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Zheng J, Zhang W, Huang Y, Shao J, Khan MS, Chi Y. Encapsulation of Pure Water-Stable Perovskite Nanocrystals (PNCs) into Biological Environment-Stable PNCs for Cell Imaging. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5623-5633. [PMID: 38471143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Recently emerging perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are very attractive fluorescence nanomaterials due to their very narrow emission peak, tunable wavelength, and extremely high quantum yield, but their chemosensing, biosensing and bioimaging applications suffer from the poor stability of ordinary PNCs in aqueous media, especially in biological matrices. Recently developed water-stable 2D CsPb2Br5-encapsulated 3D CsPbBr3 PNCs (i.e., CsPbBr3/CsPb2Br5 PNCs) show extremely stable light emission in pure water, but their fluorescence is seriously quenched in aqueous media containing biological molecules due to their chemical reactions. In this work, we used a facile method to encapsulate pure water-stable CsPbBr3/CsPb2Br5 PNCs in water with SiO2 and polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether (Brij58) into a new kind of biological environment-stable PNCs (CsPbBr3/CsPb2Br5@SiO2-Brij58). The synthesis of the target PNCs can be accomplished in a fast, easy, and green way. The obtained CsPbBr3/CsPb2Br5@SiO2-Brij58 PNCs maintain strong fluorescence emission for a long time, all in pH 7.4 PBS, BSA, and minimum essential medium, exhibiting excellent biological environment stability. Moreover, the developed biological environment-stable PNCs show good biocompatibility and have been successfully used in cell imaging. Overall, the work provides an easy, low-cost, and efficient application of PNCs in bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yun Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Jiwei Shao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Malik Saddam Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Kohsar University Murree, Murree, Punjab 47150, Pakistan
| | - Yuwu Chi
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
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Guo J, Fu Y, Zheng W, Xie M, Huang Y, Miao Z, Han C, Yin W, Zhang J, Yang X, Tian J, Zhang X. Entropy-Driven Strongly Confined Low-Toxicity Pure-Red Perovskite Quantum Dots for Spectrally Stable Light-Emitting Diodes. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:417-423. [PMID: 38149580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally stable pure-red perovskite quantum dots (QDs) with low lead content are essential for high-definition displays but are difficult to synthesize due to QD self-purification. Here, we make use of entropy-driven quantum-confined pure-red perovskite QDs to fabricate light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that have low toxicity and are efficient and spectrum-stable. Based on experimental data and first-principles calculations, multiple element alloying results in a 60% reduction in lead content while improving QD entropy to promote crystal stability. Entropy-driven QDs exhibit photoluminescence with 100% quantum yields and single-exponential decay lifetimes without alteration of their morphology or crystal structure. The pure-red LEDs utilizing entropy-driven QDs have spectrally stable electroluminescence, achieving a brightness of 4932 cd/m2, a maximum external quantum efficiency of over 20%, and a 15-fold longer operational lifetime than the CsPbI3 QD-based LEDs. These achievements demonstrate that entropy-driven QDs can mitigate local compositional heterogeneity and ion migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yuhao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Weijia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mingyuan Xie
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuchao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Zeyu Miao
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Ce Han
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Wenxu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xuyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Tian
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
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Li QF, Wang JT, Wang Z. Improving the stability of perovskite nanocrystals via SiO 2 coating and their applications. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1417-1430. [PMID: 38174228 PMCID: PMC10763656 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07231b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (LHP NCs) with outstanding optical properties have been regarded as promising alternatives to traditional phosphors for lighting and next-generation display technology. However, the practical applications of LHP NCs are seriously hindered by their poor stability upon exposure to moisture, oxygen, light, and heat. Hence, various strategies have been proposed to solve this issue. In this review, we have focused our attention on improving the stability of LHP NCs via SiO2 coating because it has the advantages of simple operation, less toxicity, and easy repetition. SiO2 coating is classified into four types: (a) in situ hydrolytic coating, (b) mesoporous silica loading, (c) mediated anchoring, and (d) double coating. The potential applications of SiO2-coated LHP NCs in the field of optoelectronics, biology, and catalysis are presented to elucidate the reliability and availability of SiO2 coating. Finally, the future development and challenges in the preparation of SiO2-coated LHP NCs are analyzed in order to promote the commercialization process of LHP NC-related commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Feng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University Zhoukou 466001 Henan China
| | - Jin-Tao Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University Zhoukou 466001 Henan China
| | - Zhenling Wang
- College of Materials Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Rare Earth Composite Materials, Henan University of Engineering Xinzheng 451191 China
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Liu H, Chen P, Zhang X, Wang X, He T, Chen R. Lateral surface passivation of CdSe nanoplatelets through crown management. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14140-14145. [PMID: 37584662 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03133k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional colloidal CdSe nanoplatelets (NPLs) have been considered as ideal emitting materials for high performance light-emitting devices due to their excellent optical properties. However, the understanding of defect related radiative and nonradiative recombination centers in CdSe NPLs is still far from sufficient, especially their physical distribution locations. In this work, CdSe core and CdSe/CdS core/crown NPLs have been successfully synthesized and their optical properties have been characterized by laser spectroscopies. It is found that the photoluminescence quantum yield of CdSe NPLs is improved by a factor of 4 after the growth of the CdS crown. At low temperatures, the change in the ratio of low and high energy emission intensities from NPLs suggests that the radiative recombination centers are mainly located on the lateral surface of the samples. This finding is further confirmed by the surface passivation experiment. Meanwhile, the nonradiative recombination centers of NPLs located on the lateral surface are also confirmed by ligand exchange. These results demonstrate the importance of understanding the optical properties of the lateral surface of NPLs, which are important for the design of material structures for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Peixian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xuanyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xiongbin Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Tingchao He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Sun M, Zheng Y, Shi Y, Zhang G, Shao Y. Low-intensity-low-temperature stability assessment of perovskite solar cells operating on simulated Martian surface conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17716-17722. [PMID: 35838540 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01450e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immigration to Mars, which is expected to be powered mainly by photovoltaics, is one of the greatest dreams of humanity. However, the extreme temperature difference and high-energy cosmic radiation on the surface of Mars make it difficult for conventional photovoltaics to operate steadily over time. With their advantages of being lightweight, having a high irradiation tolerance, and an outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE), perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown themselves to be a promising candidate for Martian applications. In this study, we simulated the low-intensity-low-temperature (LILT) environment of the Mars surface, and monitored the in situ device performance of PSCs. Surprisingly, the device PCE was not only maintained at a high level but was even improved slightly. Further investigation revealed that the self-healing effect of perovskites under LILT conditions could be attributed to the light-induced decomposition of the perovskite film and the β-phase perovskite recrystallization process at the perovskite/hole transport layer interface. Interfacial β-phase perovskites are stable at low temperatures, which can facilitate charge extraction and protect the perovskite bulk from long-term light damage. This study demonstrated the feasibility of PSCs and provides a reference for Martian applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Sun
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, 310024, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800, Shanghai, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800, Shanghai, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Shao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, 310024, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800, Shanghai, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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Lao Y, Zhang Y, Yang S, Zhang Z, Yu W, Qu B, Xiao L, Chen Z. Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Thermal Stability by Sulfide Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27427-27434. [PMID: 35658129 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The performance degradation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under harsh environment (e.g., heat, moisture, light) is one of the greatest challenges for their commercialization. Herein, a conjugated sulfide 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (2MBI) is applied to significantly improve the photovoltaic properties and thermal stability of PSCs. When treated with heat, 2MBI cross-links with each other on the perovskite surface to facilitate charge transportation, suppress the escape of volatile species, and guide the rearrangement of surface perovskite grains. PSCs with 2MBI modification reach a PCE as high as 21.7% and maintain high-efficiency output during and after thermodestruction at 85 °C, while the unmodified ones suffer severe degradation. Unencapsulated devices after thermodestruction achieve over 98% of initial efficiency after 40-day storage under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Lao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjin Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Marked Efficiency Improvement of FAPb 0.7Sn 0.3Br 3 Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes by Optimization of the Light-Emitting Layer and Hole-Transport Layer. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091454. [PMID: 35564163 PMCID: PMC9102924 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Highly luminescent FAPb0.7Sn0.3Br3 nanocrystals with an average photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield of 92% were synthesized by the ligand-assisted reprecipitation method. The 41-nm-thick perovskite film with a smooth surface and strong PL intensity was proven to be a suitable luminescent layer for perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). Electrical tests indicate that the double hole-transport layers (HTLs) played an important role in improving the electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency of PeLEDs due to their cascade-like level alignment. The PeLED based on poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(4,40-(N-(p-butylphenyl))-diphenylamine)] (TFB)/poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) double HTLs produced a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9%, which was improved by approximately 10.9 and 5.14 times when compared with single HTL PVK or the TFB device, respectively. The enhancement of the hole transmission capacity by TFB/PVK double HTLs was confirmed by the hole-only device and was responsible for the dramatic EQE improvement.
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Zhang X, Guo Z, Li R, Yu J, Yuan B, Chen B, He T, Chen R. Quasi-Type II Core-Shell Perovskite Nanocrystals for Improved Structural Stability and Optical Gain. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:58170-58178. [PMID: 34818892 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, core-shell lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) and their devices have attracted intensive attention owing to nearly perfect optoelectronic properties. However, the complex photophysical mechanism among them is still unclear. Herein, monodispersed core-shell PeNCs coated with an all-inorganic cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) shell epitaxially grown on the surface of formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr3) PeNCs were synthesized. Through power- and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements, it is found that the electronic structure of the core-shell FAPbBr3/CsPbBr3 PeNCs has a quasi-type II band alignment. The presence of Cs+ in the shell limits ion migration and helps to stabilize structural and optical properties. On this basis, after being exposed to pulsed nanosecond laser for a period, an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) can be observed, which is attributed to the effective passivation induced by laser irradiation on defects at the interface. The ASE threshold of the core-shell PeNCs showing high structural and optical stability is 447 nJ/cm2 under pulsed nanosecond optical pumping. The results that are demonstrated here provide a new idea and perspective for improving the stability of perovskite and can be of practical interest for the utilization of the core-shell PeNCs in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhihang Guo
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ruxue Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiahao Yu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baozhen Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baian Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tingchao He
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Xing W, Yao Q, Zhu W, Jiang H, Zhang X, Ji Y, Shao J, Xiong W, Wang B, Zhang B, Luo X, Zheng Y. Donor-Acceptor Competition via Halide Vacancy Filling for Oxygen Detection of High Sensitivity and Stability by All-Inorganic Perovskite Films. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102733. [PMID: 34477301 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen detection by organic-inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) has demonstrated advantages in operating temperature, response time, and reversibility over traditional materials. However, OIHPs can only sense O2 in light and the unavoidable O2 exposure during detection easily induces the degradation of OIHPs. The trade-off between sensitivity and stability makes the OIHP-based oxygen sensors impractical. By replacing organic groups with Cs, the compact films of all-inorganic halide perovskites (AIHPs) that can adsorb O2 at grain boundaries in dark are developed. AIHPs show conductance increase of 1875.5% from 1 × 10-5 to 700 Torr of O2 pressure, associated with full reversibility and long-term stability. Combining experiments and modeling, this work reveals the donor-acceptor competition via halide vacancy filling leading to the modulation of carrier concentration and mobility. This work offers understandings on oxygen sensing by perovskite materials and paves the way for further optimization of AIHPs as promising oxygen sensors with high sensitivity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xing
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Qianqian Yao
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhu
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - He Jiang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ye Ji
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jian Shao
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Weiming Xiong
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Bangmin Zhang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xin Luo
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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