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Sha X, Du K, Zeng Y, Lai F, Yin J, Zhang H, Song B, Han J, Xiao S, Kivshar Y, Song Q. Chirality tuning and reversing with resonant phase-change metasurfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn9017. [PMID: 38787955 PMCID: PMC11122676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn9017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic control of circular dichroism in photonic structures is critically important for compact spectrometers, stereoscopic displays, and information processing exploiting multiple degrees of freedom. Metasurfaces can help miniaturize chiral devices but only produce static and limited chiral responses. While external stimuli can tune resonances, their modulations are often weak, and reversing continuously the sign of circular dichroism is extremely challenging. Here, we demonstrate the dynamically tunable chiral response of resonant metasurfaces supporting chiral bound states in the continuum combining them with phase-change materials. Phase transition between amorphous and crystalline phases allows for control of chiral response and varies chirality rapidly from -0.947 to +0.958 backward and forward via the chirality continuum. Our demonstrations underpin the rapid development of chiral photonics and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Sha
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Kang Du
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yixuan Zeng
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Fangxing Lai
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hanxu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Bo Song
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Jiecai Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macan Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Qinghai Song
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
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Li C, Pan R, Gu C, Guo H, Li J. Reconfigurable Micro/Nano-Optical Devices Based on Phase Transitions: From Materials, Mechanisms to Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306344. [PMID: 38489745 PMCID: PMC11132080 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous efforts have been devoted to exploring innovative micro/nano-optical devices (MNODs) with reconfigurable functionality, which is highly significant because of the progressively increasing requirements for next-generation photonic systems. Fortunately, phase change materials (PCMs) provide an extremely competitive pathway to achieve this goal. The phase transitions induce significant changes to materials in optical, electrical properties or shapes, triggering great research interests in applying PCMs to reconfigurable micro/nano-optical devices (RMNODs). More specifically, the PCMs-based RMNODs can interact with incident light in on-demand or adaptive manners and thus realize unique functions. In this review, RMNODs based on phase transitions are systematically summarized and comprehensively overviewed from materials, phase change mechanisms to applications. The reconfigurable optical devices consisting of three kinds of typical PCMs are emphatically introduced, including chalcogenides, transition metal oxides, and shape memory alloys, highlighting the reversible state switch and dramatic contrast of optical responses along with designated utilities generated by phase transition. Finally, a comprehensive summary of the whole content is given, discussing the challenge and outlooking the potential development of the PCMs-based RMNODs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Ruhao Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Changzhi Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Haiming Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Junjie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
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Fang Z, Chen R, Fröch JE, Tanguy QAA, Khan AI, Wu X, Tara V, Manna A, Sharp D, Munley C, Miller F, Zhao Y, Geiger S, Böhringer KF, Reynolds MS, Pop E, Majumdar A. Nonvolatile Phase-Only Transmissive Spatial Light Modulator with Electrical Addressability of Individual Pixels. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11245-11256. [PMID: 38639708 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Active metasurfaces with tunable subwavelength-scale nanoscatterers are promising platforms for high-performance spatial light modulators (SLMs). Among the tuning methods, phase-change materials (PCMs) are attractive because of their nonvolatile, threshold-driven, and drastic optical modulation, rendering zero-static power, crosstalk immunity, and compact pixels. However, current electrically controlled PCM-based metasurfaces are limited to global amplitude modulation, which is insufficient for SLMs. Here, an individual-pixel addressable, transmissive metasurface is experimentally demonstrated using the low-loss PCM Sb2Se3 and doped silicon nanowire heaters. The nanowires simultaneously form a diatomic metasurface, supporting a high-quality-factor (∼406) quasi-bound-state-in-the-continuum mode. A global phase-only modulation of ∼0.25π (∼0.2π) in simulation (experiment) is achieved, showing ten times enhancement. A 2π phase shift is further obtained using a guided-mode resonance with enhanced light-Sb2Se3 interaction. Finally, individual-pixel addressability and SLM functionality are demonstrated through deterministic multilevel switching (ten levels) and tunable far-field beam shaping. Our work presents zero-static power transmissive phase-only SLMs, enabled by electrically controlled low-loss PCMs and individual meta-molecule addressable metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Quentin A A Tanguy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Asir Intisar Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiangjin Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Virat Tara
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Arnab Manna
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David Sharp
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christopher Munley
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Forrest Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sarah Geiger
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karl F Böhringer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Institute for Nano-engineered Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthew S Reynolds
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Xiong Y, Zhang G, Tian Y, Wang JL, Wang Y, Zhuo Z, Zhao X. Optimization of a Ge 2Sb 2Te 5-Based Electrically Tunable Phase-Change Thermal Emitter for Dynamic Thermal Camouflage. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1641. [PMID: 38612154 PMCID: PMC11012450 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Controlling infrared thermal radiations can significantly improve the environmental adaptability of targets and has attracted increasing attention in the field of thermal camouflage. Thermal emitters based on Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) can flexibly change their radiation energy by controlling the reversible phase transition of GST, which possesses fast switching speed and low power consumption. However, the feasibility of the dynamic regulation of GST emitters lacks experimental and simulation verification. In this paper, we propose an electrically tunable thermal emitter consisting of a metal-insulator-metal plasmonic metasurface based on GST. Both optical and thermal simulations are conducted to optimize the structural parameters of the GST emitter. The results indicate that this emitter possesses large emissivity tunability, wide incident angle, polarization insensitivity, phase-transition feasibility, and dynamic thermal camouflage capability. Therefore, this work proposes a reliable optimization method to design viable GST-based thermal emitters. Moreover, it provides theoretical support for the practical application of phase-change materials in dynamic infrared thermal camouflage technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Xiong
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guoxu Zhang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yaolan Tian
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jun-Lei Wang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yunzheng Wang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhuang Zhuo
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Moitra P, Xu X, Maruthiyodan Veetil R, Liang X, Mass TWW, Kuznetsov AI, Paniagua-Domínguez R. Electrically Tunable Reflective Metasurfaces with Continuous and Full-Phase Modulation for High-Efficiency Wavefront Control at Visible Frequencies. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16952-16959. [PMID: 37585264 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
All-dielectric optical metasurfaces can locally control the amplitude and phase of light at the nanoscale, enabling arbitrary wavefront shaping. However, lack of postfabrication tunability has limited the true potential of metasurfaces for many applications. Here, we utilize a thin liquid crystal (LC) layer as a tunable medium surrounding the metasurface to achieve a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) with high reflection in the visible frequency, exhibiting active and continuous resonance tuning with associated 2π phase control and uncoupled amplitude. Dynamic wavefront shaping is demonstrated by programming 96 individually addressable electrodes with a small pixel pitch of ∼1 μm. The small pixel size is facilitated by the reduced LC thickness, strongly suppressing cross-talk among pixels. This device is used to demonstrate dynamic beam steering with a wide field-of-view and high absolute diffraction efficiencies. We believe that our demonstration may help realize next-generation, high-resolution SLMs, with wide applications in dynamic holography, tunable optics, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR), to mention a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parikshit Moitra
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xuewu Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Rasna Maruthiyodan Veetil
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xinan Liang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tobias W W Mass
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ramón Paniagua-Domínguez
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
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6
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Chen R, Fang Z, Perez C, Miller F, Kumari K, Saxena A, Zheng J, Geiger SJ, Goodson KE, Majumdar A. Non-volatile electrically programmable integrated photonics with a 5-bit operation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3465. [PMID: 37308496 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Scalable programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) can potentially transform the current state of classical and quantum optical information processing. However, traditional means of programming, including thermo-optic, free carrier dispersion, and Pockels effect result in either large device footprints or high static energy consumptions, significantly limiting their scalability. While chalcogenide-based non-volatile phase-change materials (PCMs) could mitigate these problems thanks to their strong index modulation and zero static power consumption, they often suffer from large absorptive loss, low cyclability, and lack of multilevel operation. Here, we report a wide-bandgap PCM antimony sulfide (Sb2S3)-clad silicon photonic platform simultaneously achieving low loss (<1.0 dB), high extinction ratio (>10 dB), high cyclability (>1600 switching events), and 5-bit operation. These Sb2S3-based devices are programmed via on-chip silicon PIN diode heaters within sub-ms timescale, with a programming energy density of [Formula: see text]. Remarkably, Sb2S3 is programmed into fine intermediate states by applying multiple identical pulses, providing controllable multilevel operations. Through dynamic pulse control, we achieve 5-bit (32 levels) operations, rendering 0.50 ± 0.16 dB per step. Using this multilevel behavior, we further trim random phase error in a balanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Zhuoran Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christopher Perez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Forrest Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Khushboo Kumari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Abhi Saxena
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jiajiu Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sarah J Geiger
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kenneth E Goodson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Fang Z, Chen R, Tara V, Majumdar A. Non-volatile phase-change materials for programmable photonics. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:783-786. [PMID: 37002168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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