photodiodes and imaging, there have been no clear studies on such devices constructed on metal/silicon substrates, hindering their direct integration with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and silicon electronics. Typically, high surface roughness and severe pinholes of Sn-rich binary perovskites make it difficult for them to fulfill the requirements of efficient photodiodes and imaging. These issues cause inherently high dark current and poor (dark and photo-) current uniformity. Herein, we propose and demonstrate the room-temperature crystallization in the Sn-rich binary perovskite system to effectively control film crystallization kinetics. With experimental and theoretical studies of the crystallization mechanism, we successfully tune the density and location of nanocrystals in precursor films to achieve compact nanocrystals, which coalesce into high-quality (smooth, dense, and pinhole-free) perovskites with intensified preferred orientation and decreased trap density. The high-quality perovskites reduce dark current and improve (dark and photo-) current uniformity of perovskite photodiodes on CMOS-compatible metal/silicon substrates. Meanwhile, self-powered devices achieve a high responsivity of 0.2 A/W at 940 nm, a large dynamic range of 100 dB, and a fast fall time of 2.27 μs, exceeding those of most silicon-based imaging sensors. Finally, a 6 × 6 pixel integrated photodiode array is successfully demonstrated to realize the imaging application. The work contributes to understanding the fundamentals of the crystallization of Sn-rich binary perovskites and advancing perovskite integration with Si-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Lu Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong 999077 , Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong 999077 , Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Zhilong Song
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Zishuai Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong 999077 , Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong 999077 , Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong 999077 , Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Wan-Jian Yin
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Yanfa Yan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization , The University of Toledo , 2801 W. Bancroft Street , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Wallace C H Choy
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong 999077 , Hong Kong SAR China
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49
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Bowman AR, Klug MT, Doherty TAS, Farrar MD, Senanayak SP, Wenger B, Divitini G, Booker EP, Andaji-Garmaroudi Z, Macpherson S, Ruggeri E, Sirringhaus H, Snaith HJ, Stranks SD. Microsecond Carrier Lifetimes, Controlled p-Doping, and Enhanced Air Stability in Low-Bandgap Metal Halide Perovskites. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2019; 4:2301-2307. [PMID: 31544151 PMCID: PMC6748266 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mixed lead-tin halide perovskites have sufficiently low bandgaps (∼1.2 eV) to be promising absorbers for perovskite-perovskite tandem solar cells. Previous reports on lead-tin perovskites have typically shown poor optoelectronic properties compared to neat lead counterparts: short photoluminescence lifetimes (<100 ns) and low photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (<1%). Here, we obtain films with carrier lifetimes exceeding 1 μs and, through addition of small quantities of zinc iodide to the precursor solutions, photoluminescence quantum efficiencies under solar illumination intensities of 2.5%. The zinc additives also substantially enhance the film stability in air, and we use cross-sectional chemical mapping to show that this enhanced stability is because of a reduction in tin-rich clusters. By fabricating field-effect transistors, we observe that the introduction of zinc results in controlled p-doping. Finally, we show that zinc additives also enhance power conversion efficiencies and the stability of solar cells. Our results demonstrate substantially improved low-bandgap perovskites for solar cells and versatile electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Bowman
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T. Klug
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Tiarnan A. S. Doherty
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Farrar
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Satyaprasad P. Senanayak
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Wenger
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Divitini
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles
Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Edward P. Booker
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Zahra Andaji-Garmaroudi
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Macpherson
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Edoardo Ruggeri
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J. Snaith
- Clarendon
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
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Effect of SnF2 concentration on the optoelectronic and PV cell properties of CsSnBr3. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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