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Yan J, Gao Z, Shi L, Wang M, Liu X, Li C, Huai Z, Wang C, Zhang L, Wang X, Yan W. Photovoltaic Rotation and Transportation of a Fragile Fluorescent Microrod Toward Assembling a Tunable Light-Source System. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38951720 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Continuous rotation of a fragile, photosensitive microrod in a safe, flexible way remains challenging in spite of its importance to microelectro-mechanical systems. We propose a photovoltaic strategy to continuously rotate a fragile, fluorescent microrod on a LiNbO3/Fe (LN/Fe) substrate using a continuous wave visible (473 nm) laser beam with an ultralow power (few tens of μW) and a simple structure (Gaussian profile). This strategy does not require the laser spot to cover the entire microrod nor does it result in a sharp temperature rise on the microrod. Both experiments and simulation reveal that the strongest photovoltaic field generated beside the laser spot firmly traps one corner of the microrod and the axisymmetric photovoltaic field exerts an electrostatic torque on the microrod driving it to rotate continuously around the laser spot. The dependence of the rotation rate on the laser power indicates contributions from both deep and shallow photovoltaic centers. This rotation mode, combined with the transportation mode, enables the controllable movement of an individual microrod along any complex trajectory with any specific orientation. The tuning of the end-emitting spectrum and the photothermal cutting of the fluorescent microrod are also realized by properly configuring the laser illumination. By taking a microrod as the emitter and a polystyrene microsphere as the focusing lens, we demonstrate the photovoltaic assembly of a microscale light-source system with both spectrum and divergence-angle tunabilities, which are realized by adjusting the photoexcitation position along the microrod and the geometry relationship in the system, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Engineering Laboratory of Photoelectronic Functional Crystals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Zuoxuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Engineering Laboratory of Photoelectronic Functional Crystals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Lihong Shi
- Department of Physics, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Mengtong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Engineering Laboratory of Photoelectronic Functional Crystals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xiaohu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Engineering Laboratory of Photoelectronic Functional Crystals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Engineering Laboratory of Photoelectronic Functional Crystals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Zechao Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Engineering Laboratory of Photoelectronic Functional Crystals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Engineering Laboratory of Photoelectronic Functional Crystals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Engineering Laboratory of Photoelectronic Functional Crystals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Engineering Laboratory of Photoelectronic Functional Crystals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Wenbo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Hebei Engineering Laboratory of Photoelectronic Functional Crystals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
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Ye J, Fan Y, She Y, Shi J, Yang Y, Yuan X, Li R, Han J, Liu L, Kang Y, Ji X. Biomimetic Self-Propelled Asymmetric Nanomotors for Cascade-Targeted Treatment of Neurological Inflammation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310211. [PMID: 38460166 PMCID: PMC11165487 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The precise targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to deep regions of the brain is crucial for the effective treatment of various neurological diseases. However, achieving this goal is challenging due to the presence of the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) and the complex anatomy of the brain. Here, a biomimetic self-propelled nanomotor with cascade targeting capacity is developed for the treatment of neurological inflammatory diseases. The self-propelled nanomotors are designed with biomimetic asymmetric structures with a mesoporous SiO2 head and multiple MnO2 tentacles. Macrophage membrane biomimetic modification endows nanomotors with inflammatory targeting and BBB penetration abilities The MnO2 agents catalyze the degradation of H2O2 into O2, not only by reducing brain inflammation but also by providing the driving force for deep brain penetration. Additionally, the mesoporous SiO2 head is loaded with curcumin, which actively regulates macrophage polarization from the M1 to the M2 phenotype. All in vitro cell, organoid model, and in vivo animal experiments confirmed the effectiveness of the biomimetic self-propelled nanomotors in precise targeting, deep brain penetration, anti-inflammatory, and nervous system function maintenance. Therefore, this study introduces a platform of biomimetic self-propelled nanomotors with inflammation targeting ability and active deep penetration for the treatment of neurological inflammation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Ye
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yueyue Fan
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yaoguang She
- Department of General Surgerythe First Medical CenterChinese People's Liberation Army General HospitalBeijing100853China
| | - Jiacheng Shi
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yiwen Yang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Xue Yuan
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Ruiyan Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Jingwen Han
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Luntao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear MedicineInstitute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin100730China
| | - Yong Kang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ji
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Medical CollegeLinyi UniversityLinyi276000China
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Duan X, Cao Z, Gao K, Yan W, Sun S, Zhou G, Wu Z, Ren F, Sun B. Memristor-Based Neuromorphic Chips. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310704. [PMID: 38168750 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of information, characterized by an exponential growth in data volume and an escalating level of data abstraction, there has been a substantial focus on brain-like chips, which are known for their robust processing power and energy-efficient operation. Memristors are widely acknowledged as the optimal electronic devices for the realization of neuromorphic computing, due to their innate ability to emulate the interconnection and information transfer processes witnessed among neurons. This review paper focuses on memristor-based neuromorphic chips, which provide an extensive description of the working principle and characteristic features of memristors, along with their applications in the realm of neuromorphic chips. Subsequently, a thorough discussion of the memristor array, which serves as the pivotal component of the neuromorphic chip, as well as an examination of the present mainstream neural networks, is delved. Furthermore, the design of the neuromorphic chip is categorized into three crucial sections, including synapse-neuron cores, networks on chip (NoC), and neural network design. Finally, the key performance metrics of the chip is highlighted, as well as the key metrics related to the memristor devices are employed to realize both the synaptic and neuronal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Duan
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Micro-and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Zelin Cao
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Micro-and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Kaikai Gao
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Micro-and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Wentao Yan
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Micro-and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Micro-and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Brain-inspired Computing & Intelligent Control of Chongqing Key Lab, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 DongChuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fenggang Ren
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Bai Sun
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Micro-and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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Jin J, Li Y, Wang S, Xie J, Yan X. Organic nanomotors: emerging versatile nanobots. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2789-2804. [PMID: 38231523 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05995b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Artificial nanomotors are self-propelled nanometer-scaled machines that are capable of converting external energy into mechanical motion. A significant progress on artificial nanomotors over the last decades has unlocked the potential of carrying out manipulatable transport and cargo delivery missions with enhanced efficiencies owing to their stimulus-responsive autonomous movement in various complex environments, allowing for future advances in a large range of applications. Emergent kinetic systems with programmable energy-converting mechanisms that are capable of powering the nanomotors are attracting increasing attention. This review highlights the most-recent representative examples of synthetic organic nanomotors having self-propelled motion exclusively powered by organic molecule- or their aggregate-based kinetic systems. The stimulus-responsive propulsion mechanism, motion behaviors, and performance in antitumor therapy of organic nanomotors developed so far are illustrated. A future perspective on the development of organic nanomotors is also proposed. With continuous innovation, it is believed that the scope and possible achievements in practical applications of organic nanomotors with diversified organic kinetic systems will expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Jianchun Xie
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Xibo Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Li W, Zhang S, Kleuskens S, Portale G, Engelkamp H, Christianen PCM, Wilson DA. Programmable Compartment Networks by Unraveling the Stress-Dependent Deformation of Polymer Vesicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306219. [PMID: 37803926 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanocontainers that can sense and respond to environmental stimuli like cells are desirable for next-generation delivery systems. However, it is still a grand challenge for synthetic nanocontainers to mimic or even surpass the shape adaption of cells, which may produce novel compartments for cargo loading. Here, this work reports the engineering of compartment network with a single polymer vesicle by unraveling osmotic stress-dependent deformation. Specifically, by manipulating the way in exerting the stress, sudden increase or gradual increase, polymer vesicles can either undergo deflation into the stomatocyte, a bowl-shaped vesicle enclosing a new compartment, or tubulation into the tubule of varied length. Such stress-dependent deformation inspired us to program the shape transformation of polymer vesicles, including tubulation, deflation, or first tubulation and then deflation. The coupled deformation successfully transforms the polymer vesicle into the stomatocyte with tubular arms and a network of two or three small stomatocytes connected by tubules. To the author's knowledge, these morphologies are still not accessed by synthetic nanocontainers. This work envisions that the network of stomatocytes may enable the loading of different catalysts to construct novel motile systems, and the well-defined morphology of vesicles helps to define the effect of morphology on cellar uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Kleuskens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen, 6525ED, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Engelkamp
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen, 6525ED, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C M Christianen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen, 6525ED, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, The Netherlands
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Sun T, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Sun J, Chang H. Application of micro/nanorobot in medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1347312. [PMID: 38333078 PMCID: PMC10850249 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1347312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of micro/nanorobots and their application in medical treatment holds the promise of revolutionizing disease diagnosis and treatment. In comparison to conventional diagnostic and treatment methods, micro/nanorobots exhibit immense potential due to their small size and the ability to penetrate deep tissues. However, the transition of this technology from the laboratory to clinical applications presents significant challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress in micro/nanorobotics, encompassing biosensors, diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, and minimally invasive surgery. It also addresses the key issues and challenges facing this technology. The fusion of micro/nanorobots with medical treatments is poised to have a profound impact on the future of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiayang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Breast Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingxue Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Huang H, Yang S, Ying Y, Chen X, Puigmartí-Luis J, Zhang L, Pané S. 3D Motion Manipulation for Micro- and Nanomachines: Progress and Future Directions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305925. [PMID: 37801654 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, micro- and nanomachines (MNMs) have made outstanding achievements in the fields of targeted drug delivery, tumor therapy, microsurgery, biological detection, and environmental monitoring and remediation. Researchers have made significant efforts to accelerate the rapid development of MNMs capable of moving through fluids by means of different energy sources (chemical reactions, ultrasound, light, electricity, magnetism, heat, or their combinations). However, the motion of MNMs is primarily investigated in confined two-dimensional (2D) horizontal setups. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) motion control remains challenging, especially for vertical movement and control, significantly limiting its potential applications in cargo transportation, environmental remediation, and biotherapy. Hence, an urgent need is to develop MNMs that can overcome self-gravity and controllably move in 3D spaces. This review delves into the latest progress made in MNMs with 3D motion capabilities under different manipulation approaches, discusses the underlying motion mechanisms, explores potential design concepts inspired by nature for controllable 3D motion in MNMs, and presents the available 3D observation and tracking systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shihao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yulong Ying
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiangzhong Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Josep Puigmartí-Luis
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zürich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zürich, CH-8092, Switzerland
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Gu Z, Zhu R, Shen T, Dou L, Liu H, Liu Y, Liu X, Liu J, Zhuang S, Gu F. Autonomous nanorobots with powerful thrust under dry solid-contact conditions by photothermal shock. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7663. [PMID: 38001071 PMCID: PMC10674020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanorobotic motion on solid substrates is greatly hindered by strong nanofriction, and powerful nanomotors‒the core components for nanorobotic motion‒are still lacking. Optical actuation addresses power and motion control issues simultaneously, while conventional technologies with small thrust usually apply to fluid environments. Here, we demonstrate micronewton-thrust nanomotors that enable the autonomous nanorobots working like conventional robots with precise motion control on dry surfaces by a photothermal-shock technique. We build a pulsed laser-based actuation and trapping platform, termed photothermal-shock tweezers, for general motion control of metallic nanomaterials and assembled nanorobots with nanoscale precision. The thrust-to-weight ratios up to 107 enable nanomotors output forces to interact with external micro/nano-objects. Leveraging machine vision and deep learning technologies, we assemble the nanomotors into autonomous nanorobots with complex structures, and demonstrate multi-degree-of-freedom motion and sophisticated functions. Our photothermal shock-actuation concept fundamentally addresses the nanotribology challenges and expands the nanorobotic horizon from fluids to dry solid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Gu
- Laboratory of Integrated Opto-Mechanics and Electronics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093, Shanghai, China
| | - Runlin Zhu
- Laboratory of Integrated Opto-Mechanics and Electronics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianci Shen
- Laboratory of Integrated Opto-Mechanics and Electronics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Dou
- Laboratory of Integrated Opto-Mechanics and Electronics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjiang Liu
- Laboratory of Integrated Opto-Mechanics and Electronics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- Laboratory of Integrated Opto-Mechanics and Electronics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, 300130, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Songlin Zhuang
- Laboratory of Integrated Opto-Mechanics and Electronics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuxing Gu
- Laboratory of Integrated Opto-Mechanics and Electronics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093, Shanghai, China.
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Guo Z, Zhuang C, Song Y, Yong J, Li Y, Guo Z, Kong B, Whitelock JM, Wang J, Liang K. Biocatalytic Buoyancy-Driven Nanobots for Autonomous Cell Recognition and Enrichment. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:236. [PMID: 37874411 PMCID: PMC10597912 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Autonomously self-propelled nanoswimmers represent the next-generation nano-devices for bio- and environmental technology. However, current nanoswimmers generate limited energy output and can only move in short distances and duration, thus are struggling to be applied in practical challenges, such as living cell transportation. Here, we describe the construction of biodegradable metal-organic framework based nanobots with chemically driven buoyancy to achieve highly efficient, long-distance, directional vertical motion to "find-and-fetch" target cells. Nanobots surface-functionalized with antibodies against the cell surface marker carcinoembryonic antigen are exploited to impart the nanobots with specific cell targeting capacity to recognize and separate cancer cells. We demonstrate that the self-propelled motility of the nanobots can sufficiently transport the recognized cells autonomously, and the separated cells can be easily collected with a customized glass column, and finally regain their full metabolic potential after the separation. The utilization of nanobots with easy synthetic pathway shows considerable promise in cell recognition, separation, and enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Zhuang
- General Intensive Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihang Song
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Joel Yong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yi Li
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong Guo
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Biao Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kang Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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10
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You Q, Shao X, Wang J, Chen X. Progress on Physical Field-Regulated Micro/Nanomotors for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Treatment. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300426. [PMID: 37391275 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) are two major vasculature-related diseases that seriously affect public health worldwide, which can cause serious death and disability. Lack of targeting effect of the traditional CCVD treatment drugs may damage other tissues and organs, thus more specific methods are needed to solve this dilemma. Micro/nanomotors are new materials that can convert external energy into driving force for autonomous movement, which can not only enhance the penetration depth and retention rates, but also increase the contact areas with the lesion sites (such as thrombus and inflammation sites of blood vessels). Physical field-regulated micro/nanomotors using the physical energy sources with deep tissue penetration and controllable performance, such as magnetic field, light, and ultrasound, etc. are considered as the emerging patient-friendly and effective therapeutic tools to overcome the limitations of conventional CCVD treatments. Recent efforts have suggested that physical field-regulated micro/nanomotors on CCVD treatments could simultaneously provide efficient therapeutic effect and intelligent control. In this review, various physical field-driven micro/nanomotors are mainly introduced and their latest advances for CCVDs are highlighted. Last, the remaining challenges and future perspectives regarding the physical field-regulated micro/nanomotors for CCVD treatments are discussed and outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing You
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Xinyue Shao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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11
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Li N, Huang C, Zhang J, Zhang J, Huang J, Li S, Xia X, Wu Z, Chen C, Tang S, Xiao X, Gong H, Dai Y, Mao C, Wan M. Chemotactic NO/H 2S Nanomotors Realizing Cardiac Targeting of G-CSF against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37327056 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), with a direct repair effect on injured cardiomyocytes against myocardial infarction ischemia-reperfusion-injury (IRI), displays a poor effect owing to the limited cardiac targeting efficacy. There are almost no reports of nanomaterials that deliver G-CSF to the IRI site. Herein, we propose a way to protect G-CSF by constructing one layer of nitric oxide (NO)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) nanomotors on its outside. NO/H2S nanomotors with specific chemotactic ability to high expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at the IRI site can deliver G-CSF to the IRI site efficiently. Meanwhile, superoxide dismutase is covalently bound to the outermost part, reducing ROS at the IRI site through a cascade effect with NO/H2S nanomotors. The synergistic effect between NO and H2S on the effective regulation of the IRI microenvironment can not only avoid toxicity caused by excessive concentration of a single gas but also reduce inflammation level and relieve calcium overload, so as to promote G-CSF to play a cardioprotective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenxing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junyue Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shangshang Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xue Xia
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenglong Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuwan Tang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiangyu Xiao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuxiang Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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12
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Chen X, Chen X, Elsayed M, Edwards H, Liu J, Peng Y, Zhang HP, Zhang S, Wang W, Wheeler AR. Steering Micromotors via Reprogrammable Optoelectronic Paths. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5894-5904. [PMID: 36912818 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Steering micromotors is important for using them in practical applications and as model systems for active matter. This functionality often requires magnetic materials in the micromotor, taxis behavior of the micromotor, or the use of specifically designed physical boundaries. Here, we develop an optoelectronic strategy that steers micromotors with programmable light patterns. In this strategy, light illumination turns hydrogenated amorphous silicon conductive, generating local electric field maxima at the edge of the light pattern that attracts micromotors via positive dielectrophoresis. As an example, metallo-dielectric Janus microspheres that self-propelled under alternating current electric fields were steered by static light patterns along customized paths and through complex microstructures. Their long-term directionality was also rectified by ratchet-shaped light patterns. Furthermore, dynamic light patterns that varied in space and time enabled more advanced motion controls such as multiple motion modes, parallel control of multiple micromotors, and the collection and transport of motor swarms. This optoelectronic steering strategy is highly versatile and compatible with a variety of micromotors, and thus it possesses the potential for their programmable control in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mohamed Elsayed
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Harrison Edwards
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yixin Peng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - H P Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
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13
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Zhao H, Zeng H, Chen T, Huang X, Cai Y, Dong R. Catalytic Micromotors as Self-stirring Microreactors for Efficient Dual-mode Colorimetric Detection. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 643:196-204. [PMID: 37058894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic micromotor-based (MIL-88B@Fe3O4) colorimetric detection system which exhibit rapid color reaction for quantitative colorimetry and high-throughput testing for qualitative colorimetry have been successfully developed. Taking the advantages of the micromotor with dual roles (micro-rotor and micro-catalyst), under rotating magnetic field, each micromotor represents a microreactor which have micro-rotor for microenvironment stirring and micro-catalyst for the color reaction. Numerous self-string micro-reactions rapidly catalyze the substance and show the corresponding color for the spectroscopy testing and analysis. Additionally, owing to the tiny motor can rotate and catalyze within microdroplet, a high-throughput visual colorimetric detection system with 48 micro-wells has been innovatively conducted. The system enables up to 48 microdroplet reactions based on micromotors run simultaneously under the rotating magnetic field. Multi-substance, including their species difference and concentration strength, can be easily and efficiently identified by observing the color difference of the droplet with naked eye after just one test. This novel catalytic MOF-based micromotor with attractive rotational motion and excellent catalytic performance not only endowed a new nanotechnology to colorimetry, but also shows hold great potentials in other fields, such as refined production, biomedical analysis, environmental governance etc., since such micromotor-based microreactor can be easily applied to other chemical microreactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huarou Zeng
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuepeng Cai
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Renfeng Dong
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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14
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Han X, Chen Z, Liu Y, Song B, Zhang H, Dong B. Light Driven ZnO/AuNP Micro/Nanomotor with Controlled Rotation and Phototaxis. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Han
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices and State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Zongchen Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices and State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices and State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Bo Song
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices and State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices and State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
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15
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Medical micro- and nanomotors in the body. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:517-541. [PMID: 36873176 PMCID: PMC9979267 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Attributed to the miniaturized body size and active mobility, micro- and nanomotors (MNMs) have demonstrated tremendous potential for medical applications. However, from bench to bedside, massive efforts are needed to address critical issues, such as cost-effective fabrication, on-demand integration of multiple functions, biocompatibility, biodegradability, controlled propulsion and in vivo navigation. Herein, we summarize the advances of biomedical MNMs reported in the past two decades, with particular emphasis on the design, fabrication, propulsion, navigation, and the abilities of biological barriers penetration, biosensing, diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery and targeted cargo delivery. Future perspectives and challenges are discussed as well. This review can lay the foundation for the future direction of medical MNMs, pushing one step forward on the road to achieving practical theranostics using MNMs.
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16
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Fusi AD, Li Y, Llopis-Lorente A, Patiño T, van Hest JCM, Abdelmohsen LKEA. Achieving Control in Micro-/Nanomotor Mobility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214754. [PMID: 36413146 PMCID: PMC10107182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Unprecedented opportunities exist for the generation of advanced nanotechnologies based on synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs), such as active transport of medical agents or the removal of pollutants. In this regard, great efforts have been dedicated toward controlling MNM motion (e.g., speed, directionality). This was generally performed by precise engineering and optimizing of the motors' chassis, engine, powering mode (i.e., chemical or physical), and mechanism of motion. Recently, new insights have emerged to control motors mobility, mainly by the inclusion of different modes that drive propulsion. With high degree of synchronization, these modes work providing the required level of control. In this Minireview, we discuss the diverse factors that impact motion; these include MNM morphology, modes of mobility, and how control over motion was achieved. Moreover, we highlight the main limitations that need to be overcome so that such motion control can be translated into real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Fusi
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yudong Li
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A Llopis-Lorente
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tania Patiño
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K E A Abdelmohsen
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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17
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Li M, Wu J, Lin D, Yang J, Jiao N, Wang Y, Liu L. A diatom-based biohybrid microrobot with a high drug-loading capacity and pH-sensitive drug release for target therapy. Acta Biomater 2022; 154:443-453. [PMID: 36243369 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery is a promising mean for various biomedical applications, and various micro/nano robots have been created for drug delivery. Mesoporous silica has been shown to be successful as a drug delivery carrier in numerous studies. However, mesoporous silica preparation usually requires expensive and toxic chemicals, which limits its biomedical applications. Diatoms, as the naturally porous silica structure, are promising substitutes for the artificial mesoporous silica preparation. However, the current studies utilizing intact diatom frustules as drug delivery packets lack flexible and controllable locomotion. Herein, we propose a biohybrid magnetic microrobot based on Thalassiosira weissflogii frustules (TWFs) as a cargo packet for targeted drug delivery using a simple preparation method. Biohybrid microrobots are fabricated in large quantities by attaching magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) to the surface of diatoms via electrostatic adsorption. Biohybrid microrobots are agile and controllable under the influence of external magnetic fields. They could be precisely controlled to follow specific trajectories or to move as swarms. The cooperation of the two motion modes of the biohybrid microrobots increased microrobots' environmental adaptability. Microrobots have a high drug-loading capacity and pH-sensitive drug release. In vitro cancer cell experiments further demonstrated the controllability of diatom microrobots for targeted drug delivery. The biohybrid microrobots reported in this paper convert natural diatoms into cargo packets for biomedical applications, which possess active and controllable properties and show huge potential for targeted anticancer therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, diatoms with good biocompatibility were used to prepare biohybrid magnetic microrobots. Compared with the current diatom-based systems for drug delivery, the microrobots prepared in this study for targeted drug delivery have more flexible motion characteristics and exhibit certain swarming behaviors. Under the same magnetic field strength, by changing the magnetic field frequency, the movement state of the diatoms can be changed to pass through the narrow channel, so that it has better environmental adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daojing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Niandong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yuechao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
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18
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Wang J, Dong Y, Ma P, Wang Y, Zhang F, Cai B, Chen P, Liu BF. Intelligent Micro-/Nanorobots for Cancer Theragnostic. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201051. [PMID: 35385160 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most intractable diseases owing to its high mortality rate and lack of effective diagnostic and treatment tools. Advancements in micro-/nanorobot (MNR)-assisted sensing, imaging, and therapeutics offer unprecedented opportunities to develop MNR-based cancer theragnostic platforms. Unlike ordinary nanoparticles, which exhibit Brownian motion in biofluids, MNRs overcome viscous resistance in an ultralow Reynolds number (Re << 1) environment by effective self-propulsion. This unique locomotion property has motivated the advanced design and functionalization of MNRs as a basis for next-generation cancer-therapy platforms, which offer the potential for precise distribution and improved permeation of therapeutic agents. Enhanced barrier penetration, imaging-guided operation, and biosensing are additionally studied to enable the promising cancer-related applications of MNRs. Herein, the recent advances in MNR-based cancer therapy are comprehensively addresses, including actuation engines, diagnostics, medical imaging, and targeted drug delivery; promising research opportunities that can have a profound impact on cancer therapy over the next decade is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yue Dong
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Peng Ma
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bocheng Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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19
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Yamaguchi T, Ogawa M. Photoinduced movement: how photoirradiation induced the movements of matter. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:796-844. [PMID: 36465797 PMCID: PMC9718566 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2142955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pioneered by the success on active transport of ions across membranes in 1980 using the regulation of the binding properties of crown ethers with covalently linked photoisomerizable units, extensive studies on the movements by using varied interactions between moving objects and environments have been reported. Photoinduced movements of various objects ranging from molecules, polymers to microscopic particles were discussed from the aspects of the driving for the movements, materials design to achieve the movements and systems design to see and to utilize the movements are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamaguchi
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Makoto Ogawa
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
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20
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Nan F, Li X, Zhang S, Ng J, Yan Z. Creating stable trapping force and switchable optical torque with tunable phase of light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd6664. [PMID: 36399578 PMCID: PMC9674277 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced rotation of microscopic objects is of general interest as the objects may serve as micromotors. Such rotation can be driven by the angular momentum of light or recoil forces arising from special light-matter interactions. However, in the absence of intensity gradient, simultaneously controlling the position and switching the rotation direction is challenging. Here, we report stable optical trapping and switchable optical rotation of nanoparticle (NP)-assembled micromotors with programmed phase of light. We imprint customized phase gradients into a circularly polarized flat-top (i.e., no intensity gradient) laser beam to trap and assemble metal NPs into reconfigurable clusters. Modulating the phase gradients allows direction-switchable and magnitude-tunable optical torque in the same cluster under fixed laser wavelength and handedness. This work provides a valuable method to achieve reversible optical torque in micro/nanomotors, and new insights for optical trapping and manipulation using the phase gradient of a spatially extended light field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Nan
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jack Ng
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zijie Yan
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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21
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Dan J, Shi S, Sun H, Su Z, Liang Y, Wang J, Zhang W. Micro/nanomotor technology: the new era for food safety control. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2032-2052. [PMID: 36094420 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2119935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Food poisoning caused by eating contaminated food remains a threat to global public health. Making the situation even worse is the aggravated global environmental pollution, which poses a major threat to the safety of agricultural resources. Food adulteration has been rampant owing to negligent national food safety regulations. The speed at which contaminated food is detected and disposed of determines the extent to which consumers' lives are safeguarded and agricultural economic losses are prevented. Micro/nanomotors offer a high-speed mobile loading platform that substantially increases the chemical reaction rates and, accordingly, exhibit great potential as alternatives to conventional detection and degradation techniques. This review summarizes the propulsion modes applicable to micro/nanomotors in food systems and the advantages of using micro/nanomotors, highlighting examples of their potential use in recent years for the detection and removal of food contaminants. Micro/nanomotors are an emerging technology for food applications that is moving toward mass production, simple preparation, and important functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuo Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zehui Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanmin Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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22
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Cong Z, Tang S, Xie L, Yang M, Li Y, Lu D, Li J, Yang Q, Chen Q, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Wu S. Magnetic-Powered Janus Cell Robots Loaded with Oncolytic Adenovirus for Active and Targeted Virotherapy of Bladder Cancer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201042. [PMID: 35452560 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A unique robotic medical platform is designed by utilizing cell robots as the active "Trojan horse" of oncolytic adenovirus (OA), capable of tumor-selective binding and killing. The OA-loaded cell robots are fabricated by entirely modifying OA-infected 293T cells with cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid tripeptide (cRGD) to specifically bind with bladder cancer cells, followed by asymmetric immobilization of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles (NPs) on the cell surface. OA can replicate in host cells and induce cytolysis to release the virus progeny to the surrounding tumor sites for sustainable infection and oncolysis. The asymmetric coating of magnetic NPs bestows the cell robots with effective movement in various media and wireless manipulation with directional migration in a microfluidic device and bladder mold under magnetic control, further enabling steerable movement and prolonged retention of cell robots in the mouse bladder. The biorecognition of cRGD and robust, controllable propulsion of cell robots work synergistically to greatly enhance their tissue penetration and anticancer efficacy in the 3D cancer spheroid and orthotopic mouse bladder tumor model. Overall, this study integrates cell-based microrobots with virotherapy to generate an attractive robotic system with tumor specificity, expanding the operation scope of cell robots in biomedical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Cong
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Songsong Tang
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Leiming Xie
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Ming Yang
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Lu
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Jiahong Li
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Qingxin Yang
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- South China Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, P. R. China
- Teaching Center of Shenzhen Luohu Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, P. R. China
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23
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Wang W, Wu Z, Yang L, Si T, He Q. Rational Design of Polymer Conical Nanoswimmers with Upstream Motility. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9317-9328. [PMID: 35576530 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing bottom-up controllable molecular assembly, the bio-inspired polyelectrolyte multilayer conical nanoswimmers with gold-nanoshell functionalization on different segments are presented to achieve the optimal upstream propulsion performance. The experimental investigation reveals that the presence of the gold nanoshells on the big openings of the nanoswimmers could not only bestow efficient directional propulsion but could also minimize the impact from the external flow. The gold nanoshells at the big openings of nanoswimmers facilitate the acoustically powered propulsion against a flow velocity of up to 2.00 mm s-1, which is higher than the blood velocity in capillaries and thus provides a proof-of-concept design for upstream nanoswimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Jinlian Street, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Jinlian Street, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Tieyan Si
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Qiang He
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Jinlian Street, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150080, China
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24
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Li H, Li Y, Liu J, He Q, Wu Y. Asymmetric colloidal motors: from dissymmetric nanoarchitectural fabrication to efficient propulsion strategy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7444-7459. [PMID: 35546337 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00610c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Janus colloidal motors (JCMs) are versatile anisotropic particles that can effectively move autonomously based on their asymmetric structures, providing unlimited possibilities for various tasks. Developing novel JCMs with controllable size, engineered nanostructure and functionalized surface properties has always been a challenge for chemists. This review summarizes the recent progress in synthesized JCMs in terms of their fabrication method, propulsion strategy, and biomedical applications. The design options, construction methods, and typical examples of JCMs are presented. Common propulsion mechanisms of JCMs are reviewed, as well as the approaches to control their motion under complex microscopic conditions based on symmetry-breaking strategies. The precisely controlled motion enables JCMs to be used in biomedicine, environmental remediation, analytical sensing and nanoengineering. Finally, perspectives on future research and development are presented. Through ingenious design and multi-functionality, new JCM-based technologies could address more and more special needs in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Li
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
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25
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Meisami AH, Abbasi M, Mosleh-Shirazi S, Azari A, Amani AM, Vaez A, Golchin A. Self-propelled micro/nanobots: A new insight into precisely targeting cancerous cells through intelligent and deep cancer penetration. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 926:175011. [PMID: 35568064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer overlooks are globally one of the most dangerous and life-threatening tribulations. While significant advances have been made in the targeted delivery of anti-cancer medications over the last few years, several challenges, such as low efficacy and strong toxic effects, remain to be addressed. Micro/nanomotors have been thoroughly studied for both effective cancer detection and treatment, as demonstrated by significant advancements in the architecture of smart and functional micro/nanomotor biomedical systems. Able to self-propelled within fluid media, micro/nanomotors have attractive vehicles to maximize the efficacy of tumor delivery. Here, we present the current developments in the delivery, detection, and imaging-guided treatment of micro/nanomotors in the clinical field, including cancer-related specific targeted drug delivery, and then discuss the barriers and difficulties encountered by micro/nanomotors throughout the medical process. Furthermore, this paper addresses the potential growth of micro/nanomotors for medical applications, and sets out the current drawbacks and future research directions for more advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Meisami
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Milad Abbasi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sareh Mosleh-Shirazi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arezo Azari
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Golchin
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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26
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Zhang X, Xie W, Du S, Wang H, Zhang Z. Synthesis of Rod-Shaped ZnO/Polysiloxane Micromotors with Patch-Dependent Motion Modes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4389-4395. [PMID: 35348333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic particles with photocatalytic properties are excellent candidates for the fabrication of micromotors. To achieve self-propulsion, the geometric and chemical symmetries of inorganic particles should be broken. However, the synthesis of micromotors with different geometric and chemical symmetries remains challenging. In this paper, a simple synthesis method is proposed to prepare rod-shaped micromotors with different patches, leading to distinct geometric and chemical symmetries. The micromotors are composed of zinc oxide (ZnO) microrods partially patched with polysiloxanes at different positions. The patches of the micromotors can be roughly regulated by varying the amount of siloxanes used in the synthesis. These micromotors are propelled in H2O2 solution by an ionic self-diffusiophoresis mechanism, which exhibits two motion modes, including linear motion and circular motion, due to different patch positions. Moreover, the degradation of organic dyes by the micromotors depending on the patches is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunqiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sinan Du
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huaguang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zexin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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27
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Zhang J, Sun D, Zhang B, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Liu S, Wang Y, Liu C, Chen J, Chen J, Song Y, Liu X. Intrinsic carbon nanotube liquid crystalline elastomer photoactuators for high-definition biomechanics. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:1045-1056. [PMID: 35040453 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01810h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive soft actuators with the unique merits of flexibility, contactless operation, and remote control have huge potential in technological applications of bionic robotics and biomedical devices. Herein, a facile strategy was proposed to prepare an intrinsically-photoresponsive elastomer by chemically grafting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a thermally-sensitive liquid-crystalline elastomer (LCE) network. Highly effective dispersion and nematic orientation of CNTs in the intrinsic LCE matrix were observed to yield anchoring energies ranging from 1.65 × 10-5 J m-2 to 5.49 × 10-7 J m-2, which significantly enhanced the mechanical and photothermal properties of the photoresponsive elastomer. When embedding an ultralow loading of CNTs (0.1 wt%), the tensile strength of the LCE increased by 420% to 13.89 MPa (||) and 530% to 3.94 MPa (⊥) and exhibited a stable response to repeated alternating cooling and heating cycles, as well as repeated UV and infrared irradiation. Furthermore, the shape transformation, locomotion, and photo-actuation capabilities allow the CNT/LCE actuator to be applied in high-definition biomechanical applications, such as phototactic flowers, serpentine robots and artificial muscles. This design strategy may provide a promising method to manufacture high-precision, remote-control smart devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juzhong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Dandan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Qingqing Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center of Advanced Analysis & Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shuiren Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yaming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jinzhou Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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28
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Abstract
Progress in optical manipulation has stimulated remarkable advances in a wide range of fields, including materials science, robotics, medical engineering, and nanotechnology. This Review focuses on an emerging class of optical manipulation techniques, termed heat-mediated optical manipulation. In comparison to conventional optical tweezers that rely on a tightly focused laser beam to trap objects, heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques exploit tailorable optothermo-matter interactions and rich mass transport dynamics to enable versatile control of matter of various compositions, shapes, and sizes. In addition to conventional tweezing, more distinct manipulation modes, including optothermal pulling, nudging, rotating, swimming, oscillating, and walking, have been demonstrated to enhance the functionalities using simple and low-power optics. We start with an introduction to basic physics involved in heat-mediated optical manipulation, highlighting major working mechanisms underpinning a variety of manipulation techniques. Next, we categorize the heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques based on different working mechanisms and discuss working modes, capabilities, and applications for each technique. We conclude this Review with our outlook on current challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field of heat-mediated optical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Chen
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jingang Li
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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29
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Cao W, Liu Y, Ran P, He J, Xie S, Weng J, Li X. Ultrasound-Propelled Janus Rod-Shaped Micromotors for Site-Specific Sonodynamic Thrombolysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:58411-58421. [PMID: 34846117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antithrombosis therapy is confronted with short half-lives of thrombolytic agents, limited therapeutic effects, and bleeding complications. Drug delivery systems of thrombolytic agents face challenges in effective penetration into thrombi, which are characterized by well-organized fibrin filled with abundant activated platelets. Herein, Janus rod (JR)-shaped micromotors are constructed by side-by-side electrospinning and cryosection, possessing advantages in controlling the Janus structure and aspect ratio of microrods. Silicon phthalocyanine (Pc) and CaO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are loaded into the separate sides of JRs, and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides are grafted on the surface to obtain Pc/Ca@r-JRs for the sonodynamic therapy (SDT) of thrombosis without using any thrombolytic agents. Decomposition of CaO2 NPs ejects O2 bubbles from one side of JRs, and ultrasonication of O2 bubbles produces the cavitation effect, both generating mechanical force to drive the thrombus penetration. The integration of ultrasonication-propelled motion and RGD mediation effectively increases the targeting capabilities of r-JRs to activated platelets. In addition to mechanical thrombolysis, ultrasonication of the released Pc produces 1O2 to destruct fibrin networks of clots. In vitro thrombolysis of whole blood clots shows that ultrasonication of Pc/Ca@r-JRs has a significantly higher thrombolysis rate (73.6%) than those without propelled motion or RGD-mediated clot targeting. In a lower limb thrombosis model, intravenous administration of Pc/Ca@r-JRs indicates 3.4-fold higher accumulations at the clot site than those of JRs, and ultrasonication-propelled motion further increases thrombus retention 2.1 times. Treatment with Pc/Ca@r-JRs and ultrasonication fully removes thrombi and significantly prolongs tail bleeding time. Thus, this study has achieved precise and prompt thrombolysis through selective targeting to clots, efficient penetration into dense networks of thrombi, and SDT-executed thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Pan Ran
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Jie He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Jie Weng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
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30
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Mou F, Xie Q, Liu J, Che S, Bahmane L, You M, Guan J. ZnO-based micromotors fueled by CO 2: the first example of self-reorientation-induced biomimetic chemotaxis. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwab066. [PMID: 34876993 PMCID: PMC8645024 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic chemotactic micro/nanomotors are envisioned to actively ‘seek out’ targets by following specific chemicals, but they are mainly powered by bioincompatible fuels and only show pseudochemotaxis (or advanced chemokinesis) due to their weak self-reorientation capabilities. Here we demonstrate that synthetic ZnO-based Janus micromotors can be powered by the alternative biocompatible fuel of CO2, and further provide the first example of self-reorientation-induced biomimetic chemotaxis using them. The ZnO-based micromotors are highly sensitive to dissolved CO2 in water, which enables the corrosion of ZnO to continuously occur by providing H+ through hydration. Thus, they can autonomously move even in water exposed to air based on self-diffusiophoresis. Furthermore, they can sense the local CO2 gradient and perform positive chemotaxis by self-reorientations under the phoretic torque. Our discovery opens a gate to developing intelligent micro/nanomotors powered by, and sensitive to, biocompatible atmospheric or endogenous gaseous chemicals for biomedical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhi Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengping Che
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lamya Bahmane
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ming You
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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31
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Wang Y, Zheng Y, Zhao K, Wu S, Ju B, Zhang S, Niu W. Magnetoresponsive Photonic Micromotors and Wireless Sensing Microdevices Based on Robust Magnetic Photonic Microspheres. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, China
| | - Suli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, China
| | - Benzhi Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenbin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, West Campus, 2 Linggong Rd., Dalian 116024, China
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32
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Pan H, Zheng M, Ma A, Liu L, Cai L. Cell/Bacteria-Based Bioactive Materials for Cancer Immune Modulation and Precision Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100241. [PMID: 34121236 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous clinical trials for cancer precision medicine research are limited due to the drug resistance, side effects, and low efficacy. Unsatisfactory outcomes are often caused by complex physiologic barriers and abnormal immune events in tumors, such as tumor target alterations and immunosuppression. Cell/bacteria-derived materials with unique bioactive properties have emerged as attractive tools for personalized therapy in cancer. Naturally derived bioactive materials, such as cell and bacterial therapeutic agents with native tropism or good biocompatibility, can precisely target tumors and effectively modulate immune microenvironments to inhibit tumors. Here, the recent advances in the development of cell/bacteria-based bioactive materials for immune modulation and precision therapy in cancer are summarized. Cell/bacterial constituents, including cell membranes, bacterial vesicles, and other active substances have inherited their unique targeting properties and antitumor capabilities. Strategies for engineering living cell/bacteria to overcome complex biological barriers and immunosuppression to promote antitumor efficacy are also summarized. Moreover, past and ongoing trials involving personalized bioactive materials and promising agents such as cell/bacteria-based micro/nano-biorobotics are further discussed, which may become another powerful tool for treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mingbin Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, P. R. China
| | - Aiqing Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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33
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Mena-Giraldo P, Orozco J. Polymeric Micro/Nanocarriers and Motors for Cargo Transport and Phototriggered Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3920. [PMID: 34833219 PMCID: PMC8621231 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart polymer-based micro/nanoassemblies have emerged as a promising alternative for transporting and delivering a myriad of cargo. Cargo encapsulation into (or linked to) polymeric micro/nanocarrier (PC) strategies may help to conserve cargo activity and functionality when interacting with its surroundings in its journey to the target. PCs for cargo phototriggering allow for excellent spatiotemporal control via irradiation as an external stimulus, thus regulating the delivery kinetics of cargo and potentially increasing its therapeutic effect. Micromotors based on PCs offer an accelerated cargo-medium interaction for biomedical, environmental, and many other applications. This review collects the recent achievements in PC development based on nanomicelles, nanospheres, and nanopolymersomes, among others, with enhanced properties to increase cargo protection and cargo release efficiency triggered by ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, including light-stimulated polymeric micromotors for propulsion, cargo transport, biosensing, and photo-thermal therapy. We emphasize the challenges of positioning PCs as drug delivery systems, as well as the outstanding opportunities of light-stimulated polymeric micromotors for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jahir Orozco
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 # 52-20, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
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34
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Bioinspired micro/nanomotor with visible light energy-dependent forward, reverse, reciprocating, and spinning schooling motion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104481118. [PMID: 34654746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104481118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, microorganisms could sense the intensity of the incident visible light and exhibit bidirectional (positive or negative) phototaxis. However, it is still challenging to achieve the similar biomimetic phototaxis for the artificial micro/nanomotor (MNM) counterparts with the size from a few nanometers to a few micrometers. In this work, we report a fuel-free carbon nitride (C3N4)/polypyrrole nanoparticle (PPyNP)-based smart MNM operating in water, whose behavior resembles that of the phototactic microorganism. The MNM moves toward the visible light source under low illumination and away from it under high irradiation, which relies on the competitive interplay between the light-induced self-diffusiophoresis and self-thermophoresis mechanisms concurrently integrated into the MNM. Interestingly, the competition between these two mechanisms leads to a collective bidirectional phototaxis of an ensemble of MNMs under uniform illuminations and a spinning schooling behavior under a nonuniform light, both of which can be finely controllable by visible light energy. Our results provide important insights into the design of the artificial counterpart of the phototactic microorganism with sophisticated motion behaviors for diverse applications.
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35
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Zhou R, Hong D, Gao S, Gu Y, Liu X. Electric Field Induced Electrorotation of 2D Perovskite Microplates. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101228. [PMID: 34683279 PMCID: PMC8537397 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High precision-controlled movement of microscale devices is crucial to obtain advanced miniaturized motors. In this work, we report a high-speed rotating micromotor based on two-dimensional (2D) all-inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 microplates controlled via alternating-current (AC) external electric field. Firstly, the device configuration with optimized electric field distribution has been determined via systematic physical simulation. Using this optimized biasing configuration, when an AC electric field is applied at the four-electrode system, the microplates suspended in the tetradecane solution rotate at a speed inversely proportional to AC frequency, with a maximum speed of 16.4 × 2π rad/s. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of CsPbBr3 microplates has been determined in a contactless manner, which is approximately 10−9–10−8 S/m. Our work has extended the investigations on AC electric field-controlled micromotors from 1D to 2D scale, shedding new light on developing micromotors with new configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifu Zhou
- College of Microtechnology & Microtechnology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Daobiao Hong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China;
| | - Siyu Gao
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA;
| | - Yu Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Xuhai Liu
- College of Microtechnology & Microtechnology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (X.L.)
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36
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Liang Z, Tu Y, Peng F. Polymeric Micro/Nanomotors and Their Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100720. [PMID: 34110714 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since their naissance in the 2000s, various micro or nanomotors with powerful functions have been proposed. Among them, polymer-based micro or nanomotors stand out for the easy processing and facile functionalization, holding immense potential for bioapplications. In this review, fabrication of polymer-based micro or nanomotors and their applications in biomedical areas are covered. Classic manufacturing approaches as well as cutting-edge techniques are discussed with representative works highlighted. Current challenges and future prospects are presented in the hope of pointing new research directions to facilitate practical translations of micro/nanomotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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37
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Huang L, Chen F, Lai Y, Xu Z, Yu H. Engineering Nanorobots for Tumor-Targeting Drug Delivery: From Dynamic Control to Stimuli-Responsive Strategy. Chembiochem 2021; 22:3369-3380. [PMID: 34411411 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been widely applied to the fabrication of drug delivery systems in the past decades. Recently, with the progress made in microfabrication approaches, nanorobots are steadily becoming a promising means for tumor-targeting drug delivery. In general, nanorobots can be divided into two categories: nanomotors and stimuli-responsive nanorobots. Nanomotors are nanoscale systems with the ability to convert surrounding energies into mechanical motion, whereas stimuli-responsive nanorobots are featured with activatable capacity in response to various endogenous and exogenous stimulations. In this minireview, the dynamic control of nanomotors and the rational design of stimuli-responsive nanorobots are overviewed, with particular emphasis on their contribution to tumor-targeting therapy. Moreover, challenges and perspectives associated with the future development of nanorobots are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fangmin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Zhiai Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Haijun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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38
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Zeng H, Wang Y, Jiang T, Xia H, Gu X, Chen H. Recent progress of biomimetic motions-from microscopic micro/nanomotors to macroscopic actuators and soft robotics. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27406-27419. [PMID: 35480677 PMCID: PMC9037800 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion is a basic behavioral attribute of organisms, and it is a behavioral response of organisms to the external environment and internal state changes. Materials with switchable mechanical properties are widespread in living organisms and play crucial roles in the motion of organisms. Therefore, significant efforts have been made toward mimicking such architectures and motion behaviors by making full use of the properties of stimulus-responsive materials to design smart materials/machines with specific functions. In recent years, the biomimetic motions based on micro/nanomotors, actuators and soft robots constructed from smart response materials have been developed gradually. However, a comprehensive discussion on various categories of biomimetic motions in this field is still missing. This review aims to provide such a panoramic overview. From nano-to macroscales, we summarize various biomimetic motions based on micro/nanomotors, actuators and soft robotics. For each biomimetic motion, we discuss the driving modes and the key functions. The challenges and opportunities of biomimetic motions are also discussed. With rapidly increasing innovation, advanced, intelligent and multifunctional biomimetic motions based on micro/nanomotors, actuators and soft robotics will certainly bring profound impacts and changes for human life in the near future. Biomimetic motions are derived from the many different functional materials and/or intricate and highly organized structure of the biological material from the molecular to the nanoscale, microscale and macroscale.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Hongqin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Xue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Hongxu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China .,Nanotechnology Research Institute (NRI), Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
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39
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Ma Y, Lan K, Xu B, Xu L, Duan L, Liu M, Chen L, Zhao T, Zhang JY, Lv Z, Elzatahry AA, Li X, Zhao D. Streamlined Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with Tunable Curvature from Interfacial Dynamic-Migration Strategy for Nanomotors. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6071-6079. [PMID: 34269590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Streamlined architectures with a low fluid-resistance coefficient have been receiving great attention in various fields. However, it is still a great challenge to synthesize streamlined architecture with tunable surface curvature at the nanoscale. Herein, we report a facile interfacial dynamic migration strategy for the synthesis of streamlined mesoporous nanotadpoles with varied architectures. These tadpole-like nanoparticles possess a big streamlined head and a slender tail, which exhibit large inner cavities (75-170 nm), high surface areas (424-488 m2 g-1), and uniform mesopore sizes (2.4-3.2 nm). The head curvature of the streamlined mesoporous nanoparticles can be well-tuned from ∼2.96 × 10-2 to ∼5.56 × 10-2 nm-1, and the tail length can also be regulated from ∼30 to ∼650 nm. By selectively loading the Fe3O4 catalyst in the cavity of the streamlined silica nanotadpoles, the H2O2-driven mesoporous nanomotors were designed. The mesoporous nanomotors with optimized structural parameters exhibit outstanding directionality and a diffusion coefficient of 8.15 μm2 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Lan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Borui Xu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengli Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiancong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zirui Lv
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmed A Elzatahry
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Micro‐systems and Micro‐structures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Yang Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology Harbin China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Micro‐systems and Micro‐structures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Micro‐systems and Micro‐structures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
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41
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Oravczová V, Garaiová Z, Hianik T. Nanoparticles and Nanomotors Modified by Nucleic Acids Aptamers for Targeted Drug Delivery. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Lin G, Richardson JJ, Ahmed H, Besford QA, Christofferson AJ, Beyer S, Lin Z, Rezk AR, Savioli M, Zhou J, McConville CF, Cortez-Jugo C, Yeo LY, Caruso F. Programmable Phototaxis of Metal-Phenolic Particle Microswimmers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006177. [PMID: 33634513 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven directional motion is common in nature but remains a challenge for synthetic microparticles, particularly regarding collective motion on a macroscopic scale. Successfully engineering microparticles with light-driven collective motion could lead to breakthroughs in drug delivery, contaminant sensing, environmental remediation, and artificial life. Herein, metal-phenolic particle microswimmers capable of autonomously sensing and swimming toward an external light source are reported, with the speed regulated by the wavelength and intensity of illumination. These microswimmers can travel macroscopic distances (centimeters) and can remain illuminated for hours without degradation of motility. Experimental and theoretical analyses demonstrate that motion is generated through chemical transformations of the organic component of the metal-phenolic complex. Furthermore, cargos with specific spectral absorption profiles can be loaded into the particles and endow the particle microswimmers with activated motion corresponding to these spectral characteristics. The programmable nature of the light navigation, tunable size of the particles, and versatility of cargo loading demonstrate the versatility of these metal-phenolic particle microswimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph J Richardson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Heba Ahmed
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Quinn A Besford
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J Christofferson
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Sebastian Beyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhixing Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Marco Savioli
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Chris F McConville
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Christina Cortez-Jugo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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43
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Huang T, Ibarlucea B, Caspari A, Synytska A, Cuniberti G, de Graaf J, Baraban L. Impact of surface charge on the motion of light-activated Janus micromotors. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:39. [PMID: 33755813 PMCID: PMC7987638 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Control over micromotors' motion is of high relevance for lab-on-a-chip and biomedical engineering, wherein such particles encounter complex microenvironments. Here, we introduce an efficient way to influence Janus micromotors' direction of motion and speed by modifying their surface properties and those of their immediate surroundings. We fabricated light-responsive Janus micromotors with positive and negative surface charge, both driven by ionic self-diffusiophoresis. These were used to observe direction-of-motion reversal in proximity to glass substrates for which we varied the surface charge. Quantitative analysis allowed us to extract the dependence of the particle velocity on the surface charge density of the substrate. This constitutes the first quantitative demonstration of the substrate's surface charge on the motility of the light-activated diffusiophoretic motors in water. We provide qualitative understanding of these observations in terms of osmotic flow along the substrate generated through the ions released by the propulsion mechanism. Our results constitute a crucial step in moving toward practical application of self-phoretic artificial micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Caspari
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alla Synytska
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Technische Universität, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joost de Graaf
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Larysa Baraban
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
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Shivalkar S, Gautam PK, Chaudhary S, Samanta SK, Sahoo AK. Recent development of autonomously driven micro/nanobots for efficient treatment of polluted water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 281:111750. [PMID: 33434762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Autonomously propelled micro/nanobots are one of the most advanced and integrated structures which have been fascinated researchers owing to its exceptional property that enables them to be carried out user-defined tasks more precisely even on an atomic scale. The unique architecture and engineering aspects of these manmade tiny devices make them viable options for widespread biomedical applications. Moreover, recent development in this line of interest demonstrated that micro/nanobots would be very promising for the water treatment as these can efficiently absorb or degrade the toxic chemicals from the polluted water based on their tunable surface chemistry. These auto propelled micro/nanobots catalytically degrade toxic pollutants into non-hazardous compounds more rapidly and effectively. Thus, for the last few decades, nanobots mediated water treatment gaining huge popularity due to its ease of operation and scope of guided motion that could be monitored by various external fields and stimuli. Also, these are economical, energy-saving, and suitable for large scale water treatment, particularly required for industrial effluents. However, the efficacy of these bots hugely relies on its design, characteristic of materials, properties of the medium, types of fuel, and surface functional groups. Minute variation for one of these things may lead to a change in its performance and hinders its dynamics of propulsion. It is deemed that nanobots might be a smart choice for using these as the new generation devices for treating industrial effluents before discharging it in the water bodies, which is a major concern for human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shivalkar
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Devghat, Prayagraj, UP, 211015, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Gautam
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Devghat, Prayagraj, UP, 211015, India
| | - Shrutika Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Integral University, Lucknow, UP, 226026, India
| | - Sintu Kumar Samanta
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Devghat, Prayagraj, UP, 211015, India.
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Devghat, Prayagraj, UP, 211015, India.
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Wu C, Dai J, Li X, Gao L, Wang J, Liu J, Zheng J, Zhan X, Chen J, Cheng X, Yang M, Tang J. Ion-exchange enabled synthetic swarm. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:288-295. [PMID: 33432205 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active matters are out-of-equilibrium systems that convert energy from the environment to mechanical motion. Non-reciprocal interaction between active matters may lead to collective intelligence beyond the capability of individuals. In nature, such emergent behaviours are ubiquitously observed in animal colonies, giving these species remarkable adaptive capability. In artificial systems, however, the emergence of non-trivial collective intelligent dynamics remains undiscovered. Here we show that a simple ion-exchange reaction can couple self-propelled ZnO nanorods and sulfonated polystyrene microbeads together. Chemical communication is established that enhances the reactivity and motion of both nanorods and the microbeads, resulting in the formation of an active swarm of nanorod-microbead complexes. We demonstrate that the swarm is capable of macroscopic phase segregation and intelligent consensus decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Dai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jizhuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijigng, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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46
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Wang H, Xu BB, Zhang YL, Kollipara PS, Liu S, Lin L, Chen QD, Zheng Y, Sun HB. Light-Driven Magnetic Encoding for Hybrid Magnetic Micromachines. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1628-1635. [PMID: 33555185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Remote manipulation of a micromachine under an external magnetic field is significant in a variety of applications. However, magnetic manipulation requires that either the target objects or the fluids should be ferromagnetic or superparamagnetic. To extend the applicability, we propose a versatile optical printing technique termed femtosecond laser-directed bubble microprinting (FsLDBM) for on-demand magnetic encoding. Harnessing Marangoni convection, evaporation flow, and capillary force for long-distance delivery, near-field attraction, and printing, respectively, FsLDBM is capable of printing nanomaterials on the solid-state substrate made of arbitrary materials. As a proof-of-concept, we actuate a 3D polymer microturbine under a rotating magnetic field by implementing γ-Fe2O3 nanomagnets on its blade. Moreover, we demonstrate the magnetic encoding on a living daphnia and versatile manipulation of the hybrid daphnia. With its general applicability, the FsLDBM approach provides opportunities for magnetic control of general microstructures in a variety of applications, such as smart microbots and biological microsurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
- Hooke Instruments, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Bin-Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Pavana Siddhartha Kollipara
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi-Dai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China
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The Energy Conversion behind Micro-and Nanomotors. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020222. [PMID: 33671593 PMCID: PMC7927089 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the autonomously moving organisms in nature, artificially synthesized micro-nano-scale power devices, also called micro-and nanomotors, are proposed. These micro-and nanomotors that can self-propel have been used for biological sensing, environmental remediation, and targeted drug transportation. In this article, we will systematically overview the conversion of chemical energy or other forms of energy in the external environment (such as electrical energy, light energy, magnetic energy, and ultrasound) into kinetic mechanical energy by micro-and nanomotors. The development and progress of these energy conversion mechanisms in the past ten years are reviewed, and the broad application prospects of micro-and nanomotors in energy conversion are provided.
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Soto F, Karshalev E, Zhang F, Esteban Fernandez de Avila B, Nourhani A, Wang J. Smart Materials for Microrobots. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5365-5403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Soto
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Berta Esteban Fernandez de Avila
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amir Nourhani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mathematics, Biology, Biomimicry Research and Innovation Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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49
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Kankala RK, Wang SB, Chen AZ. Self-propelling micro-/nano-motors: Mechanisms, applications, and challenges in drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120275. [PMID: 33508344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, numerous efforts have been put forward to fabricating the self-propelling micro-/nano-motors (MNMs) for various applications, such as drug delivery, environmental remediation, biosensing, and precision surgery at the micro-/nanoscale, among others. Owing to their potential advantages, the application of such innovative architectures has been increasingly recognized towards addressing various challenges in the related fields. Specifically, these MNMs offer enormous potential in nanomedicine in overcoming the significant challenge of low permeation of the biological barriers. Herein, we emphasize the powered mechanism of MNMs, including artificial and natural-based MNMs, and discuss the characteristics, as well as the challenges being faced by MNMs in drug delivery. Further, the research progress of MNMs as drug carriers in different environments (gastrointestinal tract, saliva, urinary bladder, blood, and extracellular matrix, ECM) of the body in recent years is summarized, highlighting the representative works on MNMs towards in vivo applications. Together, we firmly believe that these innovative MNMs-based designs may play a crucial role in the clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Zhoujiang Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen 361021, PR China.
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Ai-Zheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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50
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Wang W, Zhou C. A Journey of Nanomotors for Targeted Cancer Therapy: Principles, Challenges, and a Critical Review of the State-of-the-Art. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001236. [PMID: 33111501 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A nanomotor is a miniaturized device that converts energy stored in the environment into mechanical motion. The last two decades have witnessed a surge of research interests in the biomedical applications of nanomotors, but little clinical translation. To accelerate this process, targeted cancer therapy is used as an example to describe a "survive, locate, operate, and terminate" (SLOT) mission of a nanomotor, where it must 1) survive in the unfriendly in vivo environment, 2) locate its target as well as be located by human operators, 3) carry out specific operations, and 4) terminate after the mission is completed. Along this journey, the challenges presented to a nanomotor, including to power, navigate, steer, target, release, control, image, and communicate are discussed, and how state-of-the-art nanomotors meet or fall short of these requirements is critically reviewed. These discussions are then condensed into a table for easy reference. In particular, it is argued that chemically powered nanomotors are intrinsically ill-positioned for targeted cancer therapy, while nanomotors powered by magnetic fields or ultrasound show more promises. Following this argument, a tentative nanomotor design is then presented in the end to conform to the SLOT guideline, and to inspire practical, functional nanorobots that are yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China
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