1
|
Grote F, Weintrub BI, Kreßler M, Cao Q, Halbig CE, Kusch P, Bolotin KI, Eigler S. Evidence for Trans-Oligoene Chain Formation in Graphene Induced by Iodine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311987. [PMID: 38506566 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Functionalization of pristine graphene by hydrogen and fluorine is well studied, resulting in graphane and fluorographene structures. In contrast, functionalization of pristine graphene with iodine has not been reported. Here, the functionalization of graphene with iodine using photochemical activation is presented, which is thermally reversible at 400 °C. Additional dispersive dominant Raman modes that are probed by resonance Raman spectroscopy are observed. Additionally, iodinated graphene is probed by Kelvin probe force microscopy and by transport measurements showing p-doping surpassing non-covalent iodine doping by charge transfer-complex formation. The emergent Raman modes combined with strong p-doping indicate that iodine functionalization is distinct from simple iodine doping. A reaction mechanism based on these findings is proposed, identifying the large size of iodine atoms as the probable cause governing regiochemically controlled addition due to steric hinderance of reactive sites. The modification of the electronic structure is explained by the confinement of 1D trans-oligoene chains between sp3-defects. These results demonstrate the uniqueness of iodine reactivity toward graphene and the modification of the electronic structure of iodinated graphene, highlighting its dependence on the spatial arrangement of substituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grote
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin I Weintrub
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mira Kreßler
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Cao
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian E Halbig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patryk Kusch
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirill I Bolotin
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegfried Eigler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fickert M, Martinez-Haya R, Ruiz AM, Baldoví JJ, Abellán G. Exploring the effect of the covalent functionalization in graphene-antimonene heterostructures. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13758-13768. [PMID: 38681835 PMCID: PMC11046379 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing field of two-dimensional (2D) materials has recently witnessed the emergence of heterostructures, however those combining monoelemental layered materials remain relatively unexplored. In this study, we present the chemical fabrication and characterization of a heterostructure formed by graphene and hexagonal antimonene. The interaction between these 2D materials is thoroughly examined through Raman spectroscopy and first-principles calculations, revealing that this can be considered as a van der Waals heterostructure. Furthermore, we have explored the influence of the antimonene 2D material on the reactivity of graphene by studying the laser-induced covalent functionalization of the graphene surface. Our findings indicate distinct degrees of functionalization based on the underlying material, SiO2 being more reactive than antimonene, opening the door for the development of controlled patterning in devices based on these heterostructures. This covalent functionalization implies a high control over the chemical information that can be stored but also removed on graphene surfaces, and its use as a patterned heterostructure based on antimonene and graphene. This research provides valuable insights into the antimonene-graphene interactions and their impact on the chemical reactivity during graphene covalent functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fickert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Fürth 90762 Germany
| | - R Martinez-Haya
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia Valencia 46980 Spain
| | - A M Ruiz
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia Valencia 46980 Spain
| | - J J Baldoví
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia Valencia 46980 Spain
| | - G Abellán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia Valencia 46980 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al-Fogra S, Rohde S, Speck M, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Wei T. Spatially resolved fluoroalkylation and alkylation of graphene by direct laser writing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:734-737. [PMID: 38115763 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05355e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Two classes of photoactive compounds containing fluoroalkyl- and alkyl silver carboxylates were utilized for graphene laser writing, affording a set of patterned graphene architectures bearing various functionalities. The laser patterning of graphene is accomplished by using laser-triggered decomposition of silver carboxylates to generate radicals confined to the irradiated area for the selective binding of graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin Al-Fogra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sofia Rohde
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Speck
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Feng G, Inose T, Suzuki N, Wen H, Taemaitree F, Wolf M, Toyouchi S, Fujita Y, Hirai K, Uji-I H. Liquid-phase photo-induced covalent modification (PICM) of single-layer graphene by short-chain fatty acids. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4932-4939. [PMID: 36786025 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06698j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report an efficient photo-induced covalent modification (PICM) of graphene by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) with an alkyl chain at the liquid-solid interface for spatially resolved chemical functionalization of graphene. Light irradiation on monolayer graphene under an aqueous solution of the SCFAs with an alkyl chain efficiently introduces sp3-hybridized defects, where the reaction rates of PICM are significantly higher than those in pure water. Raman and IR spectroscopy revealed that a high density of methyl, methoxy, and acetate groups is covalently attached to the graphene surface while it was partially oxidized by other oxygen-containing functional groups, such as OH and COOH. A greater downshift of the G-band in Raman spectra was observed upon the PICM with longer alkyl chains, suggesting that the charge doping effect can be controlled by the alkyl chain length of the SCFAs. The systematic research and exploration of covalent modification in SCFAs provide new insight and a potentially facile method for bandgap engineering of graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Feng
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Inose
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nozomu Suzuki
- Department of Human Studies, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Shikoku Gakuin University, 3-2-1 Bunkyo-cho, Zentsuji, Kagawa 765-8505, Japan
| | - Han Wen
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Farsai Taemaitree
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ward, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mathias Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shuichi Toyouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Research Institute for Light-induced Acceleration System (RILACS), Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- Toray Research Center, Inc., Sonoyama 3-2-11, Otsu 520-8567, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Z, Li K, Wang S, Teng C. Covalent Patterning of Graphene for Controllable Functionalization from Microscale to Nanoscale: A Mini-Review. Front Chem 2022; 10:829614. [PMID: 35360538 PMCID: PMC8963783 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.829614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent patterning of graphene opens many application possibilities in the field of photonics, electronics, sensors, and catalysis due to order-dependent optical properties, band structure engineering, and processibility and reactivity improvement. Owing to the low reactivity of the graphene basal plane, harsh reagents (e.g., radicals) used for covalent functionalization normally result in poor spatial control, which largely compromises the intrinsic properties of graphene. Therefore, precisely spatial control on covalent patterning of graphene is of great importance. Herein, we summarize recent advances for covalent patterning of graphene from the microscale to nanoscale resolution using different techniques such as laser or electrochemical writing, template-directed growth, and tip-induced nanoshaving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Li, ; Chao Teng,
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Teng
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Li, ; Chao Teng,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei T, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Evolution of Graphene Patterning: From Dimension Regulation to Molecular Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104060. [PMID: 34569112 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The realization that nanostructured graphene featuring nanoscale width can confine electrons to open its bandgap has aroused scientists' attention to the regulation of graphene structures, where the concept of graphene patterns emerged. Exploring various effective methods for creating graphene patterns has led to the birth of a new field termed graphene patterning, which has evolved into the most vigorous and intriguing branch of graphene research during the past decade. The efforts in this field have resulted in the development of numerous strategies to structure graphene, affording a variety of graphene patterns with tailored shapes and sizes. The established patterning approaches combined with graphene chemistry yields a novel chemical patterning route via molecular engineering, which opens up a new era in graphene research. In this review, the currently developed graphene patterning strategies is systematically outlined, with emphasis on the chemical patterning. In addition to introducing the basic concepts and the important progress of traditional methods, which are generally categorized into top-down, bottom-up technologies, an exhaustive review of established protocols for emerging chemical patterning is presented. At the end, an outlook for future development and challenges is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|