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Ren J, Liu Y, Shi X, Shan G, Tang M, Kaun C, Dou K. Flexoelectricity Driven Fano Resonance in Slotted Carbon Nanotubes for Decoupled Multifunctional Sensing. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2021:9821905. [PMID: 35047827 PMCID: PMC8739842 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9821905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctionality, interference-free signal readout, and quantum effect are important considerations for flexible sensors equipped within a single unit towards further miniaturization. To address these criteria, we present the slotted carbon nanotube (CNT) junction features tunable Fano resonance driven by flexoelectricity, which could serve as an ideal multimodal sensory receptor. Based on extensive ab initio calculations, we find that the effective Fano factor can be used as a temperature-insensitive extrinsic variable for sensing the bending strain, and the Seebeck coefficient can be used as a strain-insensitive intrinsic variable for detecting temperature. Thus, this dual-parameter permits simultaneous sensing of temperature and strain without signal interference. We further demonstrate the applicability of this slotted junction to ultrasensitive chemical sensing which enables precise determination of donor-type, acceptor-type, and inert molecules. This is due to the enhancement or counterbalance between flexoelectric and chemical gating. Flexoelectric gating would preserve the electron–hole symmetry of the slotted junction whereas chemical gating would break it. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, the slotted CNT junction provides an excellent quantum platform for the development of multistimuli sensation in artificial intelligence at the molecular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Ren
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xingqiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Guangcun Shan
- Institute of Precision Instrument and Quantum Sensing, School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,Institute of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mingming Tang
- School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Chaocheng Kaun
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, China
| | - Kunpeng Dou
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Cho G, Azzouzi S, Zucchi G, Lebental B. Electrical and Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes for the Monitoring of Chemicals in Water-A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:218. [PMID: 35009763 PMCID: PMC8749835 DOI: 10.3390/s22010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) combine high electrical conductivity with high surface area and chemical stability, which makes them very promising for chemical sensing. While water quality monitoring has particularly strong societal and environmental impacts, a lot of critical sensing needs remain unmet by commercial technologies. In the present review, we show across 20 water monitoring analytes and 90 references that carbon nanotube-based electrochemical sensors, chemistors and field-effect transistors (chemFET) can meet these needs. A set of 126 additional references provide context and supporting information. After introducing water quality monitoring challenges, the general operation and fabrication principles of CNT water quality sensors are summarized. They are sorted by target analytes (pH, micronutrients and metal ions, nitrogen, hardness, dissolved oxygen, disinfectants, sulfur and miscellaneous) and compared in terms of performances (limit of detection, sensitivity and detection range) and functionalization strategies. For each analyte, the references with best performances are discussed. Overall, the most frequently investigated analytes are H+ (pH) and lead (with 18% of references each), then cadmium (14%) and nitrite (11%). Micronutrients and toxic metals cover 40% of all references. Electrochemical sensors (73%) have been more investigated than chemistors (14%) or FETs (12%). Limits of detection in the ppt range have been reached, for instance Cu(II) detection with a liquid-gated chemFET using SWCNT functionalized with peptide-enhanced polyaniline or Pb(II) detection with stripping voltammetry using MWCNT functionalized with ionic liquid-dithizone based bucky-gel. The large majority of reports address functionalized CNTs (82%) instead of pristine or carboxyl-functionalized CNTs. For analytes where comparison is possible, FET-based and electrochemical transduction yield better performances than chemistors (Cu(II), Hg(II), Ca(II), H2O2); non-functionalized CNTs may yield better performances than functionalized ones (Zn(II), pH and chlorine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gookbin Cho
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France; (G.C.); (S.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Sawsen Azzouzi
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France; (G.C.); (S.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gaël Zucchi
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France; (G.C.); (S.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Bérengère Lebental
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France; (G.C.); (S.A.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratoire Instrumentation, Simulation et Informatique Scientifique (LISIS), Département Composants et Systèmes (COSYS), Université Gustave Eiffel, 77447 Marne-La-Vallée, France
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Lin D, Yu Y, Li L, Zou M, Zhang J. Growth of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Array by Precisely Inhibiting Metallic Tubes Using ZrO 2 Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006605. [PMID: 33522113 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of high-quality single-walled carbon nanotubes arrays with pure semiconducting type is crucial for the fabrication of integrated circuits in nanoscale. However, the naturally grown carbon nanotubes usually have diverse structures and properties. Here the bicomponent catalyst using Au and ZrO2 is designed and prepared. The Au nanoparticle serves as the catalysts for carbon feedstock cracking and facilitating the nucleation of carbon nanotubes, whereas the close-connected ZrO2 forms a localized etching zone around Au by releasing lattice oxygen and to inhibit the nucleation of metallic carbon nanotubes precisely. The obtained single-walled carbon nanotubes array show a high semiconducting content of >96%, on the basis of good performance of field-effect transistor devices. And such building of localized etching zone is compatible with other catalyst systems as a universal and efficient method for the scalable production of semiconducting carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewu Lin
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Lanying Li
- China Bluestar Chengrand Chemical Co. Ltd., 4th Xinghua Road, Xinjin Industry Zone B, Chengdu, 611430, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhi Zou
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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Shi X, Zhao S, Wang F, Jiang Q, Zhan C, Li R, Zhang R. Optical visualization and imaging of nanomaterials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:889-903. [PMID: 36133288 PMCID: PMC9419255 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00945h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Direct visualization and imaging of nanomaterials under ambient conditions is of great significance for their characterization and application. In most cases, the observation of individual nanomaterials usually requires high-resolution electron microscopes under high vacuum. In comparison, an optical microscope is much more convenient due to its facile operation and open space. However, the resolution of optical microscopes is much lower than that of electron microscope-based tools. Therefore, effective visualization and imaging strategies for nanomaterials are required to realize their direct observation, accurate location and controllable manipulation. In this review, we summarized the progress of optical visualization and imaging strategies for nanomaterials in recent years, including vapor-condensation-assisted optical visualization, nanoparticle-assisted optical visualization, substrate-assisted optical visualization and fluorescence visualization, and the applications of these techniques were also introduced. We believe that this review will inspire further improvement in optical visualization of nanomaterials and drive the application of nanomaterials in a broader domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Siming Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Fei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Qinyuan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chenhao Zhan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Run Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Rufan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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Ma LL, Wu SB, Hu W, Liu C, Chen P, Qian H, Wang Y, Chi L, Lu YQ. Self-Assembled Asymmetric Microlenses for Four-Dimensional Visual Imaging. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13709-13715. [PMID: 31746201 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Visual imaging that can extract three-dimensional (3D) space or polarization information on the target is essential in broad sciences and technologies. The simultaneous acquisition of them usually demands expensive equipment and sophisticated operations. Therefore, it is of great significance to exploit convenient approaches for four-dimensional (3D and polarization) visual imaging. Here, we present an efficient solution based on self-assembled asymmetric liquid crystal microlenses, with freely manipulated phase profiles and symmetry-breaking properties. Accordingly, characteristics of multifocal functionality and polarization selectivity are exhibited, along with the underlying mechanisms. Moreover, with a specific sample featured by radially increased unit sizes and azimuthally varied domain orientations, the discriminability of four-dimensional information is extracted in a single snapshot, via referring to the coordinates of the clearest images. Demultiplexing of depth/polarization information is also demonstrated. This work will unlock a variety of revolutionary apparatuses and lighten extensive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Ma
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Sai-Bo Wu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
- Institute for Smart Liquid Crystals , JITRI , Changshu 215500 , China
| | - Wei Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
- Institute for Smart Liquid Crystals , JITRI , Changshu 215500 , China
| | - Chao Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Peng Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
- Institute for Smart Liquid Crystals , JITRI , Changshu 215500 , China
| | - Hao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yandong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
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Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) promise to advance a number of real-world technologies. Of these applications, they are particularly attractive for uses in chemical sensors for environmental and health monitoring. However, chemical sensors based on CNTs are often lacking in selectivity, and the elucidation of their sensing mechanisms remains challenging. This review is a comprehensive description of the parameters that give rise to the sensing capabilities of CNT-based sensors and the application of CNT-based devices in chemical sensing. This review begins with the discussion of the sensing mechanisms in CNT-based devices, the chemical methods of CNT functionalization, architectures of sensors, performance parameters, and theoretical models used to describe CNT sensors. It then discusses the expansive applications of CNT-based sensors to multiple areas including environmental monitoring, food and agriculture applications, biological sensors, and national security. The discussion of each analyte focuses on the strategies used to impart selectivity and the molecular interactions between the selector and the analyte. Finally, the review concludes with a brief outlook over future developments in the field of chemical sensors and their prospects for commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Suchol Savagatrup
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maggie He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sibo Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Bati ASR, Yu L, Batmunkh M, Shapter JG. Synthesis, purification, properties and characterization of sorted single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:22087-22139. [PMID: 30475354 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07379a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have attracted significant attention due to their outstanding mechanical, chemical and optoelectronic properties, which makes them promising candidates for use in a wide range of applications. However, as-produced SWCNTs have a wide distribution of various chiral species with different properties (i.e. electronic structures). In order to take full advantage of SWCNT properties, highly purified and well-separated SWCNTs are of great importance. Recent advances have focused on developing new strategies to effectively separate nanotubes into single-chirality and/or semiconducting/metallic species and integrating them into different applications. This review highlights recent progress in this cutting-edge research area alongside the enormous development of their identification and structural characterization techniques. A comprehensive review of advances in both controlled synthesis and post-synthesis separation methods of SWCNTs are presented. The relationship between the unique structure of SWCNTs and their intrinsic properties is also discussed. Finally, important future directions for the development of sorting and purification protocols for SWCNTs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz S R Bati
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - LePing Yu
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Munkhbayar Batmunkh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. and College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Joseph G Shapter
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. and College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
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