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Lv G, Xie C, Wang M, Guo Z, Wei B, Shi J, He X. Axially slow-variation microbubble resonators fabricated by an improved arc discharge method for strain sensing applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:19531-19540. [PMID: 38859086 DOI: 10.1364/oe.523695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we proposed an axially slow-variation microbubble resonator fabricated by an improved arc discharge method and applied to axial strain sensing. The prepared resonators are characterized by ultra-thin wall thickness and axial slow-variation. The wall thickness was experimentally measured to reach 938 nm and maintain a quality factor of an optical mode as large as 7.36 ×107. The main factors affecting the strain sensitivity of the microbubble resonators are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Experimentally, the maximum sensitivity measured was 13.08pm/µε, which is three times higher than the microbubble resonators without this method. The device is simple to prepare and possesses ultra-thin wall thickness. It is promising for applications in high-precision sensing, such as single molecule and biological sensing.
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2
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Tong J, Ge K, Xu Z, Zhai T. Switchable whispering gallery mode lasing via phase transition. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5161-5164. [PMID: 37773410 DOI: 10.1364/ol.501359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Combining phase-transition materials with optical microcavities may advance the applications of whispering-gallery mode (WGM) lasing in performance customization, sensing, and optical switching. In this study, switchable WGM lasing based on phase transition is reported. The device is designed by introducing the phase-transition hydrogel into the capillary microcavity. After approaching the phase-transition point in hydrogel, the number of WGM lasing modes decreases sharply with a significant blueshift in the wavelength. The phenomenon is caused by the increase in light scattering and decrease in effective refractive index of the device. Furthermore, single-mode lasing is obtained by manipulating the phase transition, which exhibits superior reversibility. This study may pave the way for designing and multifunctioning of novel WGM lasing in photonic devices.
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Reynoso-de la Cruz HM, Rosas-Román I, Ramos-Ortiz G, Mendoza BS, Ortiz-Ricardo E, Gutiérrez-Juárez G, Castro-Beltrán R. Studies of the transition between amplified spontaneous emission and optical lasing in ultrahigh-Q polymeric micro-pedestals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:9018-9033. [PMID: 36860004 DOI: 10.1364/oe.482005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the properties of Rhodamine B-doped polymeric cylindrical microlasers to perform either as gain amplification devices through amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) or as optical lasing gain devices. A study based on different %wt concentrations of microcavity families with distinct geometrical features demonstrates the characteristic dependence on either gain amplification phenomena. Principal component analysis (PCA) discriminates the relationship between the main ASE and lasing properties and the geometrical aspects of the cavity families. ASE and optical lasing thresholds were found, respectively, as low as 0.2 μJcm-2 and 0.1 μJcm-2 passing the best-reported microlaser performances in literature for cylindrical cavities, even in comparison with those based on 2D patterns. Moreover, our microlasers showed ultrahigh Q-factor of ∼3 × 106, and for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a visible emission comb constituted by above a hundred peaks at 40 μJcm-2 with a registered free spectral range (FSR) of 0.25 nm corroborated through the whispery gallery mode (WGM) theory.
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4
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Free spectral range magnetic tuning of an integrated microcavity. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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5
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Liu F, Tong J, Xu Z, Ge K, Ruan J, Cui L, Zhai T. Electrically Tunable Polymer Whispering-Gallery-Mode Laser. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144812. [PMID: 35888278 PMCID: PMC9317815 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microlasers hold great promise for the development of photonics and optoelectronics. At present, tunable microcavity lasers, especially regarding in situ dynamic tuning, are still the focus of research. In this study, we combined a 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) piezoelectric crystal with a Poly [9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl] (PFO) microring cavity to realize a high-quality, electrically tunable, whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) laser. The dependence of the laser properties on the diameter of the microrings, including the laser spectrum and quality (Q) value, was investigated. It was found that with an increase in microring diameter, the laser emission redshifted, and the Q value increased. In addition, the device effectively achieved a blueshift under an applied electric field, and the wavelength tuning range was 0.71 nm. This work provides a method for in situ dynamic spectral modulation of microcavity lasers, and is expected to provide inspiration for the application of integrated photonics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Liu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Junhua Tong
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Zhiyang Xu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Kun Ge
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Jun Ruan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Libin Cui
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (F.L.); (Z.X.); (K.G.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (T.Z.)
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6
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Zhao S, Li G, Peng X, Ma J, Yin Z, Zhao Q. Ultralow-threshold green fluorescent protein laser based on high Q microbubble resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:23439-23447. [PMID: 36225023 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biological lasers have attracted vast attention because of their potential medical application prospects, especially the low threshold biological laser that can be used for ultrasensitive biological detection while leaving the luminous gain medium undamaged by the pump light. By coupling the low concentration green fluorescent protein (GFP) solution with a high Q whispering gallery mode microbubble resonator, we managed to fabricate a miniature GFP laser with the lowest threshold and highest Q value compared to any known type of the GFP laser. The threshold energy is as low as 380 fJ, two orders of magnitude lower than any type of GFP laser at present. The Q value of the optical cavity in this biological laser is 5.3 × 107, two orders higher than the highest Q value of GFP lasers. We further confirmed the long-term stability of the working characteristics of GFP laser. It can work well nearly a month in temperature 3-4°C. Finally, we measured the effects of different concentrations of fluorescent protein on laser threshold. The data show that this biological laser can be used for highly sensitive detection of GFP concentration, which is particularly useful when the GFP is used as tracers.
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Single-molecule optofluidic microsensor with interface whispering gallery modes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2108678119. [PMID: 35115398 PMCID: PMC8832994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108678119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical microresonators have emerged as promising platforms for label-free detection of molecules. However, approaching optimum sensitivity is hindered due to the weak tail of evanescent fields. Here, we report the implementation of the interface modes for ultrasensitive sensing in a microbubble resonator. With the electromagnetic field peaked at the interface between the optical resonator and the analyte solution, interface modes enable sensing of biomolecules with a detection limit of 0.3 pg/cm2. Single-molecule detection is further demonstrated using the plasmonic-enhanced interface modes. In addition, intrinsically integrated into a microfluidic channel, the sensor exhibits ultrasmall sample consumption down to 10 pL, providing an automatic platform for biomedical analysis. Label-free sensors are highly desirable for biological analysis and early-stage disease diagnosis. Optical evanescent sensors have shown extraordinary ability in label-free detection, but their potentials have not been fully exploited because of the weak evanescent field tails at the sensing surfaces. Here, we report an ultrasensitive optofluidic biosensor with interface whispering gallery modes in a microbubble cavity. The interface modes feature both the peak of electromagnetic-field intensity at the sensing surface and high-Q factors even in a small-sized cavity, enabling a detection limit as low as 0.3 pg/cm2. The sample consumption can be pushed down to 10 pL due to the intrinsically integrated microfluidic channel. Furthermore, detection of single DNA with 8 kDa molecular weight is realized by the plasmonic-enhanced interface mode.
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Chen HX, Qian MD, Yu K, Liu YF. Low Threshold Microlasers Based on Organic-Conjugated Polymers. Front Chem 2021; 9:807605. [PMID: 34966724 PMCID: PMC8710511 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.807605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have emerged as ideal organic laser materials for the excellent optoelectrical properties and facile processability. During a typical lasing process, resonator configurations with specific geometry are essential to provide optical feedback and then amplified light. Herein, we summarized the geometry and working mechanism of several typical resonator configurations formed with conjugated polymers. Meanwhile, recent advances in fabrication techniques and lasing performance are also discussed to provide new ideas for the design and optimization of microcavity geometries. Followed by the advances of practical applications in fields of laser sensing, bioimaging, and laser illumination/display, we make a summary of the existing bottlenecks and future perspectives of electrically driven organic lasers toward laser display and illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xu Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng-Dan Qian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu-Fang Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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9
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Oh M, Jo S, Huh TH, Kwark YJ, Lee TS. Synthesis of a conjugated polymer film via interfacial Knoevenagel polymerization and conversion to covalent triazine polymer for photocatalysis. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Lim HS, Lee JH, Jeong HY, Cho SO. Lasing from MEH-PPV with a refractive index tunable by electron irradiation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:19945-19954. [PMID: 34266094 DOI: 10.1364/oe.427396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple one-step approach to producing a distributed feedback (DFB) laser through selective irradiation of the gain medium, MEH-PPV, is presented. Electron irradiation alters the refractive index of MEH-PPV, thus, direct patterning by electron irradiation can be applied to create a periodic diffraction grating. The non-irradiated regions of MEH-PPV serve as the primary gain medium, while the irradiated regions of MEH-PPV provide the refractive index difference required to fabricate a DFB laser. This method was successfully applied to achieve lasing with a relatively low lasing threshold of 3 kW/cm2or 1.8 µJ/cm2 (pulse width: 600 ps). Furthermore, the lasing wavelength can be finely tuned by simply adjusting the grating period. In stark contrast to the simple one-step process described in this work, conventional procedures for the fabrication of DFB lasers involve multiple steps of varying complexity, including mold creation and careful coating of the substrate with the gain medium.
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11
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Pan T, Lu D, Xin H, Li B. Biophotonic probes for bio-detection and imaging. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:124. [PMID: 34108445 PMCID: PMC8190087 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of biophotonics and biomedical sciences makes a high demand on photonic structures to be interfaced with biological systems that are capable of manipulating light at small scales for sensitive detection of biological signals and precise imaging of cellular structures. However, conventional photonic structures based on artificial materials (either inorganic or toxic organic) inevitably show incompatibility and invasiveness when interfacing with biological systems. The design of biophotonic probes from the abundant natural materials, particularly biological entities such as virus, cells and tissues, with the capability of multifunctional light manipulation at target sites greatly increases the biocompatibility and minimizes the invasiveness to biological microenvironment. In this review, advances in biophotonic probes for bio-detection and imaging are reviewed. We emphatically and systematically describe biological entities-based photonic probes that offer appropriate optical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability with different optical functions from light generation, to light transportation and light modulation. Three representative biophotonic probes, i.e., biological lasers, cell-based biophotonic waveguides and bio-microlenses, are reviewed with applications for bio-detection and imaging. Finally, perspectives on future opportunities and potential improvements of biophotonic probes are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Pan
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Dengyun Lu
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Hongbao Xin
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Baojun Li
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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12
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Yuan Z, Zhou Y, Qiao Z, Eng Aik C, Tu WC, Wu X, Chen YC. Stimulated Chiral Light-Matter Interactions in Biological Microlasers. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8965-8975. [PMID: 33988971 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chiral light-matter interactions have emerged as a promising area in biophysics and quantum optics. Great progress in enhancing chiral light-matter interactions have been investigated through passive resonators or spontaneous emission. Nevertheless, the interaction between chiral biomolecules and stimulated emission remains unexplored. Here we introduce the concept of a biological chiral laser by amplifying chiral light-matter interactions in an active resonator through stimulated emission process. Green fluorescent proteins or chiral biomolecules encapsulated in Fabry-Perot microcavity served as the gain material while excited by either left-handed or right-handed circularly polarized pump laser. Owing to the nonlinear pump energy dependence of stimulated emission, significant enhancement of chiral light-matter interactions was demonstrated. Detailed experiments and theory revealed that a lasing dissymmetry factor is determined by molecular absorption dissymmetry factor at its excitation wavelength. Finally, chirality transfer was investigated under a stimulated emission process through resonance energy transfer. Our findings elucidate the mechanism of stimulated chiral light-matter interactions, providing better understanding of light-matter interaction in biophysics, chiral sensing, and quantum biophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Yuan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Yunke Zhou
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Zhen Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Chan Eng Aik
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, TPI and SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Wei-Chen Tu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore
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13
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Toropov N, Cabello G, Serrano MP, Gutha RR, Rafti M, Vollmer F. Review of biosensing with whispering-gallery mode lasers. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:42. [PMID: 33637696 PMCID: PMC7910454 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lasers are the pillars of modern optics and sensing. Microlasers based on whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) are miniature in size and have excellent lasing characteristics suitable for biosensing. WGM lasers have been used for label-free detection of single virus particles, detection of molecular electrostatic changes at biointerfaces, and barcode-type live-cell tagging and tracking. The most recent advances in biosensing with WGM microlasers are described in this review. We cover the basic concepts of WGM resonators, the integration of gain media into various active WGM sensors and devices, and the cutting-edge advances in photonic devices for micro- and nanoprobing of biological samples that can be integrated with WGM lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Toropov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Gema Cabello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Mariana P Serrano
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Rithvik R Gutha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Matías Rafti
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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Abstract
Optical whispering-gallery mode (WGM) microresonators, confining resonant photons in a microscale volume for long periods of time, strongly enhance light-matter interactions, making them an ideal platform for photonic sensors. One of the features of WGM sensors is their capability to respond to environmental perturbations that influence the optical mode distribution. The exceptional sensitivity of WGM devices, coupled with the diversity in their structures and the ease of integration with existing infrastructures, such as conventional chip-based technologies, has catalyzed the development of WGM sensors for a broad range of analytes. WGM sensors have been developed for multiplexed detection of clinically relevant biomolecules while also being adapted for the analysis of single-protein interactions. They have been used for the detection of materials in different phases and forms, including gases, liquids, and chemicals. Furthermore, WGM sensors have been used for a wide variety of field-based sensing applications, including electric field, magnetic field, force, pressure, and temperature. WGM sensors hold great potential for applications in life and environmental sciences. They are expected to meet the ever-increasing demand in sensor networks, the Internet of Things, and real-time health monitoring. Here we review the mechanisms, structures, parameters, and recent advances of WGM microsensors and discuss the future of this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Jiang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Abraham J. Qavi
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Steven H. Huang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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15
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Liu X, Lu Q, Fu L, Chen X, Wu X, Xie S. Coupled-mode induced transparency via Ohmic heating in a single polydimethylsiloxane-coated microbubble resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:10705-10713. [PMID: 32225648 DOI: 10.1364/oe.390593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an approach for the realization of coupled-mode induced transparency (CMIT) in a hybrid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated silica microbubble resonator, with an Au microwire inserted in the hollow channel. Owing to the large negative thermo-optics coefficient of PDMS, different radial order modes with opposite thermal sensitivities can coexist in this hybrid microcavity. By applying a current through the Au microwire, which acts as a microheater, the generated Ohmic heating could thermally tune the resonance frequencies and the frequency detuning of the coupled mode to achieve controllable CMIT. This platform offers an efficient and convenient way to obtain controllable CMIT for applications, such as label-free biosensing and quantum information processing.
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16
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Kim J, Lee J, Lee TS. Size-dependent fluorescence of conjugated polymer dots and correlation with the fluorescence in solution and in the solid phase of the polymer. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2492-2497. [PMID: 31916550 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09380j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three conjugated polymers (CPs) were synthesized to obtain CPs with the same backbone but with different compositions of repeat units (phenylene and benzoselenadiazole (BSD)). The dominant composition of phenylene units and a smaller amount of BSD in the CP backbone enabled the CPs to emit different fluorescence colors according to their condition (solution or solid), which was caused by the difference in intermolecular electron transfer between CP backbones. Inspired by this, we fabricated polymer dots (Pdots) with various sizes using the CPs to control the number of CP chains within a spherical Pdot. This implied that smaller Pdots, where the chance of intermolecular electron transfer would be at a minimum, would accommodate fewer polymer chains than larger ones. The minimum chance for intermolecular electron transfer resulted in a short-wavelength emission, which was the identical emission color encountered in liquid CP solution. A more frequent intermolecular electron transfer was expected in larger Pdots, exhibiting long-wavelength emission, which was the same as observed in solid CPs. White-light-emitting Pdots that showed Commission Internationale de 1'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.34, 0.31) were fabricated simply by controlling the Pdot size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Kim
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory, Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Jaemin Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Taek Seung Lee
- Organic and Optoelectronic Materials Laboratory, Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
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17
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Lu Q, Chen X, Liu X, Fu L, Zou CL, Xie S. Tunable optofluidic liquid metal core microbubble resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:2201-2209. [PMID: 32121915 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces design and coupling techniques, which bridge an opaque liquid metal, optical WGM mode, and mechanical mode into an opto-mechano-fluidic microbubble resonator (MBR) consisting of a dielectric silica shell and liquid metal core. Benefiting from the conductivity of the liquid metal, Ohmic heating was carried out for the MBR by applying current to the liquid metal to change the temperature of the MBR by more than 300 °C. The optical mode was thermally tuned (>3 nm) over a full free spectral range because the Ohmic heating changed the refractive index of the silica and dimeter of the MBR. The mechanical mode was thermally tuned with a relative tuning range of 9% because the Ohmic heating changed the velocity and density of the liquid metal.
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18
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Zhuge MH, Yang Z, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Song Q, Pang C, Liu X, Ullah S, Pan C, Raghavan N, Zhang XH, Li H, Ma Y, Yang Q, Hasan T. Fiber-Integrated Reversibly Wavelength-Tunable Nanowire Laser Based on Nanocavity Mode Coupling. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9965-9972. [PMID: 31398003 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As an ideal miniaturized light source, wavelength-tunable nanolasers capable of emitting a wide spectrum stimulate intense interests for on-chip optoelectronics, optical communications, and spectroscopy. However, realization of such devices remains a major challenge because of extreme difficulties in achieving continuously reversibly tunable gain media and high quality (Q)-factor resonators on the nanoscale simultaneously. Here, exploiting single bandgap-graded CdSSe NWs and a Fabry-Pérot/whispering gallery mode (FP/WGM) coupling cavity, a free-standing fiber-integrated reversibly wavelength-tunable nanolaser covering a 42 nm wide spectrum at room temperature with high stability and reproducibility is demonstrated. In addition, a 1.13 nm tuning spectral resolution is realized. The substrate-free device design enables integration in optical fiber communications and information. With reversible and wide, continuous tunability of emission color and precise control per step, our work demonstrates a general approach to nanocavity coupling affording high Q-factors, enabling an ideal miniaturized module for a broad range of applications in optics and optoelectronics, with optical fiber integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Zhuge
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Zongyin Yang
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Jianpei Zhang
- Sichuan Zhongguang Lightning Protection Technologies Co., Ltd. , Chengdu 611731 , China
| | - Yazhi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Qinghai Song
- Integrated Nanoscience Lab, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Chenlei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Salman Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Nagarajan Raghavan
- Engineering Product Development (EPD) Pillar , Singapore University of Technology and Design , 8 Somapah Road , Singapore 487372 , Singapore
| | - Xing-Hong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Haifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yaoguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - Tawfique Hasan
- Cambridge Graphene Centre , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
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Wang J, Karnaushenko D, Medina-Sánchez M, Yin Y, Ma L, Schmidt OG. Three-Dimensional Microtubular Devices for Lab-on-a-Chip Sensing Applications. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1476-1496. [PMID: 31132252 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rapid advance of micro-/nanofabrication technologies opens up new opportunities for miniaturized sensing devices based on novel three-dimensional (3D) architectures. Notably, microtubular geometry exhibits natural advantages for sensing applications due to its unique properties including the hollow sensing channel, high surface-volume ratio, well-controlled shape parameters and compatibility to on-chip integration. Here the state-of-the-art sensing techniques based on microtubular devices are reviewed. The developed microtubular sensors cover microcapillaries, rolled-up nanomembranes, chemically synthesized tubular arrays, and photoresist-based tubular structures via 3D printing. Various types of microtubular sensors working in optical, electrical, and magnetic principles exhibit an extremely broad scope of sensing targets including liquids, biomolecules, micrometer-sized/nanosized objects, and gases. Moreover, they have also been applied for the detection of mechanical, acoustic, and magnetic fields as well as fluorescence signals in labeling-based analyses. At last, a comprehensive outlook of future research on microtubular sensors is discussed on pushing the detection limit, extending the functionality, and taking a step forward to a compact and integrable core module in a lab-on-a-chip analytical system for understanding fundamental biological events or performing accurate point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Rosenbergstrasse 6, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | | | | | - Yin Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Libo Ma
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Rosenbergstrasse 6, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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Advances in Conjugated Polymer Lasers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030443. [PMID: 30960427 PMCID: PMC6473243 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides a review of advances in conjugated polymer lasers. High photoluminescence efficiencies and large stimulated emission cross-sections coupled with wavelength tunability and low-cost manufacturing processes make conjugated polymers ideal laser gain materials. In recent years, conjugated polymer lasers have become an attractive research direction in the field of organic lasers and numerous breakthroughs based on conjugated polymer lasers have been made in the last decade. This paper summarizes the recent progress of the subject of laser processes employing conjugated polymers, with a focus on the photoluminescence principle and excitation radiation mechanism of conjugated polymers. Furthermore, the effect of conjugated polymer structures on the laser threshold is discussed. The most common polymer laser materials are also introduced in detail. Apart from photo-pumped conjugated polymer lasers, a direction for the future development of electro-pumped conjugated polymer lasers is proposed.
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