1
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Wang J, Huang ZQ, Nie L. Molten Salt Modulation of Potassium-Nitrogen-Carbon for the Breaking Kinetics Bottleneck of Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting and Environmental Impact Reduction. ACS NANO 2024; 18:26902-26910. [PMID: 39291328 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c08309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Sluggish interfacial water dissociation and the O2 evolution reaction (OER) kinetics are the main obstacles that limit the photocatalytic overall water-splitting performance. A molten salt modulation of potassium-nitrogen-carbon is herein demonstrated as the formation of highly crystalline potassium-doped poly(triazine imide) (KPTI). The in situ X-ray diffraction patterns and theoretical calculation show that the KCl melt can significantly reduce the free energy for the polycondensation of triazine building blocks owing to the formation of a kinetically stable KPTI. Benefiting from the presence of potassium-carbon-nitrogen moiety, the catalyst not only weakens the excitonic confinement to improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers but also enhances the stability of carbon sites by suppressing the undesired C═O formation. Moreover, KPTI accelerates water dissociation by forming interfacial K·H2O clusters with an ordered structure, which supplies sufficient protons for the H2 evolution reaction and lowers the energy barrier to enhance the kinetics of OER. Therefore, a stable photocatalytic overall water-splitting performance can be achieved over KPTI with a stoichiometric generation of products (H2 and O2). Life cycle assessment shows that a carbon-neutral scenario can be achieved on KPTI production in the near term with an increase in green power in the electricity grid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Qing Huang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P. R. China
| | - Longhui Nie
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P. R. China
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2
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Cai X, Lin W. Chloride Ion-Induced Spatial Separation and Long Recombination Time of Photogenerated Electrons and Holes in Crystalline Carbon Nitride. JACS AU 2024; 4:2019-2028. [PMID: 38818073 PMCID: PMC11134372 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Poly(triazine imide)·Li+Cl- (PTI/Li+Cl-) as one of the most reported crystalline carbon nitrides has shown exciting potential for photocatalysis. However, understanding the role of Li+/Cl- in the photoexcited charge transfer in the time and space of PTI is a challenging problem. Here, we have investigated the nonradiative charge recombination of series ion intercalated PTI systems (PTI/Li+X-, where X = F, Cl, Br, and I) by performing the ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. The results indicate that the intercalated anions in PTI/Li+Cl- and PTI/Li+Br- have the potential to trap holes, separate the electrons and holes, and prolong the nonradiative electron-hole recombination. In particular, ∼70% of holes in PTI/Li+Cl- can transport among interlayers toward the {0001} planes, while most of the electrons are transferred to the {101̅0} planes, exhibiting different transport pathways and directions. Furthermore, PTI/Li+Cl- has an electron-hole recombination time as long as 136 ns, which explains its excellent optoelectronic properties. This work provides a theoretical baseline for the reported facet engineering improvement of crystalline carbon nitride for overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cai
- State
Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College
of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College
of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
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3
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Zhang Q, Xu W, Liu Q, Xia C, Shao Q, Ma L, Wu M. Diastereoselective dearomatization of indoles via photocatalytic hydroboration on hydramine-functionalized carbon nitride. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4371. [PMID: 38778032 PMCID: PMC11111752 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A protocol for trans-hydroboration of indole derivatives using heterogeneous photocatalysis with NHC-borane has been developed, addressing a persistent challenge in organic synthesis. The protocol, leveraging high crystalline vacancy-engineered polymeric carbon nitride as a catalyst, enables diastereoselective synthesis, expanding substrate scope and complementing existing methods. The approach emphasizes eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and scalability, making it suitable for industrial applications, particularly in renewable energy contexts. The catalyst's superior performance, attributed to its rich carbon-vacancies and well-ordered structure, surpasses more expensive homogeneous alternatives, enhancing viability for large-scale use. This innovation holds promise for synthesizing bioactive compounds and materials relevant to medicinal chemistry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Wengang Xu
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology (China), Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Congjian Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Lishuang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Wu
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P. R. China.
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4
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Chen Y, Wang W, Zhao W, Xu J, Shi P, Min Y. Nano-semiconductor material stabilized Zn metal anode for long-life aqueous Zn-ion batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:593-602. [PMID: 37429166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The advantages of aqueous Zn-ion batteries lie in the affordability and environmental friendliness. Nonetheless, the use of aqueous Zn-ion batteries is severely hindered by key issues such dendrite formation and side reactions in Zn metal anodes. It is able to works well so as to create a stable interface layer, which controls the development of dendrites and adverse reactions. In this study, it is recommended that the coating formed by nano-semiconductor material graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) should be applied to the surface of Zn metal to evenly disperse the electric field, as well as inhibit the development of tip effect, thus preventing Zn dendrite growth. Zn deposition occurs quickly and steadily as a result of Zn2+ ions being adsorbed and the Zn2+ ion flow being reallocated by the zincophilicity of N atoms in the coating. The Zn symmetrical battery can be stable cycled for 1,000 h at a current density of 0.5 mA cm-2, with its overall areal capacity of 0.5mAh cm-2, which is attributed to these benefits of the coating. It can be stable circulated for 500 h at a high current density of 5 mA cm-2, with its total areal capacity of 1mAh cm-2. The completely constructed Zn-g-C3N4//V2O5 according exhibits exceptional long-termcycle stability. Under the current density of 2 A/g, the initial capacity is 312.3 mAh g-1, which can cycle be stable circulated for 1,000 cycles.Under the high current density of 5 A/g, the whole battery's capacity keeping holdingrate is 70% after 2000 cycles, and the coulomb efficiency (CE) is extremely near to 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, 3666# YuanjiangRoad, Shanghai 201109, PR China
| | - WenBin Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China.
| | - Jinting Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - PengHui Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - YuLin Min
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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5
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Wang Q, Zhang G, Xing W, Pan Z, Zheng D, Wang S, Hou Y, Wang X. Bottom-up Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Poly (Triazine Imide) Nanosheets for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307930. [PMID: 37463869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Poly (triazine imide) (PTI/Li+ Cl- ), one of the crystalline versions of polymeric carbon nitrides, holds great promise for photocatalytic overall water splitting. In principle, the photocatalytic activity of PTI/Li+ Cl- is closely related to the morphology, which could be reasonably tailored by the modulation of the polycondensation process. Herein, we demonstrate that the hexagonal prisms of PTI/Li+ Cl- could be converted to hexagonal nanosheets by adjusting the binary eutectic salts from LiCl/KCl or NaCl/LiCl to ternary LiCl/KCl/NaCl. Results reveal that the extension of in-plane conjugation is preferred, when the polymerisation was performed in the presence of ternary eutectic salts. The hexagonal nanosheets bears longer lifetimes of charge carriers than that of hexagonal prisms due to lower intensity of structure defects and shorter hopping distance of charge carriers along the stacking direction of triazine nanosheets. The optimized hexagonal nanosheets exhibits a record apparent quantum yield value of 25 % (λ=365 nm) for solar hydrogen production by one-step excitation overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Wandong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
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6
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Xu Y, Shi W, Zhang Y, Tu Z, Sun B, Wang Z, Wang X, Liu Z, Wang W. Realigning the melon chains in carbon nitride by rubidium ions to promote photo-reductive activities for hydrogen evolution and environmental remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131435. [PMID: 37086671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic efficiency of polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) suffers from unsatisfactory charge separation because of its amorphous structure. Herein, we report a simple bottom-up method to synthesize a novel structure of rubidium ion inserted PCN (Rb-PCN), which involves the regular alignment of melon chains to endow a crystalline feature in PCN. The insertion of Rb+ decreased not only the N p electrons in the heptazine ring but also the plane angle of the heptazine motifs in the melon chain, which promoted the long-range periodicity and crystallinity of carbon nitride. This structurally rearranged crystalline Rb-PCN demonstrated considerably enhanced separation of charge carriers, resulting in six-fold higher photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity than its amorphous counterpart. Furthermore, the photoexcited electrons can be efficiently trapped by O2 to generate H2O2, which facilitates the production of reactive oxygen species to inactivate bacteria and degrade organic pollutants, showing great potential for use in both energy and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsen Xu
- Institute of Information Technology, SZIIT Innovation Harbor, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, PR China
| | - Wenwu Shi
- Institute of Information Technology, SZIIT Innovation Harbor, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, PR China; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Zhenlong Tu
- Institute of Information Technology, SZIIT Innovation Harbor, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, PR China
| | - Bangjin Sun
- Institute of Information Technology, SZIIT Innovation Harbor, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Xinzhong Wang
- Institute of Information Technology, SZIIT Innovation Harbor, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, PR China.
| | - Zhenni Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wanjun Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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7
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Liang X, Xue S, Yang C, Ye X, Wang Y, Chen Q, Lin W, Hou Y, Zhang G, Shalom M, Yu Z, Wang X. The Directional Crystallization Process of Poly (triazine imide) Single Crystals in Molten Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216434. [PMID: 36748541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly (triazine imide) photocatalysts prepared via molten salt methods emerge as promising polymer semiconductors with one-step excitation capacity of overall water splitting. Unveiling the molecular conjugation, nucleation, and crystallization processes of PTI crystals is crucial for their controllable structure design. Herein, microscopy characterization was conducted at the PTI crystallization front from meso to nano scales. The heptazine-based precursor was found to depolymerize to triazine monomers within molten salts and KCl cubes precipitate as the leading cores that guide the directional stacking of PTI molecular units to form aggregated crystals. Upon this discovery, PTI crystals with improved dispersibility and enhanced photocatalytic performance were obtained by tailoring the crystallization fronts. This study advances insights into the directional assembling of PTI monomers on salt templates, placing a theoretical foundation for the ordered condensation of polymer crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108 (P. R., China
| | - Sikang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108 (P. R., China
| | - Can Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108 (P. R., China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108 (P. R., China
| | - Yulan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108 (P. R., China
| | - Qidi Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108 (P. R., China
| | - Yidong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108 (P. R., China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108 (P. R., China
| | - Menny Shalom
- Department of Chemistry, The Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 8410501 Beer, Sheva, Israel
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108 (P. R., China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108 (P. R., China.,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Chemical Engineering of China, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362114, P. R. China
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8
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Lamellar carbon nitride membrane for enhanced ion sieving and water desalination. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7339. [PMID: 36443321 PMCID: PMC9705542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-based water treatment processes offer possibility to alleviate the water scarcity dilemma in energy-efficient and sustainable ways, this has been exemplified in filtration membranes assembled from two-dimensional (2D) materials for water desalination purposes. Most representatives however tend to swell or disintegrate in a hydrated state, making precise ionic or molecular sieving a tough challenge. Here we report that the chemically robust 2D carbon nitride can be activated using aluminum polycations as pillars to modulate the interlayer spacing of the conjugated framework, the noncovalent interaction concomitantly affords a well-interlinked lamellar structure, to be carefully distinguished from random stacking patterns in conventional carbon nitride membranes. The conformally packed membrane is characterized by adaptive subnanochannel and structure integrity to allow excellent swelling resistance, and breaks permeability-selectivity trade-off limit in forward osmosis due to progressively regulated transport passage, achieving high salt rejection (>99.5%) and water flux (6 L m-2 h-1), along with tunable permeation behavior that enables water gating in acidic and alkaline environments. These findings position carbon nitride a rising building block to functionally expand the 2D membrane library for applications in water desalination and purification scenarios.
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9
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Chi HY, Chen C, Zhao K, Villalobos LF, Schouwink PA, Piveteau L, Marshall KP, Liu Q, Han Y, Agrawal KV. Unblocking Ion-occluded Pore Channels in Poly(triazine imide) Framework for Proton Conduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207457. [PMID: 35906967 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(triazine imide) or PTI is an ordered graphitic carbon nitride hosting Å-scale pores attractive for selective molecular transport. AA'-stacked PTI layers are synthesized by ionothermal route during which ions occupy the framework and occlude the pores. Synthesis of ion-free PTI hosting AB-stacked layers has been reported, however, pores in this configuration are blocked by the neighboring layer. The unavailability of open pore limits application of PTI in molecular transport. Herein, we demonstrate acid treatment for ion depletion which maintains AA' stacking and results in open pore structure. We provide first direct evidence of ion-depleted open pores by imaging with the atomic resolution using integrated differential phase-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy. Depending on the extent of ion-exchange, AA' stacking with open channels and AB stacking with closed channels are obtained and imaged for the first time. The accessibility of open channels is demonstrated by enhanced proton transport through ion depleted PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yu Chi
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Cailing Chen
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kangning Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Luis Francisco Villalobos
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Alexander Schouwink
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), EPFL, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Laura Piveteau
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, NMR Platform, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth Paul Marshall
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Av. des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Qi Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Yu Han
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumar Varoon Agrawal
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
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10
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Recent Advances of Doping and Surface Modifying Carbon Nitride with Characterization Techniques. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12090962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a non-metallic organic semiconductor photocatalyst, graphitic carbon nitride (g–C3N4, CN) has become a research hotspot due to its excellent performance in organic degradation, CO2 reduction and water splitting to produce hydrogen. However, the high recombination rate of electron-hole pairs, low specific surface area and weak light absorption of bulk CN synthesized by the traditional one-step thermal polymerization method seriously restrict its photocatalytic performance and practical application. To enhance the photocatalytic performance of CN, doping and surface modification strategies are usually employed to tune the band gap of carbon nitride and improve the separation of carriers. In this paper, the research progress of different methods to modify CN in recent years is introduced, and the mechanisms of improving the photocatalytic performance are mainly analyzed. Typical modification methods are mainly divided into metal doping, non-metal doping, co-doping and surface-functionalized modification. Some characterization methods that can analyze the doping state and surface modification are also discussed as examples. Finally, the difficulties that need to be addressed through modified CN photocatalysts and the directions for future research are pointed out.
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11
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Büchele S, Yakimov A, Collins SM, Ruiz-Ferrando A, Chen Z, Willinger E, Kepaptsoglou DM, Ramasse QM, Müller CR, Safonova OV, López N, Copéret C, Pérez-Ramírez J, Mitchell S. Elucidation of Metal Local Environments in Single-Atom Catalysts Based on Carbon Nitrides. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202080. [PMID: 35678101 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tailor the properties of metal centers in single-atom heterogeneous catalysts depends on the availability of advanced approaches for characterization of their structure. Except for specific host materials with well-defined metal adsorption sites, determining the local atomic environment remains a crucial challenge, often relying heavily on simulations. This article reports an advanced analysis of platinum atoms stabilized on poly(triazine imide), a nanocrystalline form of carbon nitride. The approach discriminates the distribution of surface coordination sites in the host, the evolution of metal coordination at different stages during the synthesis of the material, and the potential locations of metal atoms within the lattice. Consistent with density functional theory predictions, simultaneous high-resolution imaging in high-angle annular dark field and bright field modes experimentally confirms the preferred localization of platinum in-plane in the corners of the triangular cavities. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced 15 N nuclear magnetic resonance (DNP-NMR) spectroscopies coupled with density functional theory (DFT) simulations reveal that the predominant metal species comprise Pt(II) bound to three nitrogen atoms and one chlorine atom inside the coordination sites. The findings, which narrow the gap between experimental and theoretical elucidation, contribute to the improved structural understanding and provide a benchmark for exploring the speciation of single-atom catalysts based on carbon nitrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Büchele
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yakimov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sean M Collins
- Bragg Centre for Materials Research, School of Chemical and Process Engineering and School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrea Ruiz-Ferrando
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Zupeng Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Elena Willinger
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, UK
| | - Christoph R Müller
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Olga V Safonova
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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Chi HY, Chen C, Zhao K, Villalobos LF, Schouwink PA, Piveteau L, Marshall KP, Liu Q, Han Y, Agrawal KV. Unblocking Ion‐occluded Pore Channels in Poly(triazine imide) Framework for Proton Conduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yu Chi
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Institute of chemical sciences and engineering Rue de l'Industrie 17Case Postale 440 1950 Sion SWITZERLAND
| | - Cailing Chen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division Thuwal SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Kangning Zhao
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Institute of chemical sciences and engineering Rue de l'Industrie 17Case Postale 440 CH-1950 Sion SWITZERLAND
| | - Luis Francisco Villalobos
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Institute of chemical sciences and engineering Rue de l'Industrie 17Case Postale 440 CH-1950 Sion SWITZERLAND
| | - Pascal Alexander Schouwink
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Rue de l'Industrie 17 CH-1950 Sion SWITZERLAND
| | - Laura Piveteau
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, NMR Platform Rte Cantonale CH-1015 Lausanne SWITZERLAND
| | - Kenneth Paul Marshall
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility: ESRF Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines 71 Av. des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble FRANCE
| | - Qi Liu
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Institute of chemical sciences and engineering Rue de l'Industrie 17Case Postale 440 CH-1950 Sion SWITZERLAND
| | - Yu Han
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division Thuwal SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Kumar Varoon Agrawal
- École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Institute of chemical sciences and engineering Rue de l'Industrie 17Case Postale 440Switzerland CH-1950 Sion SWITZERLAND
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