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Badawy G, Bakkers EPAM. Electronic Transport and Quantum Phenomena in Nanowires. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2419-2440. [PMID: 38394689 PMCID: PMC10941195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Nanowires are natural one-dimensional channels and offer new opportunities for advanced electronic quantum transport experiments. We review recent progress on the synthesis of nanowires and methods for the fabrication of hybrid semiconductor/superconductor systems. We discuss methods to characterize their electronic properties in the context of possible future applications such as topological and spin qubits. We focus on group III-V (InAs and InSb) and group IV (Ge/Si) semiconductors, since these are the most developed, and give an outlook on other potential materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Badawy
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P. A. M. Bakkers
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Baranowski P, Szymura M, Kaleta A, Kret S, Wójcik M, Georgiev R, Chusnutdinow S, Karczewski G, Wojtowicz T, Tomasz Baczewski L, Wojnar P. Carrier separation in type-II quantum dots inserted in (Zn,Mg)Te/ZnSe nanowires. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4143-4151. [PMID: 36745383 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots consisting of an axial Zn0.97Mg0.03Te insertion inside a large-bandgap Zn0.9Mg0.1Te nanowire core are fabricated in a molecular-beam epitaxy system by employing the vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism. In addition, this structure is coated with a thin ZnSe radial shell that forms a type-II interface with the dot semiconductor. The resulting radial electron-hole separation is evidenced by several distinct effects that occur in the presence of the ZnSe shell, including the optical emission redshift of about 250 meV, a significant decrease in emission intensity, an increase in the excitonic lifetime by one order of magnitude, and an increase in the biexciton binding energy. The type-II nanowire quantum dots where electrons and holes are radially separated constitute a promising platform for potential applications in the field of quantum information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Baranowski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Szymura
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Kaleta
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Kret
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Wójcik
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Rosen Georgiev
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies "Acad. J. Malinowski", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev str., bl. 109, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Tomasz Wojtowicz
- International Research Centre MagTop, Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Wojnar
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
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Wojnar P, Płachta J, Reszka A, Lähnemann J, Kaleta A, Kret S, Baranowski P, Wójcik M, Kowalski BJ, Baczewski LT, Karczewski G, Wojtowicz T. Near-infrared emission from spatially indirect excitons in type II ZnTe/CdSe/(Zn,Mg)Te core/double-shell nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:495202. [PMID: 34438391 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac218c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ZnTe/CdSe/(Zn, Mg)Te core/double-shell nanowires are grown by molecular beam epitaxy by employing the vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism assisted with gold catalysts. A photoluminescence study of these structures reveals the presence of an optical emission in the near infrared. We assign this emission to the spatially indirect exciton recombination at the ZnTe/CdSe type II interface. This conclusion is confirmed by the observation of a significant blue-shift of the emission energy with an increasing excitation fluence induced by the electron-hole separation at the interface. Cathodoluminescence measurements reveal that the optical emission in the near infrared originates from nanowires and not from two-dimensional residual deposits between them. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the emission energy in the near infrared depends on the average CdSe shell thickness and the average Mg concentration within the (Zn, Mg)Te shell. The main mechanism responsible for these changes is associated with the strain induced by the (Zn, Mg)Te shell in the entire core/shell nanowire heterostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wojnar
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Płachta
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Reszka
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jonas Lähnemann
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Kaleta
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kret
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Baranowski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Wójcik
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bogdan J Kowalski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lech T Baczewski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Karczewski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wojtowicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
- International Research Centre MagTop, Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
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Płachta J, Kaleta A, Kret S, Kazimierczuk T, Połczyńska K, Kossacki P, Karczewski G, Wojtowicz T, Kossut J, Wojnar P. Polarization and magneto-optical properties of excitonic emission from wurtzite CdTe/(Cd,Mg)Te core/shell nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:215710. [PMID: 32050170 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab7589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wurtzite CdTe and (Cd,Mn)Te nanowires embedded in (Cd,Mg)Te shells are grown by employing vapour-liquid-solid growth mechanism in a system for molecular beam epitaxy. A combined study involving cathodoluminescence, transmission electron microscopy and micro-photoluminescence is used to correlate optical and structural properties in these structures. Typical features of excitonic emission from individual wurtzite nanowires are highlighted including the emission energy of 1.65 eV, polarization properties and the appearance B-exciton related emission at high excitation densities. Angle dependent magneto-optical study performed on individual (Cd,Mn)Te nanowires reveals heavy-hole-like character of A-excitons typical for wurtzite structure and allows to determine the crystal field splitting, ΔCR. The impact of the strain originating from the lattice mismatched shell is discussed and supported by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Płachta
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
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Vainorius N, Lehmann S, Dick KA, Pistol ME. Non-resonant Raman scattering of wurtzite GaAs and InP nanowires. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:11016-11022. [PMID: 32403621 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is now possible to synthesize the wurtzite crystal phase of most III-V semiconductors in the form of nanowires. This sparks interest for fundamental research and adds extra degrees of freedom for designing novel devices. However, the understanding of many properties, such as phonon dispersion, of these wurtzite semiconductors is not yet complete, despite the extensive number of studies published. The E2L and E2H phonon modes exist in the wurtzite crystal phase only (not in zinc blende) where the E2H mode has been already experimentally observed in Ga and In arsenides and phosphides, while the E2L mode has been observed in GaP, but not in GaAs or InP. In order to determine the energy of E2L in wurtzite GaAs and InP, we performed Raman scattering measurements on wurtzite GaAs and InP nanowires. We found clear evidence of the E2L phonon mode at 64 cm-1 and 54 cm-1, respectively. Polarization-dependent experiments revealed similar selection rules for both the E2L and the E2H phonon modes (as expected) where the intensity peaked with excitation and detection polarization being perpendicular to the [0001] crystallographic direction. We further find that the splitting between the E1(TO) and A1(TO) modes is around 2 cm-1 in wurtzite GaAs and below 1 cm-1 in wurtzite InP. We believe these results will be useful for a better understanding of phonons in wurtzite crystal phase of III-V semiconductors as well as for testing and improving phonon dispersion calculations.
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Resonant Terahertz Light Absorption by Virtue of Tunable Hybrid Interface Phonon–Plasmon Modes in Semiconductor Nanoshells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9071442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanoshells have proven to be particularly versatile, with applications in biomedical imaging and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that hybrid phonon-plasmon modes in semiconductor nanoshells offer similar advantages in the terahertz regime. We show that, depending on tm,n,nhe doping of the semiconductor shells, terahertz light absorption in these nanostructures can be resonantly enhanced due to the strong coupling between interface plasmons and phonons. A threefold to fourfold increase in the absorption peak intensity was achieved at specific values of electron concentration. Doping, as well as adapting the nanoshell radius, allowed for fine-tuning of the absorption peak frequencies.
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