1
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Romero Garcia S, Zholdassov YS, Braunschweig AB, Martini A. Reactive Simulations of Silica Functionalization with Aromatic Hydrocarbons. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:561-567. [PMID: 38112539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Reactive molecular dynamics simulations are used to model the covalent functionalization of amorphous silica with aromatic hydrocarbons. Simulations show that the surface density of silanol-terminated phenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl molecules is lower than the maximum value calculated based on molecule geometry, and the simulation densities decrease faster with the number of aromatic rings than the geometric densities. The trends are analyzed in terms of the surface-silanol bonding configurations, tilt angles, local conformational ordering, and aggregation of surface-bound molecules under steady-state conditions. Results show that the surface density is affected by both the size and symmetry of the aromatic hydrocarbons. The correlations among bonding, orientation, and surface density identified here may guide the selection or design of molecules for functionalized surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Romero Garcia
- Department of Materials and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, University of California Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Yerzhan S Zholdassov
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Adam B Braunschweig
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
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2
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Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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3
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Mohammed M, Jones BA, Liarou E, Wilson P. Localised polymerisation of acrylamide using single-barrel scanning electrochemical cell microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10992-10995. [PMID: 37622460 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03582d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Single-barrel scanning electrochemical cell microscopy has been adapted for polymerisation of acrylamide in droplet cells formed at gold electrode surfaces. Localised electrochemical atom transfer radical polymerisation enables controlled synthesis and deposition of polyacrylamide or synthesis of polyacrylamide brushes from initiator-functionalised electrode surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahir Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Bryn A Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Evelina Liarou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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4
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PNIPAM/Hexakis as a thermosensitive drug delivery system for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14363. [PMID: 35999242 PMCID: PMC9399122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many technologies ranging from drug delivery approaches to tissue engineering purposes are beginning to benefit from the unique ability of “smart polymers.” As a special case, thermo-sensitive hydrogels have great potential, e.g. in actuators, microfluidics, sensors, or drug delivery systems. Here, the loading of Doxorubicin (DOX) with novel thermo-sensitive polymer N-isopropyl acrylamide (PNIPAM) and its copolymers are investigated in order to increase the Doxorubicin’s drug efficacy on the targeted tumor site. Therefore, a rational design accurate based on the use of classical molecular dynamics (MD) and well-tempered metadynamics simulations allows for predicting and understanding the behavior of thermo-responsive polymers in the loading of DOX on Hexakis nano-channel at 298 and 320 K. Furthermore, this work investigates the efficacy of this drug carrier for the release of DOX in response to stimuli like variations in temperature and changes in the physiological pH. The study concludes that the Hexakis–polymer composite is capable of adsorbing the DOX at neutral pH and by increasing the temperature of the simulated systems from 298 to 320 K, the strength of intermolecular attraction decreases. In addition, the obtained results of MD simulation revealed that the dominant interaction between DOX and Hexakis in the DOX/polymer/Hexakis systems is the Lennard–Jones (LJ) term due to the formation of strong π–π interaction between the adsorbate and substrate surface. Obtained results show that a higher aggregation of DMA chains around the Hexakis and the formation of stronger bonds with DOX. The results of the well-tempered metadynamics simulations revealed that the order of insertion of drug and polymer into the system is a determining factor on the fate of the adsorption/desorption process. Overall, our results explain the temperature-dependent behavior of the PNIPAM polymers and the suitability of the polymer–Hexakis carrier for Doxorubicin delivery.
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5
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Li W, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S, Bekyarova E, Bardeen CJ. Patterning submicron photomechanical features into single diarylethene crystals using electron beam lithography. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1065-1072. [PMID: 35788624 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithography methods are commonly used to create structures in inorganic semiconductors like silicon but have not been widely applied to organic crystals. In this work, electron beam lithography (EBL) is used to pattern structures into single organic photomechanical crystals composed of 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene. The electron beam creates amorphous regions of decomposed molecules, while the reactivity of the unexposed crystal regions is preserved under a removable Au coating. Exposure of the patterned crystal to 365 nm light causes ridges of amorphous material to increase in height by 30-70%. This height increase can be reversed by visible light exposure and undergo multiple cycles. The reversible surface morphology changes are strong enough to rupture a sheet of graphene placed on top of the patterned crystal. Surprisingly, the change in dimensions of the EBL features is an order of magnitude larger than the changes in overall crystal dimensions as deduced from X-ray diffraction experiments and microscopy observations. A dynamic extrusion model is presented to explain how nanoscale features imprinted into single crystals can amplify molecular-level photomechanical changes. This work demonstrates the capability of EBL methods to produce sub-micron structural features on single photomechanical crystals, providing a new route to monolithic light-powered actuator devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Poisson J, Hudson ZM. Luminescent Surface‐Tethered Polymer Brush Materials. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200552. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
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Valles DJ, Zholdassov YS, Korpanty J, Uddin S, Naeem Y, Mootoo DR, Gianneschi NC, Braunschweig AB. Glycopolymer Microarrays with Sub‐Femtomolar Avidity for Glycan Binding Proteins Prepared by Grafted‐To/Grafted‐From Photopolymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Valles
- The PhD program in Chemistry Graduate Center of the City University of New York 365 5th Ave New York NY 10016 USA
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center The City University of New York 85 St. Nicholas Terrace New York NY 10031 USA
- Department of Chemistry Hunter College 695 Park Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Yerzhan S. Zholdassov
- The PhD program in Chemistry Graduate Center of the City University of New York 365 5th Ave New York NY 10016 USA
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center The City University of New York 85 St. Nicholas Terrace New York NY 10031 USA
- Department of Chemistry Hunter College 695 Park Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Joanna Korpanty
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Samiha Uddin
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center The City University of New York 85 St. Nicholas Terrace New York NY 10031 USA
- Department of Chemistry Hunter College 695 Park Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Yasir Naeem
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center The City University of New York 85 St. Nicholas Terrace New York NY 10031 USA
- Department of Chemistry Hunter College 695 Park Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - David R. Mootoo
- The PhD program in Chemistry Graduate Center of the City University of New York 365 5th Ave New York NY 10016 USA
- Department of Chemistry Hunter College 695 Park Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- The PhD program in Chemistry Graduate Center of the City University of New York 365 5th Ave New York NY 10016 USA
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center The City University of New York 85 St. Nicholas Terrace New York NY 10031 USA
- Department of Chemistry Hunter College 695 Park Ave New York NY 10065 USA
- The PhD program in Biochemistry Graduate Center of the City University of New York 365 5th Ave New York NY 10016 USA
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8
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Poisson J, Polgar AM, Fromel M, Pester CW, Hudson ZM. Preparation of Patterned and Multilayer Thin Films for Organic Electronics via Oxygen‐Tolerant SI‐PET‐RAFT. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Alexander M. Polgar
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
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9
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Valles DJ, Zholdassov YS, Korpanty J, Uddin S, Naeem Y, Mootoo DR, Gianneschi NC, Braunschweig AB. Glycopolymer Microarrays with Sub-Femtomolar Avidity for Glycan Binding Proteins Prepared by Grafted-To/Grafted-From Photopolymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20350-20357. [PMID: 34273126 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel glycan array architecture that binds the mannose-specific glycan binding protein, concanavalin A (ConA), with sub-femtomolar avidity. A new radical photopolymerization developed specifically for this application combines the grafted-from thiol-(meth)acrylate polymerization with thiol-ene chemistry to graft glycans to the growing polymer brushes. The propagation of the brushes was studied by carrying out this grafted-to/grafted-from radical photopolymerization (GTGFRP) at >400 different conditions using hypersurface photolithography, a printing strategy that substantially accelerates reaction discovery and optimization on surfaces. The effect of brush height and the grafting density of mannosides on the binding of ConA to the brushes was studied systematically, and we found that multivalent and cooperative binding account for the unprecedented sensitivity of the GTGFRP brushes. This study further demonstrates the ease with which new chemistry can be tailored for an application as a result of the advantages of hypersurface photolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Valles
- The PhD program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yerzhan S Zholdassov
- The PhD program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joanna Korpanty
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Samiha Uddin
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yasir Naeem
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David R Mootoo
- The PhD program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Adam B Braunschweig
- The PhD program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,The PhD program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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10
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Poisson J, Polgar AM, Fromel M, Pester CW, Hudson ZM. Preparation of Patterned and Multilayer Thin Films for Organic Electronics via Oxygen-Tolerant SI-PET-RAFT. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19988-19996. [PMID: 34337845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An oxygen-tolerant approach is described for preparing surface-tethered polymer films of organic semiconductors directly from electrode substrates using polymer brush photolithography. A photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) approach was used to prepare multiblock polymer architectures with the structures of multi-layer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), including electron-transport, emissive, and hole-transport layers. The preparation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and thermally assisted fluorescence (TAF) trilayer OLED architectures are described. By using direct photomasking as well as a digital micromirror device, we also show that the surface-initiated (SI)-PET-RAFT approach allows for enhanced control over layer thickness, and spatial resolution in polymer brush patterning at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Alexander M Polgar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Christian W Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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11
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Valles DJ, Zholdassov YS, Braunschweig AB. Evolution and applications of polymer brush hypersurface photolithography. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01073e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypersurface photolithography creates arbitrary polymer brush patterns with independent control over feature diameter, height, and spacing between features, while controlling composition along a polymer chain and between features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Valles
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yerzhan S. Zholdassov
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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