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Salam A, Kaushik K, Mukherjee B, Anjum F, Sapkal GT, Sharma S, Garg R, Nandi CK. A zinc metal complex as an NIR emissive probe for real-time dynamics and in vivo embryogenic evolution of lysosomes using super-resolution microscopy. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04638b. [PMID: 39246364 PMCID: PMC11376271 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04638b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) based fluorescent metal complexes have gained increasing attention due to their non-toxicity and high brightness with marked fluorescence quantum yield (QY). However, they have rarely been employed in super-resolution microscopy (SRM) to study live cells and in vivo dynamics of lysosomes. Here, we present an NIR emissive highly photostable Zn-complex as a multifaceted fluorescent probe for the long-term dynamical distribution of lysosomes in various cancerous and non-cancerous cells in live condition and in vivo embryogenic evolution in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Apart from the normal fission, fusion, and kiss & run, the motility and the exact location of lysosomes at each point were mapped precisely. A notable difference in the lysosomal motility in the peripheral region between cancerous and non-cancerous cells was distinctly observed. This is attributed to the difference in viscosity of the cytoplasmic environment. On the other hand, along with the super-resolved structure of the smallest size lysosome (∼77 nm) in live C. elegans, the complete in vivo embryogenic evolution of lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles (LROs) was captured. We were able to capture the images of lysosomes and LROs at different stages of C. elegans, starting from a single cell and extending to a fully matured adult animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Salam
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi HP-175075 India
| | - Kush Kaushik
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi HP-175075 India
| | - Bodhidipra Mukherjee
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi HP-175075 India
| | - Farhan Anjum
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi HP-175075 India
| | - Goraksha T Sapkal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi HP-175075 India
| | - Shagun Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi HP-175075 India
| | - Richa Garg
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi HP-175075 India
| | - Chayan Kanti Nandi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi HP-175075 India
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi HP-175075 India
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2
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8825-9014. [PMID: 39052606 PMCID: PMC11328004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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3
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Fang H, Wang M, Wei P, Liu Q, Su Y, Liu H, Chen Y, Su Z, He W. Molecular probes for super-resolution imaging of drug dynamics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 210:115330. [PMID: 38735627 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Super-resolution molecular probes (SRMPs) are essential tools for visualizing drug dynamics within cells, transcending the resolution limits of conventional microscopy. In this review, we provide an overview of the principles and design strategies of SRMPs, emphasizing their role in accurately tracking drug molecules. By illuminating the intricate processes of drug distribution, diffusion, uptake, and metabolism at a subcellular and molecular level, SRMPs offer crucial insights into therapeutic interventions. Additionally, we explore the practical applications of super-resolution imaging in disease treatment, highlighting the significance of SRMPs in advancing our understanding of drug action. Finally, we discuss future perspectives, envisioning potential advancements and innovations in this field. Overall, this review serves to inform and practitioners about the utility of SRMPs in driving innovation and progress in pharmacology, providing valuable insights for drug development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbao Fang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Functional Molecules, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210013, China
| | - Pengfan Wei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongke Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Zhi Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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4
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Liu J, Du W, Chen B, Tian Y, Tan J, Feng Z, Tian X. Correlative Super-resolution Optical and Electron Microscopic Imaging of Intracellular Ribosomal RNA by a Terpyridine Iridium(III) Complex. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3048-3056. [PMID: 38830243 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) plays a vital role in binding amino acids together, which dictates the primary structure of a protein. Visualization of its intracellular distribution and dynamics during protein synthesis enables a better understanding of the correlated biological essence. However, appropriate tools targeting live cell rRNA that are capable of multimodal imaging at the nanoscale are still lacking. Here, we rationally designed a series of terpyridine ammonium iridium(III) complexes, one of which is capable of selectively labeling rRNA in living cells. Its metal core and photostable nature allow further super-resolution STED imaging of rRNA found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum at a ∼40 nm resolution that is well correlated under correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM). Interestingly, the Ir(III) complex demonstrated rRNA dynamics in living cells while boosting protein synthesis at the nanoscale. Our work offers a versatile tool to visualize rRNA synchronously under optical and electron microscopy, which provides a better understanding of rRNA evolution in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Centre (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China
- TCM Department, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Jing Tan
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Centre (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, P. R. China
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5
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Aderinto SO, John T, Onawole A, Galleh RP, Thomas JA. Iridium(III)-based minor groove binding complexes as DNA photocleavage agents. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7282-7291. [PMID: 38466178 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00171k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal complexes containing the qtpy ligand (2':4,4'':4',4'''-quaterpyridyl) are known to be DNA intercalators or minor groove binders. In this study, new tricationic iridium(III) complexes of qtpy are reported. Both [Ir(bpy)2(qtpy)]3+1 and [Ir(phen)2(qtpy)]3+2 display good water solubility as chloride salts. The complexes possess high-energy excited states, which are quenched in the presence of duplex DNA and even by the mononucleotides guanosine monophosphate and adenosine monophosphate. Further studies reveal that although the complexes bind to quadruplex DNA, they display a preference for duplex structures, which are bound with an order of magnitude higher affinities than their isostructural dicationic RuII-analogues. Detailed molecular dynamics simulations confirm that the complexes are groove binders through the insertion of, predominantly, the qtpy ligand into the minor groove. Photoirradiation of 1 in the presence of plasmid DNA confirms that this class of complexes can function as synthetic photonucleases by cleaving DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Aderinto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - Torsten John
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Abdulmujeeb Onawole
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
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6
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Zhu R, Dai P, Yang J, Zhou J, Zhang J, Zhang KY, Li Y, Liu S, Lo KKW, Zhao Q. Dual-emissive Iridium(III) Complexes as Phosphorescent Probes with Orthogonal Responses to Analyte Binding and Oxygen Quenching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309178. [PMID: 37503796 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorescent probes often show sensitive response toward analytes at a specific wavelength. However, oxygen quenching usually occurs at the same wavelength and thus hinders the accurate detection of analytes. In this study, we have developed dual-emissive iridium(III) complexes that exhibit phosphorescence responses to copper(II) ions at a wavelength distinct from that where oxygen quenching occurs. The complexes displayed colorimetric phosphorescence response in aqueous solutions under different copper(II) and oxygen conditions. In cellular imaging, variation in oxygen concentration over a large range from 5 % to 80 % can modulate the intensity and lifetime of green phosphorescence without affecting the response of red phosphorescence toward intracellular copper(II) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongji Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peiling Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kenneth Yin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | | | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Fabrication and Application of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
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7
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Borutzki Y, Skos L, Gerner C, Meier‐Menches SM. Exploring the Potential of Metal-Based Candidate Drugs as Modulators of the Cytoskeleton. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300178. [PMID: 37345897 PMCID: PMC10946712 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, accumulating evidence suggested that metal-based candidate drugs are promising modulators of cytoskeletal and cytoskeleton-associated proteins. This was substantiated by the identification and validation of actin, vimentin and plectin as targets of distinct ruthenium(II)- and platinum(II)-based modulators. Despite this, structural information about molecular interaction is scarcely available. Here, we compile the scattered reports about metal-based candidate molecules that influence the cytoskeleton, its associated proteins and explore their potential to interfere in cancer-related processes, including proliferation, invasion and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Advances in this field depend crucially on determining binding sites and on gaining comprehensive insight into molecular drug-target interactions. These are key steps towards establishing yet elusive structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Borutzki
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Doctoral School of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Lukas Skos
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Doctoral School of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Joint Metabolome FacilityUniversity of Vienna and Medical University Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Samuel M. Meier‐Menches
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Joint Metabolome FacilityUniversity of Vienna and Medical University Vienna1090ViennaAustria
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8
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Abstract
Super-resolution imaging techniques that overcome the diffraction limit of light have gained wide popularity for visualizing cellular structures with nanometric resolution. Following the pace of hardware developments, the availability of new fluorescent probes with superior properties is becoming ever more important. In this context, fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted increasing attention as bright and photostable probes that address many shortcomings of traditional fluorescent probes. The use of NPs for super-resolution imaging is a recent development and this provides the focus for the current review. We give an overview of different super-resolution methods and discuss their demands on the properties of fluorescent NPs. We then review in detail the features, strengths, and weaknesses of each NP class to support these applications and provide examples from their utilization in various biological systems. Moreover, we provide an outlook on the future of the field and opportunities in material science for the development of probes for multiplexed subcellular imaging with nanometric resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bingfu Lei
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yingliang Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
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9
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Cathodoluminescence imaging of cellular structures labeled with luminescent iridium or rhenium complexes at cryogenic temperatures. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13432. [PMID: 35927332 PMCID: PMC9352783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time the use of two live-cell imaging agents from the group of luminescent transition metal complexes (IRAZOLVE-MITO and REZOLVE-ER) as cathodoluminescent probes. This first experimental demonstration shows the application of both probes for the identification of cellular structures at the nanoscale and near the native state directly in the cryo-scanning electron microscope. This approach can potentially be applied to correlative and multimodal approaches and used to target specific regions within vitrified samples at low electron beam energies.
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10
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Luminescent and Photofunctional Transition Metal Complexes: From Molecular Design to Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14420-14440. [PMID: 35925792 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been emerging interest in the exploitation of the photophysical and photochemical properties of transition metal complexes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this Perspective, we highlight the major recent advances in the development of luminescent and photofunctional transition metal complexes, in particular, those of rhenium(I), ruthenium(II), osmium(II), iridium(III), and platinum(II), as bioimaging reagents and phototherapeutic agents, with a focus on the molecular design strategies that harness and modulate the interesting photophysical and photochemical behavior of the complexes. We also discuss the current challenges and future outlook of transition metal complexes for both fundamental research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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11
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Li J, Zhang L, Chen J, Zhang R, Liu Z, Zhao J, Liu B, Han MY, Han G, Zhang Z. One-step synthesized amphiphilic carbon dots for the super-resolution imaging of endoplasmic reticulum in live cells. RSC Adv 2022; 12:19424-19430. [PMID: 35865591 PMCID: PMC9255560 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02705d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy provides a powerful tool for visualizing the ultrastructure and dynamics of subcellular organelles, however, the photobleaching of organelle trackers have limited the application of STED imaging in living cells. Here, we report photostable and amphiphilic carbon dots (Phe-CDs) with bright orange fluorescence via a simple one-pot hydrothermal treatment of o-phenylenediamine and phenylalanine. The obtained Phe-CDs not only had high brightness (quantum yield ∼18%) but also showed excellent photostability under ultraviolet irradiation. The CDs can quickly penetrate into cells within 2 min and are specific for intracellular ER. The further investigations by Phe-CDs revealed the reconstitution process of ER from loosely spaced tubes into a continuously dense network of tubules and sheets during cell division. Importantly, compared with the standard microscopy, STED super-resolution imaging allowed the tracking of the ER ultrastructure with a lateral resolution less than 100 nm and the pores within the ER network are clearly visible. Moreover, the three dimensional (3D) structure of ER was also successfully reconstructed from z-stack images due to the excellent photostability of Phe-CDs. Amphiphilic carbon dots (Phe-CDs) were synthesized directly via one-step hydrothermal reaction for specific ER targeting without further modification. The Phe-CDs were photostable enough to allow STED super-resolution imaging of ER in live cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Longdi Zhang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Ruilong Zhang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
| | - Bianhua Liu
- Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yong Han
- Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
| | - Guangmei Han
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Zhongping Zhang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China .,Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 P. R. China
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12
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Lu JJ, Ma XR, Xie K, Yang PX, Li RT, Ye RR. Novel heterobimetallic Ir(III)-Re(I) complexes: design, synthesis and antitumor mechanism investigation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7907-7917. [PMID: 35535974 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00719c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reasonable design of binuclear or multinuclear metal complexes has demonstrated their potential advantages in the anticancer field. Herein, three heterobimetallic Ir(III)-Re(I) complexes, [Ir(C^N)2LRe(CO)3DIP](PF6)2 (C^N = 2-phenylpyridine (ppy, in IrRe-1), 2-(2-thienyl)pyridine (thpy, in IrRe-2) and 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (dfppy, in IrRe-3); L = pyridylimidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline; DIP = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), were designed and synthesized. The heterobimetallic IrRe-1-3 complexes show pH-sensitive emission properties, which can be used for specific imaging of lysosomes. Additionally, IrRe-1-3 display higher cytotoxicity against tested tumor cell lines than the clinical chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. Further mechanisms indicate that IrRe-1-3 can induce apoptosis and autophagy, increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), depolarize the mitochondrial membrane (MMP), block the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and inhibit cell migration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of the synthesis of heterobimetallic Ir(III)-Re(I) complexes with superior anticancer activities and evaluation of their anticancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jian Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Xiu-Rong Ma
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Xie
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Pei-Xin Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Rui-Rong Ye
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
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13
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Liu J, Gu Q, Du W, Feng Z, Zhang Q, Tian Y, Luo K, Gong Q, Tian X. Nucleolar RNA in action: Ultrastructure revealed during protein translation through a terpyridyl manganese(II) complex. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 203:114058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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14
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Yang H, Wu Y, Ruan H, Guo F, Liang Y, Qin G, Liu X, Zhang Z, Yuan J, Fang X. Surface-Engineered Gold Nanoclusters for Stimulated Emission Depletion and Correlated Light and Electron Microscopy Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3056-3064. [PMID: 35142221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy is an emerging super-resolution imaging platform for the study of the cellular structure. Developing suitable fluorescent probes of small size, good photostability, and easy functionalization is still in demand. Herein, we introduce a new type of surface-engineered gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) that are ultrasmall (1.7 nm) and ultrabright (QY = 60%) for STED bioimaging. A rigid shell formed by l-arginine (l-Arg) and 6-aza-2-thiothymine (ATT) on the Au NC surface enables not only its strong fluorescence in aqueous solution but also its easy chemical modification for specific biomolecule labeling. Au NCs show remarkable performance as STED nanoprobes, including high depletion efficiency, good photobleaching resistance, and low saturation intensity. Super-resolution imaging has been achieved with these Au NCs, and targeted nanoscopic imaging of cellular tubulin has been demonstrated. Moreover, the circular structure of lysosomes in live cells has been revealed. As a Au NC is also an ideal probe for electron microscopy, dual imaging of Aβ42 aggregates with the single labeling probe of Au NCs has been realized in correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM). This work reports, for the first time, the application of Au NCs as a novel probe in STED and CLEM imaging. With their excellent properties, Au NCs show promising potential for nanoscale bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yayun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hefei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Analysis and Testing Center, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gege Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinghe Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
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15
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Jeong D, Kim D. Recent Developments in Correlative Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy and Electron Microscopy. Mol Cells 2022; 45:41-50. [PMID: 35114646 PMCID: PMC8819494 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently developed correlative super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRM) and electron microscopy (EM) is a hybrid technique that simultaneously obtains the spatial locations of specific molecules with SRM and the context of the cellular ultrastructure by EM. Although the combination of SRM and EM remains challenging owing to the incompatibility of samples prepared for these techniques, the increasing research attention on these methods has led to drastic improvements in their performances and resulted in wide applications. Here, we review the development of correlative SRM and EM (sCLEM) with a focus on the correlation of EM with different SRM techniques. We discuss the limitations of the integration of these two microscopy techniques and how these challenges can be addressed to improve the quality of correlative images. Finally, we address possible future improvements and advances in the continued development and wide application of sCLEM approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dokyung Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Doory Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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16
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Li Q, Shi C, Huang M, Wu C, Wang H, Wu H, Zheng Y, Yang C, Yuan A. Three Types of Charged Ligands Based Carboxyl-Containing Iridium(III) Complexes: Structures, Photophysics, and Solution Processed OLED Application. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17699-17704. [PMID: 34739254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel family of three types of charged (0, -1, -2) ligands based phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes with different carboxyl-containing dianionic (-2) ligands have been synthesized. Their single-crystal structures show that all neutral complexes (Ir1, Ir2, and Ir3) show a trans-N^N configuration between dianionic (-2) and monoanionic (-1) ligands, which is in contrast with the trans-N^C configuration in cationic complex Ir4, which has an interesting hydrogen bond in the solid state. Notably, Ir4 shows higher luminescence efficiency and an obvious blue shift emission relative to those in Ir1, Ir2, and Ir3. DFT calculations demonstrate that all neutral complexes (Ir1, Ir2, and Ir3) exhibit ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) excited state character from the dianionic (-2) ligand to the neutral (0) ligand, which are completely different from the cationic complex Ir4 that exhibits an LLCT excited state from the monoanionic (-1) ligand to the neutral (0) ligand. Considering better solubility, Ir1 was eventually used in solution-processed OLED and achieved moderate efficiency (6.6%, 14.3 cd A-1, 2.8 lm W-1) with an orange light displaying CIEx,y coordinates of (0.53, 0.46). This work provides a new strategy to construct three types of charged (0, -1, -2) ligands based phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes and extends the range of iridium complex luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Shi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Manli Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuicui Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhen Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Haotian Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
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17
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Wang Q, Qin Q, Chen Y, Yang T, Xu Q, Mu H, Han J, Cao K, Jiao M, Liu M, Zhang S, Yang C. STED microscopy reveals in-situ photoluminescence properties of single nanostructures in densely perovskite thin films. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:40051-40060. [PMID: 34809355 DOI: 10.1364/oe.442345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic perovskite nanomaterials have attracted much attention recently due to their prominent optical performance and potential application for optoelectronic devices. The carriers dynamics of all-inorganic perovskites has been the research focus because the understanding of carriers dynamics process is of critical importance for improving the fluorescence conversion efficiency. While photophysical properties of excited carrier are usually measured at the macroscopic scale, it is necessary to probe the in-situ dynamics process at the nanometer scale and gain deep insights into the photophysical mechanisms and their localized dependence on the thin-film nanostructures. Stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy with super-resolution beyond the diffraction limit can directly provide explicit information at a single particle level or nanometer scale. Through this unique technique, we firstly study the in-situ dynamics process of single CsPbBr3 nanocrystals(NCs) and nanostructures embedded inside high-dense samples. Our findings reveal the different physical mechanisms of PL blinking and antibunching for single CsPbBr3 NCs and nanostructures that correlate with thin-film nanostructural features (e.g. defects, grain boundaries and carrier mobility). The insights gained into such nanostructure-localized physical mechanisms are critically important for further improving the material quality and its corresponding device performance.
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18
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Shi H, Wang Y, Lin S, Lou J, Zhang Q. Recent development and application of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes as chemical and biological probes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6410-6417. [PMID: 33900334 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00592h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iridium complexes have been widely applied as molecular sensors because of their rich photophysical properties, including large Stokes shifts, long emission lifetimes, environment-sensitive emissions, and high luminescence quantum yields. In this paper, we review the recent development and application of iridium complexes as probes for ions, anions, gaseous species, organic molecules, small biomolecules, biomacromolecules, and subcellular organelles. Our outlook for iridium-based probes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdong Shi
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China.
| | - Simin Lin
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China.
| | - Jingxue Lou
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China.
| | - Qianling Zhang
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China.
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19
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Kuchenbrod MT, Schubert US, Heintzmann R, Hoeppener S. Revisiting staining of biological samples for electron microscopy: perspectives for recent research. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:685-699. [PMID: 34821312 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01579b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review revisits essential staining protocols for electron microscopy focussing on the visualization of active sites, i.e. enzymes, metabolites or proteins, in cells and tissues, which have been developed 50 to 60 years ago, however, never were established as standard protocols being used in electron microscopy in a routine fashion. These approaches offer numerous possibilities to expand the knowledge of cellular function and specifically address the localization of active compounds of these systems. It is our conviction, that many of these techniques are still useful, in particular when applied in conjunction with correlative light and electron microscopy. Revisiting specialized classical electron microscopy staining protocols for use in correlative microscopy is particularly promising, as some of these protocols were originally developed as staining methods for light microscopy. To account for this history, rather than summarizing the most recent achievements in literature, we instead first provide an overview of techniques that have been used in the past. While some of these techniques have been successfully implemented into modern microscopy techniques during recent years already, more possibilities are yet to be re-discovered and provide exciting new perspectives for their future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren T Kuchenbrod
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Germany.
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20
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Kumar M, Son J, Huang RH, Sementa D, Lee M, O'Brien S, Ulijn RV. In Situ, Noncovalent Labeling and Stimulated Emission Depletion-Based Super-Resolution Imaging of Supramolecular Peptide Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15056-15063. [PMID: 33169979 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular materials have gained substantial interest for a number biological and nonbiological applications. However, for optimum utilization of these dynamic self-assembled materials, it is important to visualize and understand their structures at the nanoscale, in solution and in real time. Previous approaches for imaging these structures have utilized super-resolution optical imaging methods such as STORM, which has provided important insights, but suffers from drawbacks of complex sample preparation and slow acquisition times, thus limiting real-time in situ imaging of dynamic processes. We demonstrate a noncovalent fluorescent labeling design for STED-based super-resolution imaging of self-assembling peptides. This is achieved by in situ, electrostatic binding of anionic sulfonates of Alexa-488 dye to the cationic sites of lysine (or arginine) residues exposed on the peptide nanostructure surface. A direct, multiscale visualization of static structures reveals hierarchical organization of supramolecular fibers with sub-60 nm resolution. In addition, the degradation of nanofibers upon enzymatic hydrolysis of peptide could be directly imaged in real time, and although resolution was compromised in this dynamic process, it provided mechanistic insights into the enzymatic degradation process. Noncovalent Alexa-488 labeling and subsequent imaging of a range of cationic self-assembling peptides and peptide-functionalized gold nanoparticles demonstrated the versatility of the methodology for the imaging of cationic supramolecular structures. Overall, our approach presents a general and simple method for the electrostatic fluorescent labeling of cationic peptide nanostructures for nanoscale imaging under physiological conditions and probe dynamic processes in real time and in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Jiye Son
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Richard H Huang
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 1024 Marshak, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Deborah Sementa
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Magdelene Lee
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Stephen O'Brien
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 1024 Marshak, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Rein V Ulijn
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) at The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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