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Wong HQ, Lin TH, Liao JM, Kholimatussadiah S, Baskoro F, Tsai HHG, Yen HJ. Electroactive Carbazole-Based Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Computational Studies. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29379-29390. [PMID: 39005832 PMCID: PMC11238223 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we explored the oxidative coupling reactions of carbazole-based polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using traditional Scholl reactions and electrochemical oxidation. Our findings indicate that the oxidation predominantly occurs at the carbazole functional group. The underlying reaction mechanisms were also clarified through theoretical investigations, highlighting that the primary oxidation pathway involves the 3,6-positions of the carbazole moiety, which is attributable to its high electron density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qi Wong
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Sustainable
Chemical Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate
Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica and National
Taiwan University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsuan Lin
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan
University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ming Liao
- Department
of Chemistry, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Septia Kholimatussadiah
- Nano Science
and Technology Program, TIGP, Academia Sinica
and National Taiwan University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Febri Baskoro
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsu Gavin Tsai
- Department
of Chemistry, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
- Research
Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Module, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Road, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ju Yen
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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2
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Konwar M, Hazarika N, Sarmah BK, Das A. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of Imidazo[1,5-a]quinolin-2-iums Salts and Internal Alkynes via C-H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401133. [PMID: 38593238 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II)-catalyzed synthesis of π-conjugated fused imidazo[1,5-a]quinolin-2-ium derivatives have been achieved via C-H activation of quinoline-functionalized NHC (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) and oxidative coupling with internal alkynes. The reaction occurred with high efficiency, broad substrate scope, tolerates a wide range of functional groups and utilized into a gram-scale. Synthetic applications of the coupled product have been exemplified in the late-stage derivatization of various highly functionalized scaffolds. Moreover, most of the annulated products exhibit intense fluorescence and have potential applications in optoelectronic devices. Mechanistic studies have provided insights into the spectroscopic characterization of key five-membered ruthenacycle intermediate and Ru(0) sandwich species. Based on several control experiments, deuterium-kinetic isotope effect, and thermodynamic activation parameters the mechanistic finding demonstrated that fused imidazo-[1,5-a]quinolin-2-ium C(2)-H bond cleavage is the rate-determining step and ruling out the possibility of reductive elimination for controlling the rate of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monuranjan Konwar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nitumoni Hazarika
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Bikash Kumar Sarmah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
- Department of Chemistry, Sonari College, Charaideo, 785690, Assam, India
| | - Animesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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3
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Pan C, Chu L, Liu T, Xu ZJ, Wang L, Han J. Palladium-Catalyzed Triple Suzuki-Miyaura Reactions Using Cyclic (Vinyl Triflate)iodonium Salts. Org Lett 2024; 26:4168-4172. [PMID: 38727243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
By using cyclic (vinyl triflate)iodonium salts, a novel triple Suzuki-Miyaura reaction was accomplished for the synthesis of polyaromatic ethylene derivatives in the presence of palladium catalysts. The reaction exhibits extensive compatibility with a wide range of readily available arylboronic acids, giving triaryl-substituted ethylenes in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Pan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Department of Fine Chemistry and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Chu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Department of Fine Chemistry and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiyou Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Department of Fine Chemistry and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Jiang Xu
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Department of Fine Chemistry and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Department of Fine Chemistry and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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4
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Yan B, Lei M, Tang Z, Liao H, Xu K. Tandem Electrochemical Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Amines Towards Carbazoles and Phenazine-based Aza-helicenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400614. [PMID: 38505987 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical study of the regioselectivity and mechanism of polycyclic aromatic amine (PAA) electrochemical oxidation is important for designing nitrogen doped large π-conjugated functional molecules. Herein, we used binary-, ternary-, and quaternary-fused PAAs as electro-oxidative reaction substrates to investigate the yield changes of carbazole and phenazine based aza-helicene other than oligomers, which were obtained through pyrrole and pyrazine annulation pathways. Combined with the restrained electrostatic potential (RESP) and steric hindrance factor analysis of the substrate, the electron spin density distribution of free radical resonance hybrid and the spin population analysis of the atoms in the structure of each free radical tautomer indicate that the degree of delocalized dispersion of N free radical and the resulting change in the spin density distribution of C free radical tautomers determine the reaction regioselectivity. The potential charge of the K-region, Bay-region, and L-region adjacent to the C(α)-C(β1) bond is higher than that of other regions within the molecule, and the charge in these high RESP regions tends to delocalize more strongly toward electron-deficient N free radicals. Thus, the activity of N-C(α)-C(β1) region is increased, which supports the proposed free radical addition and free radical coupling mechanism for the electro-oxidative reaction of PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boning Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zefeng Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hengyi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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5
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Wang WZ, Wang Q, He X, Shen YH, Zhai Z, Zhang R, Li Y, Ye KY. Electrochemical Continuous-Flow Scholl Reaction toward Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Org Lett 2024; 26:2243-2248. [PMID: 38456736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The preparation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by the Scholl reaction is typically performed by using superstoichiometric oxidants. Herein, we develop an electrochemical continuous-flow Scholl reaction to access PAHs that features a reduction in the use of supporting electrolytes and easy scale-up without changing the reaction conditions and setups. This reaction allows the synthesis of distorted PAHs containing three [5]helicene units that possess intriguing electronic and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xinglei He
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yi-Han Shen
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zi'ang Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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6
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Yang Y, Wu Y, Bin Z, Zhang C, Tan G, You J. Discovery of Organic Optoelectronic Materials Powered by Oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1224-1243. [PMID: 38173272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Efficient and streamlined synthetic methods that facilitate the rapid build-up of structurally diverse π-conjugated systems are of paramount importance in the quest for organic optoelectronic materials. Among these methods, transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling reactions between two (hetero)arenes have emerged as a concise and effective approach for generating a wide array of bi(hetero)aryl and fused heteroaryl structures. This innovative approach bypasses challenges associated with substrate pre-activation processes, thereby allowing for the creation of frameworks that were previously beyond reach using conventional Ar-X/Ar-M coupling reactions. These inherent advantages have ushered in new design patterns for organic optoelectronic molecules that deviate from traditional methods. This ground-breaking approach enables the transcendence of the limitations of repetitive material structures, ultimately leading to the discovery of novel high-performance materials. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of recent advances in the development of organic optoelectronic materials through the utilization of transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling reactions. We introduce several notable synthetic strategies in this domain, covering both directed and non-directed oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling strategies, dual chelation-assisted strategy and directed ortho-C-H arylation/cyclization strategy. Additionally, we shed light on the role of oxidative Ar-H/Ar-H coupling reactions in the advancement of high-performance organic optoelectronic materials. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of existing protocols and offer insights into the future prospects for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyang Bin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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