1
|
Wang W, Chen Y, Feng P, Bu X. Tailorable Multi-Modular Pore-Space-Partitioned Vanadium Metal-Organic Frameworks for Gas Separation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403834. [PMID: 38718839 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Currently, few porous vanadium metal-organic frameworks (V-MOFs) are known and even fewer are obtainable as single crystals, resulting in limited information on their structures and properties. Here this work demonstrates remarkable promise of V-MOFs by presenting an extensible family of V-MOFs with tailorable pore geometry and properties. The synthesis leverages inter-modular synergy on a tri-modular pore-partitioned platform. New V-MOFs show a broad range of structural features and sorption properties suitable for gas storage and separation applications for C2H2/CO2, C2H6/C2H4, and C3H8/C3H6. The c/a ratio of the hexagonal cell, a measure of pore shape, is tunable from 0.612 to 1.258. Other tunable properties include pore size from 5.0 to 10.9 Å and surface area from 820 to 2964 m2 g-1. With C2H2/CO2 selectivity from 3.3 to 11 and high uptake capacity for C2H2 from 65.2 to 182 cm3 g-1 (298K, 1 bar), an efficient separation is confirmed by breakthrough experiments. The near-record high uptake for C2H6 (166.8 cm3 g-1) contributes to the promise for C2H6-selective separation of C2H6/C2H4. The multi-module pore expansion enables transition from C3H6-selective to more desirable C3H8-selective separation with extraordinarily high C3H8 uptake (254.9 cm3 g-1) and high separation potential (1.25 mmol g-1) for C3H8/C3H6 (50:50 v/v) mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Yichong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Pingyun Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Xianhui Bu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao Y, Chen Q, Zhang X, Li J. Enabling C 2H 2/CO 2 Separation Under Humid Conditions with a Methylated Copper MOF. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310025. [PMID: 38408136 PMCID: PMC11077691 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
As a unique subclass of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MOFs with open metal site (OMS) are demonstrated efficient gas separation performance through pi complexation with unsaturated hydrocarbons. However, their practical application faces the challenge of humidity that causes structure degradation and completive binding at the OMS. In this work, the effect of linker methylation of a copper MOF (BUT-155) on the C2H2/CO2 separation performance under humid condition is evaluated. The water adsorption isotherm, adsorption kinetics, and breakthrough under dry and humid conditions are performed. The BUT-155 with methylated linker exhibits lower water uptake and adsorption kinetics under humid condition (RH = 20%), in comparison with HKUST-1. Therefore, the C2H2/CO2 separation performance of BUT-155 is much less affected by water, especially under higher gas flow rate. Moreover, the dynamic C2H2/CO2 separation performance of BUT-155 can maintain five breakthrough cycles under humid conditions (RH = 20% and RH = 80%) without obvious performance degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Long Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemical EngineeringCollege of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing100124P. R. China
| | - Qiancheng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemical EngineeringCollege of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing100124P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemical EngineeringCollege of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing100124P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Rong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation and Department of Chemical EngineeringCollege of Materials Science & EngineeringBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing100124P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu L, Wu W, Hu M, Jiang L, Lin D, Wu J, Yang K. Double-walled Al-based MOF with large microporous specific surface area for trace benzene adsorption. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3204. [PMID: 38615115 PMCID: PMC11016061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Double-walled metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), synthesized using Zn and Co, are potential porous materials for trace benzene adsorption. Aluminum is with low-toxicity and abundance in nature, in comparison with Zn and Co. Therefore, a double-walled Al-based MOF, named as ZJU-520(Al), with large microporous specific surface area of 2235 m2 g-1, pore size distribution in the range of 9.26-12.99 Å and excellent chemical stability, was synthesized. ZJU-520(Al) is consisted by helical chain of AlO6 clusters and 4,6-Di(4-carboxyphenyl)pyrimidine ligands. Trace benzene adsorption of ZJU-520(Al) is up to 5.98 mmol g-1 at 298 K and P/P0 = 0.01. Adsorbed benzene molecules are trapped on two types of sites. One (site I) is near the AlO6 clusters, another (site II) is near the N atom of ligands, using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations. ZJU-520(Al) can effectively separate trace benzene from mixed vapor flow of benzene and cyclohexane, due to the adsorption affinity of benzene higher than that of cyclohexane. Therefore, ZJU-520(Al) is a potential adsorbent for trace benzene adsorption and benzene/cyclohexane separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laigang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang GD, Li YZ, Krishna R, Zhang WY, Hou L, Wang YY, Zhu Z. Scalable Synthesis of Robust MOF for Challenging Ethylene Purification and Propylene Recovery with Record Productivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319978. [PMID: 38369652 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Ethylene (C2H4) purification and propylene (C3H6) recovery are highly relevant in polymer synthesis, yet developing physisorbents for these industrial separation faces the challenges of merging easy scalability, economic feasibility, high moisture stability with great separation efficiency. Herein, we reported a robust and scalable MOF (MAC-4) for simultaneous recovery of C3H6 and C2H4. Through creating nonpolar pores decorated by accessible N/O sites, MAC-4 displays top-tier uptakes and selectivities for C2H6 and C3H6 over C2H4 at ambient conditions. Molecular modelling combined with infrared spectroscopy revealed that C2H6 and C3H6 molecules were trapped in the framework with stronger contacts relative to C2H4. Breakthrough experiments demonstrated exceptional separation performance for binary C2H6/C2H4 and C3H6/C2H4 as well as ternary C3H6/C2H6/C2H4 mixtures, simultaneously affording record productivities of 27.4 and 36.2 L kg-1 for high-purity C2H4 (≥99.9 %) and C3H6 (≥99.5 %). MAC-4 was facilely prepared at deckgram-scale under reflux condition within 3 hours, making it as a smart MOF to address challenging gas separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Ding Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Rajamani Krishna
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wen-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Lei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Jiang ZJ, Wang DR, Lu W, Li D. Machine Learning-Assisted Discovery of Propane-Selective Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6955-6961. [PMID: 38422479 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Machine learning is gaining momentum in the prediction and discovery of materials for specific applications. Given the abundance of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), computational screening of the existing MOFs for propane/propylene (C3H8/C3H6) separation could be equally important for developing new MOFs. Herein, we report a machine learning-assisted strategy for screening C3H8-selective MOFs from the CoRE MOF database. Among the four algorithms applied in machine learning, the random forest (RF) algorithm displays the highest degree of accuracy. We experimentally verified the identified top-performing MOF (JNU-90) with its benchmark selectivity and separation performance of directly producing C3H6. Considering its excellent hydrolytic stability, JNU-90 shows great promise in the energy-efficient separation of C3H8/C3H6. This work may accelerate the development of MOFs for challenging separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dong-Rong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weigang Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang F, Wang J, Wang Y, Yu B, Cao Y, Li J, Wu L, Huang J, Liu YN. Perfluoroalkyl-Decorated Noble-Metal-Free MOFs for the Highly Efficient One-Pot Four-Component Coupling between Aldehydes, Amines, Alkynes, and Flue Gas CO 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318115. [PMID: 38116913 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The non-noble-metal catalysed-multicomponent reactions between flue gas CO2 and cheap industrial raw stocks into high value-added fine chemicals is a promising manner for the ideal CO2 utilization route. To achieve this, the key fundamental challenge is the rational development of highly efficient and facile reaction pathway while establishing compatible catalytic system. Herein, through the stepwise solvent-assisted linker installation, post-synthetic fluorination and metalation, we report the construction of a series of perfluoroalkyl-decorated noble-metal-free metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) PCN-(BPY-CuI)-(TPDC-Fx ) [BPY=2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylate, TPDC-NH2 =2'-amino-[1,1':4',1''-terphenyl]-4,4''-dicarboxylic acid] that can catalyze the one-pot four-component reaction between alkyne, aldehyde, amine and flue gas CO2 for the preparation of 2-oxazolidinones. Such assembly endows the MOFs with superhydrophobic microenvironment, superior water resistance and highly stable catalytic site, leading to 21 times higher turnover numbers than that of homogeneous counterparts. Mechanism investigation implied that the substrates can be efficiently enriched by the MOF wall and then the adsorbed amine species act as an extrinsic binding site towards dilute CO2 through their strong preferential formation to carbamate acid. Moreover, density functional theory calculations suggest the tetrahedral geometry of Cu in MOF offers special resistance towards amine poisoning, thus maintaining its high efficiency during the catalytic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - You Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Benling Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jianhan Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - You-Nian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Material Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao C, Tian J, Chen Q, Hong M. Water-stable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): rational construction and carbon dioxide capture. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1570-1610. [PMID: 38303941 PMCID: PMC10829030 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered to be a promising porous material due to their excellent porosity and chemical tailorability. However, due to the relatively weak strength of coordination bonds, the stability (e.g., water stability) of MOFs is usually poor, which severely inhibits their practical applications. To prepare water-stable MOFs, several important strategies such as increasing the bonding strength of building units and introducing hydrophobic units have been proposed, and many MOFs with excellent water stability have been prepared. Carbon dioxide not only causes a range of climate and health problems but also is a by-product of some important chemicals (e.g., natural gas). Due to their excellent adsorption performances, MOFs are considered as a promising adsorbent that can capture carbon dioxide efficiently and energetically, and many water-stable MOFs have been used to capture carbon dioxide in various scenarios, including flue gas decarbonization, direct air capture, and purified crude natural gas. In this review, we first introduce the design and synthesis of water-stable MOFs and then describe their applications in carbon dioxide capture, and finally provide some personal comments on the challenges facing these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jindou Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 P. R. China
| | - Qihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Maochun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gong W, Xie Y, Yamano A, Ito S, Reinheimer EW, Dong J, Malliakas CD, Proserpio DM, Cui Y, Farha OK. Rational Design and Reticulation of Infinite qbe Rod Secondary Building Units into Metal-Organic Frameworks through a Global Desymmetrization Approach for Inverse C 3 H 8 /C 3 H 6 Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202318475. [PMID: 38078602 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of reticular chemistry has enabled the construction of a large array of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with diverse net topologies and functions. However, dominating this class of materials are those built from discrete/finite secondary building units (SBUs), yet the designed synthesis of frameworks involving infinite rod-shaped SBUs remain underdeveloped. Here, by virtue of a global linker desymmetrization approach, we successfully targeted a novel Cu-MOF (Cu-ASY) incorporating infinite Cu-carboxylate rod SBUs with its structure determined by micro electron diffraction (MicroED) crystallography. Interestingly, the rod SBU can be simplified as a unique cylindric sphere packing qbe tubule made of [43 .62 ] tiles, which further connect the tritopic linkers to give a newly discovered 3,5-connected gfc net. Cu-ASY is a permanent ultramicroporous material featuring 1D channels with highly inert surfaces and shows a preferential adsorption of propane (C3 H8 ) over propene (C3 H6 ). The efficiency of C3 H8 selective Cu-ASY is validated by multicycle breakthrough experiments, giving C3 H6 productivity of 2.2 L/kg. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that C3 H8 molecules form multiple C-H⋅⋅⋅π and atypical C-H⋅⋅⋅ H-C van der Waals interactions with the inner nonpolar surfaces. This work therefore highlights the linker desymmetrization as an encouraging and intriguing strategy for achieving unique MOF structures and properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwesterrsity, 60208, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Akihito Yamano
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, 196-8666, Akishima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Ito
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, 196-8666, Akishima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric W Reinheimer
- Rigaku Americas Corporation, 9009 New Trails Drive, 77381, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Jinqiao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Christos D Malliakas
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwesterrsity, 60208, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Davide M Proserpio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwesterrsity, 60208, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 60208, Evanston, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|