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Sharova AS, Modena F, Luzio A, Melloni F, Cataldi P, Viola F, Lamanna L, Zorn NF, Sassi M, Ronchi C, Zaumseil J, Beverina L, Antognazza MR, Caironi M. Chitosan-gated organic transistors printed on ethyl cellulose as a versatile platform for edible electronics and bioelectronics. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37334549 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Edible electronics is an emerging research field targeting electronic devices that can be safely ingested and directly digested or metabolized by the human body. As such, it paves the way to a whole new family of applications, ranging from ingestible medical devices and biosensors to smart labelling for food quality monitoring and anti-counterfeiting. Being a newborn research field, many challenges need to be addressed to realize fully edible electronic components. In particular, an extended library of edible electronic materials is required, with suitable electronic properties depending on the target device and compatible with large-area printing processes, to allow scalable and cost-effective manufacturing. In this work, we propose a platform for future low-voltage edible transistors and circuits that comprises an edible chitosan gating medium and inkjet-printed inert gold electrodes, compatible with low thermal budget edible substrates, such as ethylcellulose. We report the compatibility of the platform, characterized by critical channel features as low as 10 μm, with different inkjet-printed carbon-based semiconductors, including biocompatible polymers present in the picogram range per device. A complementary organic inverter is also demonstrated with the same platform as a proof-of-principle logic gate. The presented results offer a promising approach to future low-voltage edible active circuitry, as well as a testbed for non-toxic printable semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Sharova
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Modena
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Filippo Melloni
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Cataldi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Lamanna
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Nicolas F Zorn
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Department of Materials Science, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi, 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ronchi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi, 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
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Ilic IK, Galli V, Lamanna L, Cataldi P, Pasquale L, Annese VF, Athanassiou A, Caironi M. An Edible Rechargeable Battery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211400. [PMID: 36919977 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Edible electronics is a growing field that aims to produce digestible devices using only food ingredients and additives, thus addressing many of the shortcomings of ingestible electronic devices. Edible electronic devices will have major implications for gastrointestinal tract monitoring, therapeutics, as well as rapid food quality monitoring. Recent research has demonstrated the feasibility of edible circuits and sensors, but to realize fully edible electronic devices edible power sources are required, of which there have been very few examples. Drawing inspiration from living organisms, which use redox cofactors to power biochemical machines, a rechargeable edible battery formed from materials eaten in everyday life is developed. The battery is realized by immobilizing riboflavin and quercetin, common food ingredients and dietary supplements, on activated carbon, a widespread food additive. Riboflavin is used as the anode, while quercetin is used as the cathode. By encapsulating the electrodes in beeswax, a fully edible battery is fabricated capable of supplying power to small electronic devices. The proof-of-concept battery cell operated at 0.65 V, sustaining a current of 48 µA for 12 min. The presented proof-of-concept will open the doors to new edible electronic applications, enabling safer and easier medical diagnostics, treatments, and unexplored ways to monitor food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan K Ilic
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Rubattino, 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | - Valerio Galli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Rubattino, 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lamanna
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Rubattino, 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Pietro Cataldi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Rubattino, 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Lea Pasquale
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Valerio F Annese
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Rubattino, 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
| | | | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Rubattino, 81, Milan, 20134, Italy
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Balakrishnan G, Bhat A, Naik D, Kim JS, Marukyan S, Gido L, Ritter M, Khair AS, Bettinger CJ. Gelatin-Based Ingestible Impedance Sensor to Evaluate Gastrointestinal Epithelial Barriers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211581. [PMID: 36799712 PMCID: PMC10192083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Low-profile and transient ingestible electronic capsules for diagnostics and therapeutics can replace widely used yet invasive procedures such as endoscopies. Several gastrointestinal diseases such as reflux disease, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and eosinophilic esophagitis result in increased intercellular dilation in epithelial barriers. Currently, the primary method of diagnosing and monitoring epithelial barrier integrity is via endoscopic tissue biopsies followed by histological imaging. Here, a gelatin-based ingestible electronic capsule that can monitor epithelial barriers via electrochemical impedance measurements is proposed. Toward this end, material-specific transfer printing methodologies to manufacture soft-gelatin-based electronics, an in vitro synthetic disease model to validate impedance-based sensing, and tests of capsules using ex vivo using porcine esophageal tissue are described. The technologies described herein can advance next generation of oral diagnostic devices that reduce invasiveness and improve convenience for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Balakrishnan
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Arnav Bhat
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Durva Naik
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Julie Shin Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Chemical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sona Marukyan
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lily Gido
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Chemical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mia Ritter
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Aditya S Khair
- Chemical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Christopher J Bettinger
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Fukada K, Tajima T, Seyama M. Thermally Degradable Inductors with Water-Resistant Metal Leaf/Oleogel Wires and Gelatin/Chitosan Hydrogel Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:44697-44703. [PMID: 36095329 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ingestible electronics monitor biometric information from outside the body. Making them with harmless or digestible materials will contribute to further reducing the burden on the patient's oral intake. Here, considering that the inductive part plays an important role in communications, we demonstrate a degradable inductor fabricated with harmless substances. Such a transient component must meet conflicting requirements for both operation and disassembly. Therefore, we integrated a substrate made of gelatin, a thermally degradable material, and a precision coil pattern made of edible gold or silver leaf. However, gelatin itself lost its initial shape easily due to quick sol-gel changes in physiological conditions. Thus, we managed the gelatin's thermal responsiveness by using a tangle of gelatin/chitosan gel networks and genipin, an organic cross-linking agent, and gained insights into the criteria for developing transient devices with thermo-degradability. In addition, to compensate for the lack of water resistance and low conductivity of thin metal foils, we propose a laminated structure with oleogel (beeswax/olive oil). LCR resonance circuits, by connecting a commercial capacitor to the coil, worked wirelessly in the megahertz band and gradually degraded in a warm-water environment. The presented organic electronics will contribute to the future development of transient wireless communications for implantable and ingestible medical devices or environmental sensors with natural and harmless ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Fukada
- NTT Device Technology Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato, Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Takuro Tajima
- NTT Device Technology Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato, Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Michiko Seyama
- NTT Device Technology Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato, Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
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Li Z, Jeong YJ, Hong J, Kwon HJ, Ye H, Wang R, Choi HH, Kong H, Hwang H, Kim SH, Tang X. Electrohydrodynamic-Jet-Printed Phthalimide-Derived Conjugated Polymers for Organic Field-Effect Transistors and Logic Gates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7073-7081. [PMID: 35080374 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A π-conjugated polymer semiconductor, PBDTTTffPI, was synthesized for use as an organic semiconductor suitable for electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing technology. Bulky alkylation of the polymer gave PBDTTTffPI good solubility in several organic solvents. EHD jet printing using PBDTTTffPI ink produced direct patterns of polymer semiconductors while maintaining smooth surface morphologies and crystal structures similar to those of spin-coated PBDTTTffPI films. EHD-jet-printed PBDTTTffPI was appropriate for use as a semiconductor layer in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and logic gates. OFETs that used EHD-jet-printed PBDTTTffPI had better electrical characteristics than devices that used spin-coated semiconductor films. When a dielectric material (Al2O3) with a high dielectric constant was introduced, the jet-printed PBDTTTffPI operated well at low voltages. Integrated devices such as inverters, NAND gates, and NOR gates were fabricated by printing PBDTTTffPI patterns and showed good switching behaviors. Therefore, the use of printable PBDTTTffPI provides an advance toward fabrication of practical integrated arrays in next-generation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Hong
- Research Institute for Green Energy Convergence Technology (RIGET), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Jin Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heqing Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Rixuan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Choi
- Research Institute for Green Energy Convergence Technology (RIGET), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoul Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Nature Science, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongjin Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungil University, Gyeongsan 38428, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaowu Tang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
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