1
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Liu Q, Lin YC, Kretschmer S, Ghorbani-Asl M, Solís-Fernández P, Siao MD, Chiu PW, Ago H, Krasheninnikov AV, Suenaga K. Molybdenum Chloride Nanostructures with Giant Lattice Distortions Intercalated into Bilayer Graphene. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 38007700 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The nanospace of the van der Waals (vdW) gap between structural units of two-dimensional (2D) materials serves as a platform for growing unusual 2D systems through intercalation and studying their properties. Various kinds of metal chlorides have previously been intercalated for tuning the properties of host layered materials, but the atomic structure of the intercalants remains still unidentified. In this study, we investigate the atomic structural transformation of molybdenum(V) chloride (MoCl5) after intercalation into bilayer graphene (BLG). Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, we found that the intercalated material represents MoCl3 networks, MoCl2 chains, and Mo5Cl10 rings. Giant lattice distortions and frequent structural transitions occur in the 2D MoClx that have never been observed in metal chloride systems. The trend of symmetric to nonsymmetric structural transformations can cause additional charge transfer from BLG to the intercalated MoClx, as suggested by our density functional theory calculations. Our study deepens the understanding of the behavior of matter in the confined space of the vdW gap in BLG and provides hints at a more efficient tuning of material properties by intercalation for potential applications, including transparent conductive films, optoelectronics, and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiunan Liu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR-SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yung-Chang Lin
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR-SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Silvan Kretschmer
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ming-Deng Siao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hiroki Ago
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Arkady V Krasheninnikov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR-SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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2
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He Q, Sheng B, Zhu K, Zhou Y, Qiao S, Wang Z, Song L. Phase Engineering and Synchrotron-Based Study on Two-Dimensional Energy Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10750-10807. [PMID: 37581572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been significant interest in the development of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with unique physicochemical properties for various energy applications. These properties are often derived from the phase structures established through a range of physical and chemical design strategies. A concrete analysis of the phase structures and real reaction mechanisms of 2D energy nanomaterials requires advanced characterization methods that offer valuable information as much as possible. Here, we present a comprehensive review on the phase engineering of typical 2D nanomaterials with the focus of synchrotron radiation characterizations. In particular, the intrinsic defects, atomic doping, intercalation, and heterogeneous interfaces on 2D nanomaterials are introduced, together with their applications in energy-related fields. Among them, synchrotron-based multiple spectroscopic techniques are emphasized to reveal their intrinsic phases and structures. More importantly, various in situ methods are employed to provide deep insights into their structural evolutions under working conditions or reaction processes of 2D energy nanomaterials. Finally, conclusions and research perspectives on the future outlook for the further development of 2D energy nanomaterials and synchrotron radiation light sources and integrated techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun He
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Beibei Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Kefu Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Yuzhu Zhou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Sicong Qiao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Zhouxin Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Li Song
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Photonelectronics, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
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Ghaffari A, Saki Z, Taghavinia N, Byranvand MM, Saliba M. Lamination methods for the fabrication of perovskite and organic photovoltaics. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2473-2495. [PMID: 35920327 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00671e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown rapid progress in a decade of extensive research and development, aiming now towards commercialization. However, the development of more facile, reliable, and reproducible manufacturing techniques will be essential for industrial production. Many lamination methods have been initially designed for organic photovoltaics (OPVs), which are conceptually similar to PSCs. Lamination could provide a low-cost and adaptable technique for the roll-to-roll production of solar cells. This review presents an overview of lamination methods for the fabrication of PSCs and OPVs. The lamination of different electrodes consisting of various materials such as metal back contacts, photoactive layers, hole transport layers (HTLs), and electron transport layers (ETLs) is discussed. The efficiency and stability of the laminated devices are also presented. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of laminated solar cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Ghaffari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155 Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Saki
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nima Taghavinia
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 Tehran, Iran.
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, 14588 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Malekshahi Byranvand
- Institute for Photovoltaics (ipv), University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group FRONTRUNNER, IEK5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Saliba
- Institute for Photovoltaics (ipv), University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group FRONTRUNNER, IEK5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Araki Y, Solís-Fernández P, Lin YC, Motoyama A, Kawahara K, Maruyama M, Gao Y, Matsumoto R, Suenaga K, Okada S, Ago H. Twist Angle-Dependent Molecular Intercalation and Sheet Resistance in Bilayer Graphene. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14075-14085. [PMID: 35921093 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer graphene (BLG) has a two-dimensional (2D) interlayer nanospace that can be used to intercalate molecules and ions, resulting in a significant change of its electronic and magnetic properties. Intercalation of BLG with different materials, such as FeCl3, MoCl5, Li ions, and Ca ions, has been demonstrated. However, little is known about how the twist angle of the BLG host affects intercalation. Here, by using artificially stacked BLG with controlled twist angles, we systematically investigated the twist angle dependence of intercalation of metal chlorides. We discovered that BLG with high twist angles of >15° is more favorable for intercalation than BLG with low twist angles. Density functional theory calculations suggested that the weaker interlayer coupling in high twist angle BLG is the key for effective intercalation. Scanning transmission electron microscope observations revealed that co-intercalation of AlCl3 and CuCl2 molecules into BLG gives various 2D structures in the confined interlayer nanospace. Moreover, before intercalation we observed a significantly lower sheet resistance in BLG with high twist angles (281 ± 98 Ω/□) than that in AB stacked BLG (580 ± 124 Ω/□). Intercalation further decreased the sheet resistance, reaching values as low as 48 Ω/□, which is the lowest value reported so far for BLG. This work provides a twist angle-dependent phenomenon, in which enhanced intercalation and drastic changes of the electrical properties can be realized by controlling the stacking angle of adjacent graphene layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Araki
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | | | - Yung-Chang Lin
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Amane Motoyama
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawahara
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Mina Maruyama
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yanlin Gao
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Rika Matsumoto
- Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University, Kanagawa 243-0297, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR-SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Susumu Okada
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ago
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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5
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Watanabe T, Ishikawa R, Hara N, Iwasaki T, Miyachi M, Shiigi Y, Takahashi M, Kuroki D, Koh S. Single-layer graphene as a transparent electrode for electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensing. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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7
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Non-covalent interactions of graphene surface: Mechanisms and applications. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ago H, Okada S, Miyata Y, Matsuda K, Koshino M, Ueno K, Nagashio K. Science of 2.5 dimensional materials: paradigm shift of materials science toward future social innovation. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:275-299. [PMID: 35557511 PMCID: PMC9090349 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2062576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The past decades of materials science discoveries are the basis of our present society - from the foundation of semiconductor devices to the recent development of internet of things (IoT) technologies. These materials science developments have depended mainly on control of rigid chemical bonds, such as covalent and ionic bonds, in organic molecules and polymers, inorganic crystals and thin films. The recent discovery of graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materials offers a novel approach to synthesizing materials by controlling their weak out-of-plane van der Waals (vdW) interactions. Artificial stacks of different types of 2D materials are a novel concept in materials synthesis, with the stacks not limited by rigid chemical bonds nor by lattice constants. This offers plenty of opportunities to explore new physics, chemistry, and engineering. An often-overlooked characteristic of vdW stacks is the well-defined 2D nanospace between the layers, which provides unique physical phenomena and a rich field for synthesis of novel materials. Applying the science of intercalation compounds to 2D materials provides new insights and expectations about the use of the vdW nanospace. We call this nascent field of science '2.5 dimensional (2.5D) materials,' to acknowledge the important extra degree of freedom beyond 2D materials. 2.5D materials not only offer a new field of scientific research, but also contribute to the development of practical applications, and will lead to future social innovation. In this paper, we introduce the new scientific concept of this science of '2.5D materials' and review recent research developments based on this new scientific concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ago
- Global Innovation Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- CONTACT Hiroki Ago Global Innovation Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka816-8580, Japan
| | - Susumu Okada
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Miyata
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | | | | | - Kosei Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nagashio
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Lin YC, Motoyama A, Solís-Fernández P, Matsumoto R, Ago H, Suenaga K. Coupling and Decoupling of Bilayer Graphene Monitored by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10386-10391. [PMID: 34881904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We studied the interlayer coupling and decoupling of bilayer graphene (BLG) using spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy with a monochromated electron source. We correlated the twist-angle-dependent energy band hybridization with Moiré superlattices and the corresponding optical absorption peaks. The optical absorption peak originates from the excitonic transition between the hybridized van Hove singularities (vHSs), which shifts systematically with the twist angle. We then proved that the BLG decouples when a monolayer of metal chloride is intercalated in its van der Waals gap and results in the elimination of the vHS peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Lin
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Amane Motoyama
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | | | - Rika Matsumoto
- Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University 1583 Iiyama, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0297, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ago
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR-SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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10
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Lin YC, Motoyama A, Kretschmer S, Ghaderzadeh S, Ghorbani-Asl M, Araki Y, Krasheninnikov AV, Ago H, Suenaga K. Polymorphic Phases of Metal Chlorides in the Confined 2D Space of Bilayer Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105898. [PMID: 34610179 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented 2D metal chloride structures are grown between sheets of bilayer graphene through intercalation of metal and chlorine atoms. Numerous spatially confined 2D phases of AlCl3 and CuCl2 distinct from their typical bulk forms are found, and the transformations between these new phases under the electron beam are directly observed by in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The density functional theory calculations confirm the metastability of the atomic structures derived from the STEM experiments and provide insights into the electronic properties of the phases, which range from insulators to semimetals. Additionally, the co-intercalation of different metal chlorides is found to create completely new hybrid systems; in-plane quasi-1D AlCl3 /CuCl2 heterostructures are obtained. The existence of polymorphic phases hints at the unique possibilities for fabricating new types of 2D materials with diverse electronic properties confined between graphene sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Lin
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Amane Motoyama
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Silvan Kretschmer
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sadegh Ghaderzadeh
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuji Araki
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Arkady V Krasheninnikov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, Aalto, 00076, Finland
| | - Hiroki Ago
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR-SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
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11
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Li Z, Li D, Wang H, Chen P, Pi L, Zhou X, Zhai T. Intercalation Strategy in 2D Materials for Electronics and Optoelectronics. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100567. [PMID: 34928056 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Intercalation is an effective approach to tune the physical and chemical properties of 2D materials due to their abundant van der Waals gaps that can host high-density intercalated guest matters. This approach has been widely employed to modulate the optical, electrical, and photoelectrical properties of 2D materials for their applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Thus it is necessary to review the recent progress of the intercalation strategy in 2D materials and their applications in devices. Herein, various intercalation strategies and the novel properties of the intercalated 2D materials as well as their applications in electronics and optoelectronics are summarized. In the end, the development tendency of this promising approach for 2D materials is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Haoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lejing Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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Du X, Jiang W, Zhang Y, Qiu J, Zhao Y, Tan Q, Qi S, Ye G, Zhang W, Liu N. Transparent and Stretchable Graphene Electrode by Intercalation Doping for Epidermal Electrophysiology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56361-56371. [PMID: 33270412 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal electronics is regarded as the next-generation technology, and graphene is a promising electrode, which is a key building block of such devices. However, graphene has a tendency to crack at small strains with a rapidly increased resistance upon stretching. Here, to enable graphene applicable in epidermal electronics, we designed a novel graphene structure that is molybdenum chloride (MoCl5)-intercalated few-layer graphene (Mo-FLG) fabricated in a confined environment. In the case of bilayer graphene (BLG), MoCl5-intercalated bilayer graphene (Mo-BLG) exhibited a low sheet resistance of 40 Ω/square (sq) at a transmittance of 80%. Due to the self-barrier doping effect, the sheet resistance increased to only 60 Ω/sq after exposing to the atmosphere over 1 month. Transferred onto elastomer substrates, Mo-BLG can work as an electrode up to 80% strain and maintain a high conductivity that is durable over 2000 cycles at 30% strain. This mechano-electrostability is attributed to the special intercalated structure where the intercalated dopants act as lubricants to weaken the layer-layer interaction and allow a certain degree of sliding, as well as electrical crack-connectors to bridge the cracked domains at a high strain. Mo-BLG can be applied as epidermal electrodes to monitor electrophysiological signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG), electrooculogram (EOG), electroencephalography (EEG), and surface electromyogram (sEMG) with high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) comparable to commercial Ag/AgCl electrode. This is the first demonstration of epidermal electrodes based on intercalation-doped graphene applied in health monitoring, shedding light on the future development of graphene-based epidermal electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | | | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiakang Qiu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qishuo Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuyan Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guo Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100094, China
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13
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Ultrathin-metal-film-based transparent electrodes with relative transmittance surpassing 100. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3367. [PMID: 32632111 PMCID: PMC7338390 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible transparent electrodes are in significant demand in applications including solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and touch panels. The combination of high optical transparency and high electrical conductivity, however, sets a stringent requirement on electrodes based on metallic materials. To obtain practical sheet resistances, the visible transmittance of the electrodes in previous studies is typically lower than the transparent substrates the electrode structures are built on, namely, the transmittance relative to the substrate is <100%. Here, we demonstrate a flexible dielectric-metal-dielectric-based electrode with ~88.4% absolute transmittance, even higher than the ~88.1% transmittance of the polymer substrate, which results in a relative transmittance of ~100.3%. This non-trivial performance is achieved by leveraging an optimized dielectric-metal-dielectric structure guided by analytical and quantitative principles described in this work, and is attributed to an ultra-thin and ultra-smooth copper-doped silver film with low optical loss and low sheet resistance.
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Solís-Fernández P, Terao Y, Kawahara K, Nishiyama W, Uwanno T, Lin YC, Yamamoto K, Nakashima H, Nagashio K, Hibino H, Suenaga K, Ago H. Isothermal Growth and Stacking Evolution in Highly Uniform Bernal-Stacked Bilayer Graphene. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6834-6844. [PMID: 32407070 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the stacking order in bilayer graphene (BLG) allows realizing interesting physical properties. In particular, the possibility of tuning the band gap in Bernal-stacked (AB) BLG (AB-BLG) has a great technological importance for electronic and optoelectronic applications. Most of the current methods to produce AB-BLG suffer from inhomogeneous layer thickness and/or coexistence with twisted BLG. Here, we demonstrate a method to synthesize highly pure large-area AB-BLG by chemical vapor deposition using Cu-Ni films. Increasing the reaction time resulted in a gradual increase of the AB stacking, with the BLG eventually free from twist regions for the longer growth times (99.4% of BLG has AB stacking), due to catalyst-assisted continuous BLG reconstruction driven by carbon dissolution-segregation processes. The band gap opening was confirmed by the electrical measurements on field-effect transistors using two different device configurations. The concept of the continuous reconstruction to achieve highly pure AB-BLG offers a way to control the stacking order of catalytically grown two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Terao
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawahara
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishiyama
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Teerayut Uwanno
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yung-Chang Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nagashio
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hibino
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ago
- Global Innovation Center (GIC), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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15
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Zhang X, Sun Y, Gao W, Lin Y, Zhao X, Wang Q, Yao X, He M, Ye X, Liu Y. Sizable bandgaps of graphene in 3d transition metal intercalated defective graphene/WSe 2 heterostructures. RSC Adv 2019; 9:18157-18164. [PMID: 35515222 PMCID: PMC9064658 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03034d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the electronic and magnetic properties of G/TMD (graphene on transition metal dichalcogenide) heterostructures is essential to develop electronic devices. Despite extensive studies in perfecting G/TMDs, most products have various defects due to the limitations of the fabrication techniques, and research investigating the performances of defective G/TMDs is scarce. Here, we conduct a comprehensive study of the effects of 3d transition metal (TM = Sc-Ni) atom-intercalated G/WSe2 heterostructures, as well as their defective configurations having single vacancies on graphene or WSe2 sublayers. Interestingly, Ni-intercalated G/WSe2 exhibits a small band gap of 0.06 eV, a typical characteristic of nonmagnetic semiconductors. With the presence of one single vacancy in graphene, nonmagnetic (or ferromagnetic) semiconductors with sizable band gaps, 0.10-0.51 eV, can be achieved by intercalating Ti, Cr, Fe and Ni atoms into the heterostructures. Moreover, V and Mn doped non-defective and Sc, V, Co doped defective G/WSe2 can lead to sizable half metallic band gaps of 0.1-0.58 eV. Further analysis indicates that the significant electron transfer from TM atoms to graphene accounts for the opening of a large band gap. Our results provide theoretical guidance to future applications of G/TMD based heterostructures in (spin) electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Zhang
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Yi Sun
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Weicheng Gao
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Yin Lin
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Xinli Zhao
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Xiaojing Yao
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Hebei Advanced Thin Films Laboratory, Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024 China
| | - Maoshuai He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco Chemical Process and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Xiaoshan Ye
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
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16
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Pandey D, Kamal C, Chakrabarti A. Intercalation of transition metals in aluminene bi-layers: An ab initio study. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:194702. [PMID: 31117777 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using first principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), we probe various possible stacking arrangements of bilayer aluminene and intercalate six transition metal (TM) atoms (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) in unique bilayer aluminene systems. Further, we calculate valence charge density and electron localization function to ascertain the nature of bonding present in both the pristine and TM-intercalated composite systems. Intercalation of Cr, Mn, and Fe is found to result in the magnetic ground state. For Ti, Co, and Ni-intercalated systems, the starting trigonal symmetry has changed to a tetragonal symmetry. Co and Ni intercalated systems exhibit much higher (negative) formation energies compared to the other composite systems. In addition, nesting of the Fermi surface has been probed for the Co and Ni intercalated systems and observations indicate the possibility of the presence of charge density wave in the systems. A dispersion-corrected DFT study suggests that the van der Waals interaction is not likely to play a crucial role in determining the properties of both the pristine and TM-intercalated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanshree Pandey
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - C Kamal
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Aparna Chakrabarti
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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