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Wang J, Song Y, Yu F, Zeng Y, Wu C, Qin X, Peng L, Li Y, Zhou Y, Tao R, Liu H, Zhu H, Sun M, Xu W, Zhang C, Wang Z. Ultrastrong, flexible thermogalvanic armor with a Carnot-relative efficiency over 8. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6704. [PMID: 39112454 PMCID: PMC11306227 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Body heat, a clean and ubiquitous energy source, is promising as a renewable resource to supply wearable electronics. Emerging tough thermogalvanic device could be a sustainable platform to convert body heat energy into electricity for powering wearable electronics if its Carnot-relative efficiency (ηr) reaches ~5%. However, maximizing both the ηr and mechanical strength of the device are mutually exclusive. Here, we develop a rational strategy to construct a flexible thermogalvanic armor (FTGA) with a ηr over 8% near room temperature, yet preserving mechanical robustness. The key to our design lies in simultaneously realizing the thermosensitive-crystallization and salting-out effect in the elaborately designed ion-transport highway to boost ηr and improve mechanical strength. The FTGA achieves an ultrahigh ηr of 8.53%, coupling with impressive mechanical toughness of 70.65 MJ m-3 and substantial elongation (~900%) together. Our strategy holds sustainable potential for harvesting body heat and powering wearable electronics without recharging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Fanfei Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yijun Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xuezhi Qin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yitan Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yongsen Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Hangchen Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Wanghuai Xu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- MOE Key Lab of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
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2
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Xiao M, Tao P, Wang Y, Sha W, Wang S, Zeng W, Zhao J, Ruan L. Intricate Ionic Behaviors in High-Performance Self-Powered Hydrothermal Chemical Generator Using Water and Iron (III) Gate. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2400477. [PMID: 38402438 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Utilizing the ionic flux to generate voltage output has been confirmed as an effective way to meet the requirements of clean energy sources. Different from ionic thermoelectric (i-TE) and hydrovoltaic devices, a new hydrothermal chemical generator is designed by amorphous FeCl3 particles dispersing in MWCNT and unique ferric chloride or water gate. In the presence of gate, the special ion behaviors enable the cell to present a constant voltage of 0.60 V lasting for over 96 h without temperature difference. Combining the differences of cation concentration, humidity and temperature between the right and left side of sample, the maximum short-circuit current and power output can be obtained to 168.46 µA and 28.11 µW, respectively. The generator also can utilize the low-grade heat to produce electricity wherein Seebeck coefficient is 6.79 mV K-1. The emerged hydrothermal chemical generator offers a novel approach to utilize the low-grade heat, water and salt solution resources, which provides a simple, sustainable and low-cost strategy to realize energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Panmeng Tao
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Sha
- School of Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Siliang Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zeng
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Jinling Zhao
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Limin Ruan
- School of Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
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3
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Wu Y, An C, Guo Y, Zong Y, Jiang N, Zheng Q, Yu ZZ. Highly Aligned Graphene Aerogels for Multifunctional Composites. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:118. [PMID: 38361077 PMCID: PMC10869679 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01357-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Stemming from the unique in-plane honeycomb lattice structure and the sp2 hybridized carbon atoms bonded by exceptionally strong carbon-carbon bonds, graphene exhibits remarkable anisotropic electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. To maximize the utilization of graphene's in-plane properties, pre-constructed and aligned structures, such as oriented aerogels, films, and fibers, have been designed. The unique combination of aligned structure, high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical stability, thermal conductivity, and porous nature of highly aligned graphene aerogels allows for tailored and enhanced performance in specific directions, enabling advancements in diverse fields. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in highly aligned graphene aerogels and their composites. It highlights the fabrication methods of aligned graphene aerogels and the optimization of alignment which can be estimated both qualitatively and quantitatively. The oriented scaffolds endow graphene aerogels and their composites with anisotropic properties, showing enhanced electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties along the alignment at the sacrifice of the perpendicular direction. This review showcases remarkable properties and applications of aligned graphene aerogels and their composites, such as their suitability for electronics, environmental applications, thermal management, and energy storage. Challenges and potential opportunities are proposed to offer new insights into prospects of this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Materials Intelligent Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao An
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Materials Intelligent Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Materials Intelligent Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Zong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Materials Intelligent Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Naisheng Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Materials Intelligent Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Wang S, Li Y, Yu M, Li Q, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhu K, Liu W. High-performance cryo-temperature ionic thermoelectric liquid cell developed through a eutectic solvent strategy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1172. [PMID: 38332129 PMCID: PMC10853189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionic thermoelectric (i-TE) liquid cells offer an environmentally friendly, cost effective, and easy-operation route to low-grade heat recovery. However, the lowest temperature is limited by the freezing temperature of the aqueous electrolyte. Applying a eutectic solvent strategy, we fabricate a high-performance cryo-temperature i-TE liquid cell. Formamide is used as a chaotic organic solvent that destroys the hydrogen bond network between water molecules, forming a deep eutectic solvent that enables the cell to operate near cryo temperatures (down to -35 °C). After synergistic optimization of the electrode and cell structure, the as-fabricated liquid i-TE cell with cold (-35 °C) and hot (70 °C) ends achieve a high power density (17.5 W m-2) and a large two-hour energy density (27 kJ m-2). In a prototype 25-cell module, the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current are 6.9 V and 68 mA, respectively, and the maximum power is 131 mW. The anti-freezing ability and high output performance of the as-fabricated i-TE liquid cell system are requisites for applications in frigid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaihua Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Mao Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Qikai Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Kang Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Weishu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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5
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Cheng W, Jiao W, Fei Y, Yang Z, Zhang X, Wu F, Liu Y, Yin X, Ding B. Direct synthesis of ultralight, elastic, high-temperature insulation N-doped TiO 2 ceramic nanofibrous sponges via conjugate electrospinning. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1135-1146. [PMID: 37999715 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04987f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The design of three-dimensional ceramic nanofibrous materials with high-temperature insulation and flame-retardant characteristics is of significant interest due to the effectively improved mechanical properties. However, achieving a pure ceramic monolith with ultra-low density, high elasticity and toughness remains a great challenge. Herein, a low-cost, scalable strategy to fabricate ultralight and mechanically robust N-doped TiO2 ceramic nanofibrous sponges with a continuous stratified structure by conjugate electrospinning is reported. Remarkably, the introduction of dopamine into the precursor nanofibers is engineered, which realizes the nitrogen doping to inhibit the TiO2 grain growth, endowing single nanofibers with a smoother, less defective surface. Besides, the self-polymerization process of dopamine allows the construction of bonding points between nanofibers and optimizes the distribution of inorganic micelles on polymer templates. Moreover, a rotating disk receiving device under different rotating speeds is designed to obtain N-doped TiO2 sponges with various interlamellar spacings, further affecting the maximum compressive deformation capacity. The resulting ceramic sponges, consisting of fluffy crosslinked nanofiber layers, possess low densities of 12-45 mg cm-3, which can quickly recover under a large strain of 80% and have only 9.2% plastic deformation after 100 compression cycles. In addition, the sponge also exhibits a temperature-invariant superelasticity at 25-800 °C and a low heat conductivity of 0.0285 W m-1 K-1, with an outstanding thermal insulation property, making it an ideal insulation material for high-temperature or harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Wenling Jiao
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yifan Fei
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Zaihui Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Fan Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yitao Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xia Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Bin Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Textiles and Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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6
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Li Z, Xu Y, Wu L, Cui J, Dou H, Zhang X. Enabling giant thermopower by heterostructure engineering of hydrated vanadium pentoxide for zinc ion thermal charging cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6816. [PMID: 37884519 PMCID: PMC10603064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible power supply devices provide possibilities for wearable electronics in the Internet of Things. However, unsatisfying capacity or lifetime of typical batteries or capacitors seriously limit their practical applications. Different from conventional heat-to-electricity generators, zinc ion thermal charging cells has been a competitive candidate for the self-power supply solution, but the lack of promising cathode materials has restricted the achievement of promising performances. Herein, we propose an attractive cathode material by rational heterostructure engineering of hydrated vanadium pentoxide. Owing to the integration of thermodiffusion and thermoextraction effects, the thermopower is significantly improved from 7.8 ± 2.6 mV K-1 to 23.4 ± 1.5 mV K-1. Moreover, an impressive normalized power density of 1.9 mW m-2 K-2 is achieved in the quasi-solid-state cells. In addition, a wearable power supply constructed by three units can drive the commercial health monitoring system by harvesting body heat. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of electrodes design for wearable thermoelectric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Yinghong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Langyuan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Jiaxin Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Hui Dou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China.
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Zhang W, Qiu L, Lian Y, Dai Y, Yin S, Wu C, Wang Q, Zeng W, Tao X. Gigantic and Continuous Output Power in Ionic Thermo-Electrochemical Cells by Using Electrodes with Redox Couples. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303407. [PMID: 37525629 PMCID: PMC10582453 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The main obstacle of ionic thermo-electrochemical cells (TECs) in continuous power supply lies in a low heat-to-electricity energy conversion efficiency because most TECs work in thermodiffusion mode in which the ions are confined in a liquid/electrolyte media. The introduction of the redox couple onto the electrode surface may overcome the obstacle by resolving the low mass transport rate of ions caused by the redox process occurring near but not on the electrode surface. Herein, the authors demonstrate enhancement of TECs by integrating the redox couple directly onto the electrode surface to maximize the mass transport efficiency. A discontinuous interfacial modification strategy is developed by using a carbon cloth/iron (II/III) phytate as the symmetric electrodes. The gelled electrolyte consisting of a polyacrylamide matrix and phytic acid is shown to promote selective ion diffusion. A synergistic combination consisting of the thermodiffusion effect and redox reactions on the electrode is established in a pre-treated layout. Such TEC affords a high output voltage of 0.4 V, an excellent instantaneous output power density (20.26 mW m-2 K-2 ) and a record-high 2 h output energy density (2451 J m-2 ) under TH = 30 °C with TC = 15 °C, with an ultrahigh Carnot-relative efficiency of 1.12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of EnvironmentMinistry of EducationSchool of ChemistrySouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- The center of flexible sensing technologyInstitute of Chemical EngineeringGuangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510665China
| | - Liyu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of EnvironmentMinistry of EducationSchool of ChemistrySouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Yongjian Lian
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life ScienceGuangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional ProbesCollege of BiophotonicsSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510631China
| | - Yongqiang Dai
- The center of flexible sensing technologyInstitute of Chemical EngineeringGuangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510665China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life ScienceGuangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional ProbesCollege of BiophotonicsSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510631China
| | - Chen Wu
- The center of flexible sensing technologyInstitute of Chemical EngineeringGuangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510665China
| | - Qianming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of EnvironmentMinistry of EducationSchool of ChemistrySouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Wei Zeng
- The center of flexible sensing technologyInstitute of Chemical EngineeringGuangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510665China
| | - Xiaoming Tao
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable SystemsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina
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8
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Xin X, Yang J, Wang M, Wang R, Guo P, Huang W, Sobrido AJ, Wei B, Li X. In situ photocatalytically enhanced thermogalvanic cells for electricity and hydrogen production. Science 2023; 381:291-296. [PMID: 37471552 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
High-performance thermogalvanic cells have the potential to convert thermal energy into electricity, but their effectiveness is limited by the low concentration difference of redox ions. We report an in situ photocatalytically enhanced redox reaction that generates hydrogen and oxygen to realize a continuous concentration gradient of redox ions in thermogalvanic devices. A linear relation between thermopower and hydrogen production rate was established as an essential design principle for devices. The system exhibited a thermopower of 8.2 millivolts per kelvin and a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of up to 0.4%. A large-area generator (112 square centimeters) consisting of 36 units yielded an open-circuit voltage of 4.4 volts and a power of 20.1 milliwatts, as well 0.5 millimoles of hydrogen and 0.2 millimoles of oxygen after 6 hours of outdoor operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Youzi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Xu Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Jiabao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Maohuai Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ruiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Peng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ana Jorge Sobrido
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Bingqing Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Xuanhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
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9
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Zhou H, Inoue H, Ujita M, Yamada T. Advancement of Electrochemical Thermoelectric Conversion with Molecular Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213449. [PMID: 36239979 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thermocells are a thermoelectric conversion technology that utilizes the shift in an electrochemical equilibrium arising from a temperature difference. This technology has a long history; however, its low conversion efficiency impedes its practical usage. Recently, an increasing number of reports have shown drastic improvements in thermoelectric conversion efficiency, and thermocells could arguably represent an alternative to solid thermoelectric devices. In this Minireview, we regard thermocells as molecular systems consisting of successive molecular processes responding to a temperature change to achieve energy generation. Various molecular technologies have been applied to thermocells in recent years, and could stimulate diverse research fields, including supramolecular chemistry, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, and solid-state ionics. These research approaches will also provide novel methods for achieving a sustainable society in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mizuha Ujita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Teppei Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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10
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Yang X, Shi N, Liu J, Cheng Q, Li G, Lyu J, Ma F, Zhang X. 3D Printed Hybrid Aerogel Gauzes Enable Highly Efficient Hemostasis. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201591. [PMID: 36165237 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hemostatic materials have played a significant role in mitigating traumatic injury by controlling bleeding, however, the fabrication of the desirable material's structure to enhance the accumulation of blood cells and platelets for highly efficient hemostasis is still a great challenge. In this work, directed assembly of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) macromolecules covering the rigid Kevlar nanofiber (KNF) network during 3D printing process is utilized to fabricate hydrophilic, biocompatible, and mechanically stable KNF-PVA aerogel filaments for effective enriching blood components by fast water absorption. As such, KNF-PVA aerogel gauzes demonstrate remarkable water permeability (338 mL cm-2 s-1 bar-1 ), water absorption speed (as high as 9.64 g g-1 min-1 ) and capacity (more than ten times of self-weight), and ability to enrich micron-sized particles when contacting aqueous solution. All these properties favor efficient hemostasis and the resulting KNF-PVA aerogel gauzes significantly outperform the commercial product Quikclot Gauze (Z-Medica) during in vivo experiments with the rat liver laceration model, reducing the hemostasis time by half (60 ± 4 s) and the blood loss by two thirds (0.07 ± 0.01 g). These results demonstrate a robust strategy to design various aerogel gauzes for hemostasis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China.,Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Nan Shi
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Cheng
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guangyong Li
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fengguo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xuetong Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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11
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Song L, Zhang F, Chen Y, Guan L, Zhu Y, Chen M, Wang H, Putra BR, Zhang R, Fan B. Multifunctional SiC@SiO 2 Nanofiber Aerogel with Ultrabroadband Electromagnetic Wave Absorption. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:152. [PMID: 35900619 PMCID: PMC9334492 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Traditional ceramic materials are generally brittle and not flexible with high production costs, which seriously hinders their practical applications. Multifunctional nanofiber ceramic aerogels are highly desirable for applications in extreme environments, however, the integration of multiple functions in their preparation is extremely challenging. To tackle these challenges, we fabricated a multifunctional SiC@SiO2 nanofiber aerogel (SiC@SiO2 NFA) with a three-dimensional (3D) porous cross-linked structure through a simple chemical vapor deposition method and subsequent heat-treatment process. The as-prepared SiC@SiO2 NFA exhibits an ultralow density (~ 11 mg cm- 3), ultra-elastic, fatigue-resistant and refractory performance, high temperature thermal stability, thermal insulation properties, and significant strain-dependent piezoresistive sensing behavior. Furthermore, the SiC@SiO2 NFA shows a superior electromagnetic wave absorption performance with a minimum refection loss (RLmin) value of - 50.36 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax) of 8.6 GHz. The successful preparation of this multifunctional aerogel material provides a promising prospect for the design and fabrication of the cutting-edge ceramic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limeng Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou, 450015, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Zhu
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4SB, UK
| | - Mao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Budi Riza Putra
- Research Center for Metallurgy, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, 15315, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingbing Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Fu C, Sheng Z, Zhang X. Laminated Structural Engineering Strategy toward Carbon Nanotube-Based Aerogel Films. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9378-9388. [PMID: 35587451 PMCID: PMC9245345 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aerogel films with a low density are ideal candidates to meet lightweight application and have already been used in a myriad of fields; however, their structural design for performance enhancement remains elusive. Herein, we put forward a laminated structural engineering strategy to prepare a free-standing carbon nanotube (CNT)-based aerogel film with a densified laminated porous structure. By directional densification and carbonization, the three-dimensional network of one-dimensional nanostructures in the aramid nanofiber/carbon nanotube (ANF/CNT) hybrid aerogel film can be reconstructed to a laminated porous structure with preferential orientation and consecutively conductive pathways, resulting in a large specific surface area (341.9 m2/g) and high electrical conductivity (8540 S/m). Benefiting from the laminated porous structure and high electrical conductivity, the absolute specific shielding effectiveness (SSE/t) of a CNT-based aerogel film can reach 200647.9 dB cm2/g, which shows the highest value among the reported aerogel-based materials. The laminated CNT-based aerogel films with an adjustable wetting property also exhibit exceptional Joule heating performance. This work provides a structural engineering strategy for aerogel films with enhanced electric conductivity for lightweight applications, such as EMI shielding and wearable heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fu
- Suzhou
Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhizhi Sheng
- Suzhou
Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xuetong Zhang
- Suzhou
Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Division
of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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13
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Zhao HY, Yu MY, Liu J, Li X, Min P, Yu ZZ. Efficient Preconstruction of Three-Dimensional Graphene Networks for Thermally Conductive Polymer Composites. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:129. [PMID: 35699797 PMCID: PMC9198159 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Electronic devices generate heat during operation and require efficient thermal management to extend the lifetime and prevent performance degradation. Featured by its exceptional thermal conductivity, graphene is an ideal functional filler for fabricating thermally conductive polymer composites to provide efficient thermal management. Extensive studies have been focusing on constructing graphene networks in polymer composites to achieve high thermal conductivities. Compared with conventional composite fabrications by directly mixing graphene with polymers, preconstruction of three-dimensional graphene networks followed by backfilling polymers represents a promising way to produce composites with higher performances, enabling high manufacturing flexibility and controllability. In this review, we first summarize the factors that affect thermal conductivity of graphene composites and strategies for fabricating highly thermally conductive graphene/polymer composites. Subsequently, we give the reasoning behind using preconstructed three-dimensional graphene networks for fabricating thermally conductive polymer composites and highlight their potential applications. Finally, our insight into the existing bottlenecks and opportunities is provided for developing preconstructed porous architectures of graphene and their thermally conductive composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yuan Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Liu
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Min
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Trosheva MA, Buckingham MA, Aldous L. Direct measurement of the genuine efficiency of thermogalvanic heat-to-electricity conversion in thermocells. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4984-4998. [PMID: 35655863 PMCID: PMC9068204 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06340e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvesting wasted thermal energy could make important contributions to global energy sustainability. Thermogalvanic devices are simple, chemistry-based devices which can convert heat to electricity, through facile redox chemistry. The efficiency of this process is the ratio of electrical energy generated by the cell (in Watts) to the quantity of thermal energy that passes through the cell (also in Watts). Prior work estimated the quantity of thermal energy passed through a thermocell by applying a conductive heat transfer model to the electrolyte. Here, we employ a heat flux sensor to unambiguously quantify both heat flux and electrical power. By evaluating the effect of electrode separation, temperature difference and gelation of the electrolyte, we found significant discrepancy between the estimated model and the quantified reality. For electrode separation, the trend between estimated and measured efficiency went in opposite directions; as a function of temperature difference, they demonstrated the same trend, but estimated values were significantly higher. This was due to significant additional convection and radiation contributions to the heat flux. Conversely, gelled electrolytes were able to suppress heat flux mechanisms and achieve experimentally determined efficiency values in excess of the estimated values (at small electrode separations), with partially gelled systems being particularly effective. This study provides the ability to unambiguously benchmark and assess the absolute efficiency and Carnot efficiency of thermogalvanic electrolytes and even the whole thermocell device, allowing 'total device efficiency' to be quantified. The deviation between the routinely applied estimation methodology and actual measurement will support the rational development of novel thermal energy harvesting chemistries, materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Trosheva
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London Britannia House London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Mark A Buckingham
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London Britannia House London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Leigh Aldous
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London Britannia House London SE1 1DB UK
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15
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Zhang W, Farhan M, Jiao K, Qian F, Guo P, Wang Q, Yang CC, Zhao C. Simultaneous thermoosmotic and thermoelectric responses in nanoconfined electrolyte solutions: Effects of nanopore structures and membrane properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 618:333-351. [PMID: 35344885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Nanofluidic systems provide an emerging and efficient platform for thermoelectric conversion and fluid pumping with low-grade heat energy. As a basis of their performance enhancement, the effects of the structures and properties of the nanofluidic systems on the thermoelectric response (TER) and the thermoosmotic response (TOR) are yet to be explored. METHODS The simultaneous TER and TOR of electrolyte solutions in nanofluidic membrane pores on which an axial temperature gradient is exerted are investigated numerically and semi-analytically. A semi-analytical model is developed with the consideration of finite membrane thermal conductivity and the reservoir/entrance effect. FINDINGS The increase in the access resistance due to the nanopore-reservoir interfaces accounts for the decrease of short circuit current at the low concentration regime. The decrease in the thermal conductivity ratio can enhance the TER and TOR. The maximum power density occurring at the nanopore radius twice the Debye length ranges from several to dozens of mW K-2 m-2 and is an order of magnitude higher than typical thermo-supercapacitors. The surface charge polarity can heavily affect the sign and magnitude of the short-circuit current, the Seebeck coefficient and the open-circuit thermoosmotic coefficient, but has less effect on the short-circuit thermoosmotic coefficient. Furthermore, the membrane thickness makes different impacts on TER and TOR for zero and finite membrane thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Farhan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Fang Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Panpan Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qiuwang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Charles Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Cunlu Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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16
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Cheng Q, Sheng Z, Wang Y, Lyu J, Zhang X. General Suspended Printing Strategy toward Programmatically Spatial Kevlar Aerogels. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4905-4916. [PMID: 35230080 PMCID: PMC9097582 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Aerogels represent a kind of nanoporous solid with immense importance for a plethora of diverse applications. However, on-demand conformal shaping capacity remains extremely challenging due to the strength unfavorable during aerogel processing. Herein, a universal microgel-directed suspended printing (MSP) strategy is developed for fabricating various mesoporous aerogels with spatially stereoscopic structures on-demand. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, through the rational design of the used microgel matrix and favorable printing of the Kevlar nanofiber inks, the Kevlar aerogels with arbitrary spatial structure have been fabricated, demonstrating excellent printability and programmability under a high-speed printing mode (up to 167 mm s-1). Furthermore, the custom-tailored Kevlar aerogel insulator possessing superior thermal insulation attribute has ensured normal discharge capacity of the drone even under a harsh environment (-30 °C). Finally, various types of spatial 3D aerogel architectures, including organic (cellulose, alginate, chitosan), inorganic (graphene, MXene, silica), and inorganic-organic (graphene/cellulose, MXene/alginate, silica/chitosan) hybrid aerogels, have been successfully fabricated, suggesting the universality of the MSP strategy. The strategy reported here proposes an alternative for the development of various customized aerogels and stimulates the inspiration to truly arbitrary architectures for wider applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cheng
- School
of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Suzhou
Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhizhi Sheng
- Suzhou
Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Suzhou
Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Suzhou
Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xuetong Zhang
- Suzhou
Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Division
of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
- or
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17
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Hygroscopic holey graphene aerogel fibers enable highly efficient moisture capture, heat allocation and microwave absorption. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1227. [PMID: 35264594 PMCID: PMC8907192 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerogel fibers have been recognized as the rising star in the fields of thermal insulation and wearable textiles. Yet, the lack of functionalization in aerogel fibers limits their applications. Herein, we report hygroscopic holey graphene aerogel fibers (LiCl@HGAFs) with integrated functionalities of highly efficient moisture capture, heat allocation, and microwave absorption. LiCl@HGAFs realize the water sorption capacity over 4.15 g g−1, due to the high surface area and high water uptake kinetics. Moreover, the sorbent can be regenerated through both photo-thermal and electro-thermal approaches. Along with the water sorption and desorption, LiCl@HGAFs experience an efficient heat transfer process, with a heat storage capacity of 6.93 kJ g−1. The coefficient of performance in the heating and cooling mode can reach 1.72 and 0.70, respectively. Notably, with the entrapped water, LiCl@HGAFs exhibit broad microwave absorption with a bandwidth of 9.69 GHz, good impedance matching, and a high attenuation constant of 585. In light of these findings, the multifunctional LiCl@HGAFs open an avenue for applications in water harvest, heat allocation, and microwave absorption. This strategy also suggests the possibility to functionalize aerogel fibers towards even broader applications. Functionalization of aerogel fibers, characterized by high porosity and low thermal conductivity, to obtain multifunctional materials is highly desirable. Here the authors report hygroscopic holey graphene aerogel fibers hosting LiCl salt, enabling moisture capture, heat allocation, and microwave absorption performance.
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18
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Massetti M, Jiao F, Ferguson AJ, Zhao D, Wijeratne K, Würger A, Blackburn JL, Crispin X, Fabiano S. Unconventional Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting and Sensing Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12465-12547. [PMID: 34702037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat is an abundant but often wasted source of energy. Thus, harvesting just a portion of this tremendous amount of energy holds significant promise for a more sustainable society. While traditional solid-state inorganic semiconductors have dominated the research stage on thermal-to-electrical energy conversion, carbon-based semiconductors have recently attracted a great deal of attention as potential thermoelectric materials for low-temperature energy harvesting, primarily driven by the high abundance of their atomic elements, ease of processing/manufacturing, and intrinsically low thermal conductivity. This quest for new materials has resulted in the discovery of several new kinds of thermoelectric materials and concepts capable of converting a heat flux into an electrical current by means of various types of particles transporting the electric charge: (i) electrons, (ii) ions, and (iii) redox molecules. This has contributed to expanding the applications envisaged for thermoelectric materials far beyond simple conversion of heat into electricity. This is the motivation behind this review. This work is divided in three sections. In the first section, we present the basic principle of the thermoelectric effects when the particles transporting the electric charge are electrons, ions, and redox molecules and describe the conceptual differences between the three thermodiffusion phenomena. In the second section, we review the efforts made on developing devices exploiting these three effects and give a thorough understanding of what limits their performance. In the third section, we review the state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials investigated so far and provide a comprehensive understanding of what limits charge and energy transport in each of these classes of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Massetti
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Fei Jiao
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Andrew J Ferguson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, 80401 United States
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Kosala Wijeratne
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Alois Würger
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | | | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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19
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Rajput NS, Al Zadjali S, Gutierrez M, Esawi AMK, Al Teneiji M. Synthesis of holey graphene for advanced nanotechnological applications. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27381-27405. [PMID: 35480691 PMCID: PMC9037835 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05157a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Holey or porous graphene, a structural derivative of graphene, has attracted immense attention due to its unique properties and potential applications in different branches of science and technology. In this review, the synthesis methods of holey or porous graphene/graphene oxide are systematically summarized and their potential applications in different areas are discussed. The process-structure-applications are explained, which helps relate the synthesis approaches to their corresponding key applications. The review paper is anticipated to benefit the readers in understanding the different synthesis methods of holey graphene, their key parameters to control the pore size distribution, advantages and limitations, and their potential applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitul S Rajput
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute Building B04C Abu Dhabi 9639 United Arab Emirates
| | - Shroq Al Zadjali
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute Building B04C Abu Dhabi 9639 United Arab Emirates
| | - Monserrat Gutierrez
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute Building B04C Abu Dhabi 9639 United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal M K Esawi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Al Teneiji
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute Building B04C Abu Dhabi 9639 United Arab Emirates
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20
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Qian H, Cheng Q, Tian Y, Dang H, Teng C, Yan L. An anti-aggregation NIR-II heptamethine-cyanine dye with a stereo-specific cyanine for imaging-guided photothermal therapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2688-2696. [PMID: 33667292 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the hydrophobicity of the cyanine dye and the huge conjugated plane, the cyanine dye is prone to H-aggregation in aqueous solution, and the ultraviolet absorption is blue-shifted. Here, a hydrophilic quaternary stereo-specific cyanine (HQS-Cy) dye has been synthesized and polypeptide based nanoparticles have been prepared, which improve the water solubility of the cyanine in two aspects. First, at the molecular level, the sulfonic acid group increases the water solubility of the dye molecule while the dimethyl-ammonium functional group repels the molecule through the charge-charge interaction, destroying the planar characteristics of the cyanine structure, increasing the molecular distance between the dye molecules, and preventing the accumulation of cyanine. Secondly, at the nano-micelle level, the use of amphiphilic polypeptide blocks to encapsulate the dye increases the water solubility of the dye while also increasing its biocompatibility. The HQS-Cy@P NPs prepared by the above methods exhibit the maximum absorption at 985 nm and maximum fluorescence emission at 1050 nm in aqueous solution. HQS-Cy@P exhibits good photothermal stability and significant photothermal conversion efficiency of about 35.5%, and both in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that it is an efficient system for NIR-II imaging-guided photothermal therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Department of Chemical Physics, iCHEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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21
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Zhang C, Huang R, Wang P, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Zhang H, Wu Z, Li L. Highly Compressible, Thermally Conductive, yet Electrically Insulating Fluorinated Graphene Aerogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:58170-58178. [PMID: 33337132 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based aerogels have drawn substantial attention for a wide scope of applications. However, the high intrinsic electrical conductivity limits their potential thermal management application in electronic packaging materials. Herein, a highly compressible, thermally conductive, yet electrically insulating fluorinated graphene aerogel (FGA) is developed through a hydrofluoric acid-assisted hydrothermal process. The macroscopic-assembled FGA constituting of tailored interconnected graphene networks with tunable fluorine coverage shows excellent elasticity and fatigue resistance for compression, despite a low density of 10.6 mg cm-3. Moreover, the aerogel is proved to be highly insulating, with the observed lowest electrical conductivity reaching 4 × 10-7 S cm-1. Meanwhile, the aerogel exhibits prominent heat dissipation performance in a typical cooling procedure, which can be used to fabricate thermoconductive polymer composites for electronic packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongjin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhixiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Laifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Yu B, Duan J, Cong H, Xie W, Liu R, Zhuang X, Wang H, Qi B, Xu M, Wang ZL, Zhou J. Thermosensitive crystallization-boosted liquid thermocells for low-grade heat harvesting. Science 2020; 370:342-346. [PMID: 32913001 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd6749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade heat (below 373 kelvin) is abundant and ubiquitous but is mostly wasted because present recovery technologies are not cost-effective. The liquid-state thermocell (LTC), an inexpensive and scalable thermoelectric device, may be commercially viable for harvesting low-grade heat energy if its Carnot-relative efficiency (ηr) reaches ~5%, which is a challenging metric to achieve experimentally. We used a thermosensitive crystallization and dissolution process to induce a persistent concentration gradient of redox ions, a highly enhanced Seebeck coefficient (~3.73 millivolts per kelvin), and suppressed thermal conductivity in LTCs. As a result, we achieved a high ηr of 11.1% for LTCs near room temperature. Our device demonstration offers promise for cost-effective low-grade heat harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Yu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiangjiang Duan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wenke Xie
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinyan Zhuang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bei Qi
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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23
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Yang H, Jin X, Sun G, Li Z, Gao J, Lu B, Shao C, Zhang X, Dai C, Zhang Z, Chen N, Lupi S, Marcelli A, Qu L. Retarding Ostwald Ripening to Directly Cast 3D Porous Graphene Oxide Bulks at Open Ambient Conditions. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6249-6257. [PMID: 32356971 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene aerogels (GAs) with attractive properties have shown tremendous potentials in energy- and environment-related applications. Unfortunately, current assembly methods for GAs such as sol-gel and freeze-casting processes must be conducted in enclosed spaces with unconventional conditions, thus being literally inoperative for in situ and continuous productions. Herein, a direct slurry-casting method at open ambient conditions is established to arbitrarily prepare three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene oxide (GO) bulks without macroscopic dimension limits on a wide range of solid surfaces by retarding Ostwald ripening of 3D liquid GO foams when being dried in air. A subsequent fast thermal reduction (FTR) of GO foams leads to the formation of graphene aerogels (denoted as FTR-GAs) with hierarchical closed-cellular graphene structures. The FTR-GAs show outstanding high-temperature thermal insulation (70% decrease for 400 °C), as well as superelasticity (>1000 compression-recovery cycles at 50% strain), ultralow density (10-28 mg cm-3), large specific surface area (BET, 206.8 m2 g-1), and high conductivity (ca. 100 S m-1). This work provides a viable method to achieve in situ preparations of high-performance GAs as multifunctional structural materials in aircrafts, high-speed trains, or even buildings for the targets of energy efficiency, comfort, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuting Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengling Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Changxiang Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinqun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlong Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Stefano Lupi
- INFN and Department of Physics, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Marcelli
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy
- International Centre for Material Science Superstripes, RICMASS, Via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Liangti Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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24
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Oh MJ, Yoo PJ. Graphene-based 3D lightweight cellular structures: Synthesis and applications. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-019-0437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Ren B, Liu J, Rong Y, Wang L, Lu Y, Xi X, Yang J. Nanofibrous Aerogel Bulk Assembled by Cross-Linked SiC/SiO x Core-Shell Nanofibers with Multifunctionality and Temperature-Invariant Hyperelasticity. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11603-11612. [PMID: 31518116 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibrous aerogels constructed solely by ceramic components with temperature-invariant hyperelasticity could have broad technological implications in extreme environments. However, creating such materials has proven to be extremely challenging. Despite the results from laboratory, those aerogels are, unfortunately, still plagued with issues that would retard their further application: inferior structural integrity, failure at large compressive deformation, high production cost, and inability to withstand rigorous working conditions. To tackle these challenges, we report a facile strategy combining the chemical vapor deposition process and layer-by-layer self-assembly to construct hyperelastic SiC nanofibrous aerogels with three-dimensional porous architecture and improved structural integrity. The resultant aerogels outperform their natural counterparts and most state-of-the-art ceramic nanofibrous aerogels in their capability to quickly recover from large compressive deformation (50% strain), function in a wide range of temperatures, from -196 °C to 1100 °C in air, maintain high particle matter removal efficiency of >99.96%, and rapidly absorb various organic solvents and oils with high capacity and robust recoverability. Nanofibrous aerogels constructed by such a versatile method could provide fresh insights into the exploration of multifunctional nanofibrous aerogels for a variety of applications in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yedong Rong
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
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