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Wang MQ, You ZN, Yang BY, Xia ZW, Chen Q, Pan J, Li CX, Xu JH. Machine-Learning-Guided Engineering of an NADH-Dependent 7β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase for Economic Synthesis of Ursodeoxycholic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19672-19681. [PMID: 38016669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) catalyzed by an NADH-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH) is more economic compared with an NADPH-dependent 7β-HSDH when considering the much higher cost of NADP+/NADPH than that of NAD+/NADH. However, the poor catalytic performance of NADH-dependent 7β-HSDH significantly limits its practical applications. Herein, machine-learning-guided protein engineering was performed on an NADH-dependent Rt7β-HSDHM0 from Ruminococcus torques. We combined random forest, Gaussian Naïve Bayes classifier, and Gaussian process regression with limited experimental data, resulting in the best variant Rt7β-HSDHM3 (R40I/R41K/F94Y/S196A/Y253F) with improvements in specific activity and half-life (40 °C) by 4.1-fold and 8.3-fold, respectively. The preparative biotransformation using a "two stage in one pot" sequential process coupled with Rt7β-HSDHM3 exhibited a space-time yield (STY) of 192 g L-1 d-1, which is so far the highest productivity for the biosynthesis of UDCA from chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) with NAD+ as a cofactor. More importantly, the cost of raw materials for the enzymatic production of UDCA employing Rt7β-HSDHM3 decreased by 22% in contrast to that of Rt7β-HSDHM0, indicating the tremendous potential of the variant Rt7β-HSDHM3 for more efficient and economic production of UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Qiang Wang
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Neng You
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Yi Yang
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Wei Xia
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Pan
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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2
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Abstract
The ability to site-selectively modify equivalent functional groups in a molecule has the potential to streamline syntheses and increase product yields by lowering step counts. Enzymes catalyze site-selective transformations throughout primary and secondary metabolism, but leveraging this capability for non-native substrates and reactions requires a detailed understanding of the potential and limitations of enzyme catalysis and how these bounds can be extended by protein engineering. In this review, we discuss representative examples of site-selective enzyme catalysis involving functional group manipulation and C-H bond functionalization. We include illustrative examples of native catalysis, but our focus is on cases involving non-native substrates and reactions often using engineered enzymes. We then discuss the use of these enzymes for chemoenzymatic transformations and target-oriented synthesis and conclude with a survey of tools and techniques that could expand the scope of non-native site-selective enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Harrison M Snodgrass
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christian A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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3
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Song P, Zhang X, Feng W, Xu W, Wu C, Xie S, Yu S, Fu R. Biological synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1140662. [PMID: 36910199 PMCID: PMC9998936 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1140662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a fundamental treatment drug for numerous hepatobiliary diseases that also has adjuvant therapeutic effects on certain cancers and neurological diseases. Chemical UDCA synthesis is environmentally unfriendly with low yields. Biological UDCA synthesis by free-enzyme catalysis or whole-cell synthesis using inexpensive and readily available chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA), or lithocholic acid (LCA) as substrates is being developed. The free enzyme-catalyzed one-pot, one-step/two-step method uses hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH); whole-cell synthesis, mainly uses engineered bacteria (mainly Escherichia coli) expressing the relevant HSDHs. To further develop these methods, HSDHs with specific coenzyme dependence, high enzyme activity, good stability, and high substrate loading concentration, P450 monooxygenase with C-7 hydroxylation activity and engineered strain harboring HSDHs must be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Chaoyun Wu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Shaoqing Xie
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Sisi Yu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Rongzhao Fu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
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4
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Liu Z, Zhang R, Zhang W, Xu Y. Structure-based rational design of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases for improving and diversifying steroid synthesis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022:1-17. [PMID: 35834355 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2054770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A group of steroidogenic enzymes, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are involved in steroid metabolism which is very important in the cell: signaling, growth, reproduction, and energy homeostasis. The enzymes show an inherent function in the interconversion of ketosteroids and hydroxysteroids in a position- and stereospecific manner on the steroid nucleus and side-chains. However, the biocatalysis of steroids reaction is a vital and demanding, yet challenging, task to produce the desired enantiopure products with non-natural substrates or non-natural cofactors, and/or in non-physiological conditions. This has driven the use of protein design strategies to improve their inherent biosynthetic efficiency or activate their silent catalytic ability. In this review, the innate features and catalytic characteristics of enzymes based on sequence-structure-function relationships of steroidogenic enzymes are reviewed. Combining structure information and catalytic mechanisms, progress in protein redesign to stimulate potential function, for example, substrate specificity, cofactor dependence, and catalytic stability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenchi Zhang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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5
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Bertuletti S, Ferrandi EE, Monti D, Fronza G, Bassanini I, Riva S. Synthesis of ω‐Muricholic Acid by One‐Pot Enzymatic Mitsunobu Inversion using Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Bertuletti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 Milano 20131 Italy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department University of Milan Via Mangiagalli 25 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Erica Elisa Ferrandi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 Milano 20131 Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 Milano 20131 Italy
| | - Giovanni Fronza
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mancinelli 7 Milano 20131 Italy
| | - Ivan Bassanini
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 Milano 20131 Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 Milano 20131 Italy
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6
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Abdalla M, Jiang B, Hassanin HAM, Zheng L, Chen J. One-pot production of maltoheptaose (DP7) from starch by sequential addition of cyclodextrin glucotransferase and cyclomaltodextrinase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 149:109847. [PMID: 34311884 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Maltodextrins (dextrins) are glucose chains normally produced by starch hydrolysis. Maltodextrins are characterized by their degree of polymerization (DP), which indicates the average number of glucose units per chain. Maltoheptaose (DP7), also known as amyloheptaose, is one of the maltodextrin mixtures widely used in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, the enzymatic synthesis of DP7 has attracted considerable attention, owing to its considerable advantages over chemical methods. In this work, we have designed a one-pot cascade reaction bio-synthesis starting from soluble starch to produce a specific degree of polymerization (DP7). The reaction system was catalyzed by cyclodextrin glucotransferase (GaCGT) from Gracilibacillus alcaliphilus SK51.001CGTase (transglycosylation/cyclization reaction) and cyclomaltodextrinase (BsCD) from Bacillus sphaericus E-244CDase (ring-opening reaction). The one-pot cascade reaction exhibited an optimum temperature of 30 °C and pH 7.0, and the addition of Ca2+ enhanced the maltoheptaose production. The optimum enzyme units for the one-pot cascade reaction were 80 U/g of GaCGT and 1 U/g of BsCD. However, the sequential addition of the enzymes exhibited a 5-fold higher conversion rate over simultaneous addition. The one-pot cascade reaction converted 30 g/L of soluble starch to 5.4 g/L of maltoheptaose in 1 h reaction time with a conversion rate of 16 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdalla
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Department of Food Processing, Faculty of Engineering and Technical Studies, University of El Imam El Mahadi, P. O. Box 209, Kosti, Sudan
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Hinawi A M Hassanin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Luhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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7
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A cascade reaction for the synthesis of d-fagomine precursor revisited: Kinetic insight and understanding of the system. N Biotechnol 2021; 63:19-28. [PMID: 33640482 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of aldol adduct (3S,4R)-6-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino]-5,6-dideoxyhex-2-ulose, a precursor of the interesting dietary supplement, iminosugar d-fagomine, was studied in a cascade reaction with three enzymes starting from Cbz-N-3-aminopropanol. This system was studied previously using a statistical optimization method which enabled a 79 % yield of the aldol adduct with a 10 % yield of the undesired amino acid by-product. Here, a kinetic model of the cascade, including enzyme operational stability decay rate and the undesired overoxidation of the intermediate product, was developed. The validated model was instrumental in the optimization of the cascade reaction in the batch reactor. Simulations were carried out to determine the variables with the most significant impact on substrate conversion and product yield. As a result, process conditions were found that provided the aldol adduct in 92 % yield with only 0.7 % yield of the amino acid in a one-pot one-step reaction. Additionally, compared to previous work, this improved process outcome was achieved at lower concentrations of two enzymes used in the reaction. With this study the advantages are demonstrated of a modelling approach in developing complex biocatalytical processes. Mathematical models enable better understanding of the interactions of variables in the investigated system, reduce cost, experimental efforts in the lab and time necessary to obtain results since the simulations are carried out in silico.
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8
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Bertuletti S, Ferrandi EE, Marzorati S, Vanoni M, Riva S, Monti D. Insights into the Substrate Promiscuity of Novel Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Bertuletti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC), CNR Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano Via Giuseppe Colombo 60 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Erica Elisa Ferrandi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC), CNR Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Stefano Marzorati
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC), CNR Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Marta Vanoni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC), CNR Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC), CNR Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC), CNR Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
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9
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Ferrandi EE, Bertuletti S, Monti D, Riva S. Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: An Ongoing Story. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Elisa Ferrandi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Susanna Bertuletti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Giuseppe Colombo 60 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta” (SCITEC); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milano Italy
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10
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Shi S, You Z, Zhou K, Chen Q, Pan J, Qian X, Xu J, Li C. Efficient Synthesis of 12‐Oxochenodeoxycholic Acid Using a 12α‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase fromRhodococcus ruber. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shou‐Cheng Shi
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi‐Neng You
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Pan
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Long Qian
- Suzhou Bioforany EnzyTech Co. Ltd. No. 8 Yanjiuyuan Road, Economic Development Zone, Changshu Jiangsu 215512 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian‐He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Xiu Li
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
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11
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Tonin F, Otten LG, Arends IWCE. NAD + -Dependent Enzymatic Route for the Epimerization of Hydroxysteroids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3192-3203. [PMID: 30265441 PMCID: PMC6681466 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Epimerization of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid (CA and CDCA, respectively) is a notable conversion for the production of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Two enantiocomplementary hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (7α- and 7β-HSDHs) can carry out this transformation fully selectively by specific oxidation of the 7α-OH group of the substrate and subsequent reduction of the keto intermediate to the final product (7β-OH). With a view to developing robust and active biocatalysts, novel NADH-active 7β-HSDH species are necessary to enable a solely NAD+ -dependent redox-neutral cascade for UDCA production. A wild-type NADH-dependent 7β-HSDH from Lactobacillus spicheri (Ls7β-HSDH) was identified, recombinantly expressed, purified, and biochemically characterized. Using this novel NAD+ -dependent 7β-HSDH enzyme in combination with 7α-HSDH from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia permitted the biotransformations of CA and CDCA in the presence of catalytic amounts of NAD+ , resulting in high yields (>90 %) of UCA and UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tonin
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Linda G. Otten
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Isabel W. C. E. Arends
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
- Present address: Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityBudapestlaan 63584 CDUtrechtThe Netherlands
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12
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Tonin F, Alvarenga N, Ye JZ, Arends IWCE, Hanefeld U. Clean Enzymatic Oxidation of 12α‐Hydroxysteroids to 12‐Oxo‐Derivatives Catalyzed by Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tonin
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Natália Alvarenga
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jia Zheng Ye
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel W. C. E. Arends
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Present address: Faculty of Science Utrecht University Budapestlaan 6 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Taek Hwang
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonbyul Lee
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Republic of Korea
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14
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Chen X, Cui Y, Feng J, Wang Y, Liu X, Wu Q, Zhu D, Ma Y. Flavin Oxidoreductase‐Mediated Regeneration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide with Dioxygen and Catalytic Amount of Flavin Mononucleotide for One‐Pot Multi‐Enzymatic Preparation of Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
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15
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Knaus T, Cariati L, Masman MF, Mutti FG. In vitro biocatalytic pathway design: orthogonal network for the quantitative and stereospecific amination of alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:8313-8325. [PMID: 28936532 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01927k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct and efficient conversion of alcohols into amines is a pivotal transformation in chemistry. Here, we present an artificial, oxidation-reduction, biocatalytic network that employs five enzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase, NADP-oxidase, catalase, amine dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase) in two concurrent and orthogonal cycles. The NADP-dependent oxidative cycle converts a diverse range of aromatic and aliphatic alcohol substrates to the carbonyl compound intermediates, whereas the NAD-dependent reductive aminating cycle generates the related amine products with >99% enantiomeric excess (R) and up to >99% conversion. The elevated conversions stem from the favorable thermodynamic equilibrium (K'eq = 1.88 × 1042 and 1.48 × 1041 for the amination of primary and secondary alcohols, respectively). This biocatalytic network possesses elevated atom efficiency, since the reaction buffer (ammonium formate) is both the aminating agent and the source of reducing equivalents. Additionally, only dioxygen is needed, whereas water and carbonate are the by-products. For the oxidative step, we have employed three variants of the NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus and we have elucidated the origin of the stereoselective properties of these variants with the aid of in silico computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Knaus
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, HIMS-Biocat, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
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16
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Tonin F, Arends IWCE. Latest development in the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA): a critical review. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:470-483. [PMID: 29520309 PMCID: PMC5827811 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a pharmaceutical ingredient widely used in clinics. As bile acid it solubilizes cholesterol gallstones and improves the liver function in case of cholestatic diseases. UDCA can be obtained from cholic acid (CA), which is the most abundant and least expensive bile acid available. The now available chemical routes for the obtainment of UDCA yield about 30% of final product. For these syntheses several protection and deprotection steps requiring toxic and dangerous reagents have to be performed, leading to the production of a series of waste products. In many cases the cholic acid itself first needs to be prepared from its taurinated and glycilated derivatives in the bile, thus adding to the complexity and multitude of steps involved of the synthetic process. For these reasons, several studies have been performed towards the development of microbial transformations or chemoenzymatic procedures for the synthesis of UDCA starting from CA or chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). This promising approach led several research groups to focus their attention on the development of biotransformations with non-pathogenic, easy-to-manage microorganisms, and their enzymes. In particular, the enzymatic reactions involved are selective hydrolysis, epimerization of the hydroxy functions (by oxidation and subsequent reduction) and the specific hydroxylation and dehydroxylation of suitable positions in the steroid rings. In this minireview, we critically analyze the state of the art of the production of UDCA by several chemical, chemoenzymatic and enzymatic routes reported, highlighting the bottlenecks of each production step. Particular attention is placed on the precursors availability as well as the substrate loading in the process. Potential new routes and recent developments are discussed, in particular on the employment of flow-reactors. The latter technology allows to develop processes with shorter reaction times and lower costs for the chemical and enzymatic reactions involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tonin
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel W C E Arends
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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17
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Presečki AV, Pintarić L, Švarc A, Vasić-Rački Đ. Different strategies for multi-enzyme cascade reaction for chiral vic-1,2-diol production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:793-802. [PMID: 29464310 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective three-enzyme cascade for the one-pot synthesis of (1S,2S)-1-phenylpropane-1,2-diol ((1S,2S)-1-PPD) from inexpensive starting substrates, benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde, was explored. By coupling stereoselective carboligation catalyzed by benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD), L-selective reduction of a carbonyl group with alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis (ADHLb) as well as the coenzyme regeneration by formate dehydrogenase (FDH), enantiomerically pure diastereoselective 1,2-diol was produced. Two different multi-enzyme system approaches were applied: the sequential two-step one-pot and the simultaneous one-pot cascade. All enzymes were kinetically characterized. The impact of acetaldehyde on the BFD and ADHLb stability was investigated. To overcome the kinetic limitation of acetaldehyde in the carboligation reaction and to reduce its influence on the enzyme stability, experiments were performed in two different excesses of acetaldehyde (100 and 300%). Due to the ADHLb deactivation by acetaldehyde, the simultaneous one-pot cascade proved not to be the first choice for the investigated three-enzyme system. In the sequential cascade with 300% acetaldehyde excess a 100% yield of vic 1,2-diol was reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vrsalović Presečki
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska cesta 16, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lela Pintarić
- Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anera Švarc
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska cesta 16, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Đurđa Vasić-Rački
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska cesta 16, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Zheng MM, Chen FF, Li H, Li CX, Xu JH. Continuous Production of Ursodeoxycholic Acid by Using Two Cascade Reactors with Co-immobilized Enzymes. Chembiochem 2017; 19:347-353. [PMID: 28926166 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is an effective drug for the treatment of hepatitis. In this study, 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), were co-immobilized onto an epoxy-functionalized resin (ES-103) to catalyze the synthesis of UDCA from chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Through optimizing the immobilization pH, time, and loading ratio of enzymes to resin, the specific activities of immobilized LDH-7αHSDH@ES-103 and 7βHSDH-GDH@ES-103 were 43.2 and 25.8 U g-1 , respectively, which were 12- and 516-fold higher than that under the initial immobilization conditions. Continuous production of UDCA from CDCA was subsequently achieved by using immobilized LDH-7αHSDH@ES-103 and 7βHSDH-GDH@ES-103 in two serial packed-bed reactors. The yield of UDCA reached nearly 100 % and lasted for at least 12 h in the packed-bed reactors, which was superior to that of the batchwise reaction. This efficient continuous approach developed herein might provide a feasible route for large-scale biotransformation of CDCA into UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Fei-Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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19
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Schrittwieser JH, Velikogne S, Hall M, Kroutil W. Artificial Biocatalytic Linear Cascades for Preparation of Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2017; 118:270-348. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Velikogne
- ACIB
GmbH, Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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20
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21
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Wang R, Wu J, Jin DK, Chen Y, Lv Z, Chen Q, Miao Q, Huo X, Wang F. Structure of NADP +-bound 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reveals two cofactor-binding modes. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:246-252. [PMID: 28471355 PMCID: PMC5417313 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x17004460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, bile acids/salts and their glycine and taurine conjugates are effectively recycled through enterohepatic circulation. 7β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (7β-HSDHs; EC 1.1.1.201), including that from the intestinal microbe Collinsella aerofaciens, catalyse the NADPH-dependent reversible oxidation of secondary bile-acid products to avoid potential toxicity. Here, the first structure of NADP+ bound to dimeric 7β-HSDH is presented. In one active site, NADP+ adopts a conventional binding mode similar to that displayed in related enzyme structures. However, in the other active site a unique binding mode is observed in which the orientation of the nicotinamide is different. Since 7β-HSDH has become an attractive target owing to the wide and important pharmaceutical use of its product ursodeoxycholic acid, this work provides a more detailed template to support rational protein engineering to improve the enzymatic activities of this useful biocatalyst, further improving the yield of ursodeoxycholic acid and its other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaquan Wu
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - David Kin Jin
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yali Chen
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijia Lv
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiwei Miao
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Huo
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd, A5, 6 Dongsheng West Road, 214437 Jiangyin, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Zheng MM, Chen KC, Wang RF, Li H, Li CX, Xu JH. Engineering 7β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase for Enhanced Ursodeoxycholic Acid Production by Multiobjective Directed Evolution. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1178-1185. [PMID: 28116898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the main active ingredient of natural bear bile powder with multiple pharmacological functions. 7β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) is a key biocatalyst for the synthesis of UDCA. However, all the 7β-HSDHs reported commonly suffer from poor activity and thermostability, resulting in limited productivity of UDCA. In this study, a multiobjective directed evolution (MODE) strategy was proposed and applied to improve the activity, thermostability, and pH optimum of a 7β-HSDH. The best variant (V3-1) showed a specific activity 5.5-fold higher than and a half-life 3-fold longer than those of the wild type. In addition, the pH optimum of the variant was shifted to a weakly alkaline value. In the cascade reaction, the productivity of UDCA with V3-1 increased to 942 g L-1 day-1, in contrast to 141 g L-1 day-1 with the wild type. Therefore, this study provides a useful strategy for improving the catalytic efficiency of a key enzyme that significantly facilitated the bioproduction of UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and ‡Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Cai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and ‡Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and ‡Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and ‡Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and ‡Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and ‡Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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23
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Krauser S, Weyler C, Blaß LK, Heinzle E. Directed multistep biocatalysis using tailored permeabilized cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 137:185-234. [PMID: 23989897 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
: Recent developments in the field of biocatalysis using permeabilized cells are reviewed here, with a special emphasis on the newly emerging area of multistep biocatalysis using permeabilized cells. New methods of metabolic engineering using in silico network design and new methods of genetic engineering provide the opportunity to design more complex biocatalysts for the synthesis of complex biomolecules. Methods for the permeabilization of cells are thoroughly reviewed. We provide an extended review of useful available databases and bioinformatics tools, particularly for setting up genome-scale reconstructed networks. Examples described include phosphorylated carbohydrates, sugar nucleotides, and polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Krauser
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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24
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Savino S, Ferrandi EE, Forneris F, Rovida S, Riva S, Monti D, Mattevi A. Structural and biochemical insights into 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase stereoselectivity. Proteins 2016; 84:859-65. [PMID: 27006087 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are of great interest as biocatalysts for transformations involving steroid substrates. They feature a high degree of stereo- and regio-selectivity, acting on a defined atom with a specific configuration of the steroid nucleus. The crystal structure of 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Collinsella aerofaciens reveals a loop gating active-site accessibility, the bases of the specificity for NADP(+) , and the general architecture of the steroid binding site. Comparison with 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase provides a rationale for the opposite stereoselectivity. The presence of a C-terminal extension reshapes the substrate site of the β-selective enzyme, possibly leading to an inverted orientation of the bound substrate. Proteins 2016; 84:859-865. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Savino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Erica Elisa Ferrandi
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Federico Forneris
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Rovida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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25
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Kollerov VV, Lobastova TG, Monti D, Deshcherevskaya NO, Ferrandi EE, Fronza G, Riva S, Donova MV. Deoxycholic acid transformations catalyzed by selected filamentous fungi. Steroids 2016; 107:20-9. [PMID: 26718089 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
More than 100 filamentous fungi strains, mostly ascomycetes and zygomycetes from different phyla, were screened for the ability to convert deoxycholic acid (DCA) to valuable bile acid derivatives. Along with 11 molds which fully degraded DCA, several strains were revealed capable of producing cholic acid, ursocholic acid, 12-keto-lithocholic acid (12-keto-LCA), 3-keto-DCA, 15β-hydroxy-DCA and 15β-hydroxy-12-oxo-LCA as major products from DCA. The last metabolite was found to be a new compound. The ability to catalyze the introduction of a hydroxyl group at the 7(α/β)-positions of the DCA molecule was shown for 32 strains with the highest 7β-hydroxylase activity level for Fusarium merismoides VKM F-2310. Curvularia lunata VKM F-644 exhibited 12α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and formed 12-keto-LCA from DCA. Acremonium rutilum VKM F-2853 and Neurospora crassa VKM F-875 produced 15β-hydroxy-DCA and 15β-hydroxy-12-oxo-LCA, respectively, as major products from DCA, as confirmed by MS and NMR analyses. For most of the positive strains, the described DCA-transforming activity was unreported to date. The presented results expand the knowledge on bile acid metabolism by filamentous fungi, and might be suitable for preparative-scale exploitation aimed at the production of marketed bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Kollerov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - T G Lobastova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - D Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare - C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - N O Deshcherevskaya
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - E E Ferrandi
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare - C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - G Fronza
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare - C.N.R., UOS-Milano Politecnico, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - S Riva
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare - C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - M V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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26
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Miro P, Marin ML, Miranda MA. Radical-mediated dehydrogenation of bile acids by means of hydrogen atom transfer to triplet carbonyls. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2679-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02561c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to explore the potential of radical-mediated dehydrogenation of bile salts (BSs), which is reminiscent of the enzymatic action of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes (HSDH).
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Miro
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC)
- Departamento de Química. Universitat Politècnica de València
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - M. L. Marin
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC)
- Departamento de Química. Universitat Politècnica de València
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - M. A. Miranda
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC)
- Departamento de Química. Universitat Politècnica de València
- Valencia
- Spain
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27
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Zheng MM, Wang RF, Li CX, Xu JH. Two-step enzymatic synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid with a new 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Ruminococcus torques. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Sudar M, Findrik Z, Vasić-Rački Đ, Soler A, Clapés P. A new concept for production of (3S,4R)-6-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino]-5,6-dideoxyhex-2-ulose, a precursor of d-fagomine. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14414k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel cascade reaction combining three enzymes in one pot for the production of aldol adduct (3S,4R)-6-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino]-5,6-dideoxyhex-2-ulose was studied and 79% yield on aldol adduct was achieved in the batch reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sudar
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Zvjezdana Findrik
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Đurđa Vasić-Rački
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Anna Soler
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia
- Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group
- IQAC-CSIC
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Pere Clapés
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia
- Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group
- IQAC-CSIC
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
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29
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Eggert T, Bakonyi D, Hummel W. Enzymatic routes for the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. J Biotechnol 2014; 191:11-21. [PMID: 25131646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid, a secondary bile acid, is used as a drug for the treatment of various liver diseases, the optimal dose comprises the range of 8-10mg/kg/day. For industrial syntheses, the structural complexity of this bile acid requires the use of an appropriate starting material as well as the application of regio- and enantio-selective enzymes for its derivatization. Most strategies for the synthesis start from cholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid. The latter requires the conversion of the hydroxyl group at C-7 from α- into β-position in order to obtain ursodeoxycholic acid. Cholic acid on the other hand does not only require the same epimerization reaction at C-7 but the removal of the hydroxyl group at C-12 as well. There are several bacterial regio- and enantio-selective hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) to carry out the desired reactions, for example 7α-HSDHs from strains of Clostridium, Bacteroides or Xanthomonas, 7β-HSDHs from Clostridium, Collinsella, or Ruminococcus, or 12α-HSDH from Clostridium or from Eggerthella. However, all these bioconversion reactions need additional steps for the regeneration of the coenzymes. Selected multi-step reaction systems for the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Eggert
- evocatal GmbH, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 10, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bakonyi
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Werner Hummel
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany.
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30
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Statistical experimental design guided optimization of a one-pot biphasic multienzyme total synthesis of amorpha-4,11-diene. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79650. [PMID: 24278153 PMCID: PMC3835790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceuticals using enzymes is of considerable interest as these biocatalysts facilitate a wide variety of reactions under mild conditions with excellent regio-, chemo- and stereoselectivities. A significant challenge in a multi-enzymatic reaction is the need to optimize the various steps involved simultaneously so as to obtain high-yield of a product. In this study, statistical experimental design was used to guide the optimization of a total synthesis of amorpha-4,11-diene (AD) using multienzymes in the mevalonate pathway. A combinatorial approach guided by Taguchi orthogonal array design identified the local optimum enzymatic activity ratio for Erg12:Erg8:Erg19:Idi:IspA to be 100∶100∶1∶25∶5, with a constant concentration of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (Ads, 100 mg/L). The model also identified an unexpected inhibitory effect of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (IspA), where the activity was negatively correlated with AD yield. This was due to the precipitation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), the product of IspA. Response surface methodology was then used to optimize IspA and Ads activities simultaneously so as to minimize the accumulation of FPP and the result showed that Ads to be a critical factor. By increasing the concentration of Ads, a complete conversion (∼100%) of mevalonic acid (MVA) to AD was achieved. Monovalent ions and pH were effective means of enhancing the specific Ads activity and specific AD yield significantly. The results from this study represent the first in vitro reconstitution of the mevalonate pathway for the production of an isoprenoid and the approaches developed herein may be used to produce other isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)/dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) based products.
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Paul CE, Lavandera I, Gotor-Fernández V, Kroutil W, Gotor V. Escherichia coli/ADH-A: An All-Inclusive Catalyst for the Selective Biooxidation and Deracemisation of Secondary Alcohols. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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In Vitro Multienzymatic Reaction Systems for Biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:153-84. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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33
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Oroz-Guinea I, García-Junceda E. Enzyme catalysed tandem reactions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:236-49. [PMID: 23490810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To transfer to the laboratory, the excellent efficiency shown by enzymes in Nature, biocatalysis, had to mimic several synthetic strategies used by the living organisms. Biosynthetic pathways are examples of tandem catalysis and may be assimilated in the biocatalysis field for the use of isolated multi-enzyme systems in the homogeneous phase. The concurrent action of several enzymes that work sequentially presents extraordinary advantages from the synthetic point of view, since it permits a reversible process to become irreversible, to shift the equilibrium reaction in such a way that enantiopure compounds can be obtained from prochiral or racemic substrates, reduce or eliminate problems due to product inhibition or prevent the shortage of substrates by dilution or degradation in the bulk media, etc. In this review we want to illustrate the developments of recent studies involving in vitro multi-enzyme reactions for the synthesis of different classes of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Oroz-Guinea
- Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Di Gennaro P, Kazandjian LV, Mezzetti F, Sello G. Regulated expression systems for the development of whole-cell biocatalysts expressing oxidative enzymes in a sequential manner. Arch Microbiol 2013; 195:269-78. [PMID: 23430123 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the preparation of two recombinant strains each containing two enzymatic activities mutually expressed through regulated systems for production of functionalized epoxides in one-pot reactions. One strain was Pseudomonas putida PaW340, containing the gene coding for styrene monooxygenase (SMO) from Pseudomonas fluorescens ST under the auto-inducing Ptou promoter and the TouR regulator of Pseudomonas sp. OX1 and the gene coding for naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (NDDH) from P. fluorescens N3 under the Ptac promoter inducible by IPTG. The second strain was Escherichia coli JM109, in which the expression of SMO was under the control of the Pnah promoter and the NahR regulator of P. fluorescens N3 inducible by salicylate, while the gene expressing NDDH was under the control of the Plac promoter inducible by IPTG. SMO and NDDH activities were tested in bioconversion experiments using cinnamyl alcohol as reference substrate. The application that we selected is one example of the sequential use of the two enzymatic activities which require a temporal control of the expression of both genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Di Gennaro
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
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New biocatalytic route for the production of enantioenriched β-alanine derivatives starting from 5- and 6-monosubstituted dihydrouracils. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ferrandi EE, Monti D, Patel I, Kittl R, Haltrich D, Riva S, Ludwig R. Exploitation of a Laccase/Meldola’s Blue System for NAD+Regeneration in Preparative Scale Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Oxidations. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Sun B, Kantzow C, Bresch S, Castiglione K, Weuster-Botz D. Multi-enzymatic one-pot reduction of dehydrocholic acid to 12-keto-ursodeoxycholic acid with whole-cell biocatalysts. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:68-77. [PMID: 22806613 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a bile acid of industrial interest as it is used as an agent for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis and the medicamentous, non-surgical dissolution of gallstones. Currently, it is prepared industrially from cholic acid following a seven-step chemical procedure with an overall yield of <30%. In this study, we investigated the key enzymatic steps in the chemo-enzymatic preparation of UDCA-the two-step reduction of dehydrocholic acid (DHCA) to 12-keto-ursodeoxycholic acid using a mutant of 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH) from Collinsella aerofaciens and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSDH) from Comamonas testosteroni. Three different one-pot reaction approaches were investigated using whole-cell biocatalysts in simple batch processes. We applied one-biocatalyst systems, where 3α-HSDH, 7β-HSDH, and either a mutant of formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from Mycobacterium vaccae N10 or a glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from Bacillus subtilis were expressed in a Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) based host strain. We also investigated two-biocatalyst systems, where 3α-HSDH and 7β-HSDH were expressed separately together with FDH enzymes for cofactor regeneration in two distinct E. coli hosts that were simultaneously applied in the one-pot reaction. The best result was achieved by the one-biocatalyst system with GDH for cofactor regeneration, which was able to completely convert 100 mM DHCA to >99.5 mM 12-keto-UDCA within 4.5 h in a simple batch process on a liter scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqiao Sun
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
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38
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One-step synthesis of 12-ketoursodeoxycholic acid from dehydrocholic acid using a multienzymatic system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:633-9. [PMID: 22899496 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
12-ketoursodeoxycholic acid (12-keto-UDCA) is a key intermediate for the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), an important therapeutic agent for non-surgical treatment of human cholesterol gallstones and various liver diseases. The goal of this study is to develop a new enzymatic route for the synthesis 12-keto-UDCA based on a combination of NADPH-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH, EC 1.1.1.201) and NADH-dependent 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSDH, EC 1.1.1.50). In the presence of NADPH and NADH, the combination of these enzymes has the capacity to reduce the 3-carbonyl- and 7-carbonyl-groups of dehydrocholic acid (DHCA), forming 12-keto-UDCA in a single step. For cofactor regeneration, an engineered formate dehydrogenase, which is able to regenerate NADPH and NADH simultaneously, was used. All three enzymes were overexpressed in an engineered expression host Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)Δ7α-HSDH devoid of 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an enzyme indigenous to E. coli, in order to avoid formation of the undesired by-product 12-chenodeoxycholic acid in the reaction mixture. The stability of enzymes and reaction conditions such as pH value and substrate concentration were evaluated. No significant loss of activity was observed after 5 days under reaction condition. Under the optimal condition (10 mM of DHCA and pH 6), 99 % formation of 12-keto-UDCA with 91 % yield was observed.
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Xue R, Woodley JM. Process technology for multi-enzymatic reaction systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 115:183-195. [PMID: 22531164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, biocatalysis has started to provide an important green tool in synthetic organic chemistry. Currently, the idea of using multi-enzymatic systems for industrial production of chemical compounds becomes increasingly attractive. Recent examples demonstrate the potential of enzymatic synthesis and fermentation as an alternative to chemical-catalysis for the production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. In particular, the use of multiple enzymes is of special interest. However, many challenges remain in the scale-up of a multi-enzymatic system. This review summarizes and discusses the technology options and strategies that are available for the development of multi-enzymatic processes. Some engineering tools, including kinetic models and operating windows, for developing and evaluating such processes are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xue
- Center for Process Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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40
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Novel whole-cell biocatalysts with recombinant hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases for the asymmetric reduction of dehydrocholic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1457-68. [PMID: 22581067 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid is an important pharmaceutical so far chemically synthesized from cholic acid. Various biocatalytic alternatives have already been discussed with hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDH) playing a crucial role. Several whole-cell biocatalysts based on a 7α-HSDH-knockout strain of Escherichia coli overexpressing a recently identified 7β-HSDH from Collinsella aerofaciens and a NAD(P)-bispecific formate dehydrogenase mutant from Mycobacterium vaccae for internal cofactor regeneration were designed and characterized. A strong pH dependence of the whole-cell bioreduction of dehydrocholic acid to 3,12-diketo-ursodeoxycholic acid was observed with the selected recombinant E. coli strain. In the optimal, slightly acidic pH range dehydrocholic acid is partly undissolved and forms a suspension in the aqueous solution. The batch process was optimized making use of a second-order polynomial to estimate conversion as function of initial pH, initial dehydrocholic acid concentration, and initial formate concentration. Complete conversion of 72 mM dehydrocholic acid was thus made possible at pH 6.4 in a whole-cell batch process within a process time of 1 h without cofactor addition. Finally, a NADH-dependent 3α-HSDH from Comamonas testosteroni was expressed additionally in the E. coli production strain overexpressing the 7β-HSDH and the NAD(P)-bispecific formate dehydrogenase mutant. It was shown that this novel whole-cell biocatalyst was able to convert 50 mM dehydrocholic acid directly to 12-keto-ursodeoxycholic acid with the formation of only small amounts of intermediate products. This approach may be an efficient process alternative which avoids the costly chemical epimerization at C-7 in the production of ursodeoxycholic acid.
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Srivastava V, Negi AS, Ajayakumar PV, Khan SA, Banerjee S. Atropa belladonna Hairy Roots: Orchestration of Concurrent Oxidation and Reduction Reactions for Biotransformation of Carbonyl Compounds. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1401-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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In search of sustainable chemical processes: cloning, recombinant expression, and functional characterization of the 7α- and 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases from Clostridium absonum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 95:1221-33. [PMID: 22198717 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) and 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (7β-HSDH) from Clostridium absonum catalyze the epimerization of primary bile acids through 7-keto bile acid intermediates and may be suitable as biocatalysts for the synthesis of bile acids derivatives of pharmacological interest. C. absonum 7α-HSDH has been purified to homogeneity and the N-terminal sequence has been determined by Edman sequencing. After PCR amplifications of a gene fragment with degenerate primers, cloning of the complete gene (786 nt) has been achieved by sequencing of C. absonum genomic DNA. The sequence coding for the 7β-HSDH (783 nt) has been obtained by sequencing of the genomic DNA region flanking the 5' termini of 7α-HSDH gene, the two genes being contiguous and presumably part of the same operon. After insertion in suitable expression vectors, both HSDHs have been successfully produced in recombinant form in Escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography and submitted to kinetic analysis for determination of Michaelis constants (K (m)) and specificity constants (k (cat)/K (m)) in the presence of various bile acids derivatives. Both enzymes showed a very strong substrate inhibition with all the tested substrates. The lowest K (S) values were observed with chenodeoxycholic acid and 12-ketochenodeoxycholic acid as substrates in the case of 7α-HSDH, whereas ursocholic acid was the most effective inhibitor of 7β-HSDH activity.
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Sonoike S, Itakura T, Kitamura M, Aoki S. One-pot chemoenzymatic synthesis of chiral 1,3-diols using an enantioselective aldol reaction with chiral Zn2+ complex catalysts and enzymatic reduction using oxidoreductases with cofactor regeneration. Chem Asian J 2011; 7:64-74. [PMID: 22174123 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported on enantioselective aldol reactions of acetone and some aldehydes catalyzed by chiral Zn(2+) complexes of L-prolyl-pendant [12]aneN(4) (L-ZnL(1)) and L-valyl-pendant [12]aneN(4) (L-ZnL(2)) in aqueous solution. Here, we report on the one-pot chemoenzymatic synthesis of chiral 1,3-diols in an aqueous solvent system at room temperature by a combination of enantioselective aldol reactions catalyzed by Zn(2+) complexes of L- and D-phenylalanyl-pendant [12]aneN(4) (L-ZnL(3) and D-ZnL(3) ) and the successive enantioselective reduction of the aldol products using oxidoreductases with the regeneration of the NADH (reduced form of nicotinamine adenine dinucleotide) cofactor. The findings indicate that all four stereoisomers of 1,3-diols can be produced by appropriate selection of a chiral Zn(2+)-complex and an oxidoreductase commercially available from the "Chiralscreen OH" kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Sonoike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Japan
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Liu Y, Lv T, Ren J, Wang M, Wu Q, Zhu D. The catalytic promiscuity of a microbial 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Reduction of non-steroidal carbonyl compounds. Steroids 2011; 76:1136-40. [PMID: 21600233 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A thermostable 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285 was found to catalyze the reduction of various benzaldehyde analogues to their corresponding benzyl alcohols. The enzyme activity was dependent upon the substituent on the benzene ring of the substrates. Benzaldehydes with electron-withdrawing substituent usually showed higher activity than those with electron-donating groups. Furthermore, this enzyme was tolerant to some organic solvents. These results together with previous studies suggested that 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from B. fragilis might play multiple functional roles in biosynthesis and metabolism of bile acids, and in the detoxification of xenobiotics containing carbonyl groups in the large intestine. In addition, its broad substrate spectrum offers great potential for finding applications not only in the synthesis of steroidal compounds of pharmaceutical importance, but also for the production of other high-value fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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46
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Ricca E, Brucher B, Schrittwieser JH. Multi-Enzymatic Cascade Reactions: Overview and Perspectives. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hall M, Bommarius AS. Enantioenriched Compounds via Enzyme-Catalyzed Redox Reactions. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4088-110. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200013n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Hall
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Monti D, Ottolina G, Carrea G, Riva S. Redox Reactions Catalyzed by Isolated Enzymes. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4111-40. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100334x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ottolina
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Carrea
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
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Richter N, Zienert A, Hummel W. A single-point mutation enables lactate dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis to utilize NAD+ and NADP+ as cofactor. Eng Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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50
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Liu L, Aigner A, Schmid RD. Identification, cloning, heterologous expression, and characterization of a NADPH-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Collinsella aerofaciens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 90:127-35. [PMID: 21181147 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding an NADPH-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH) from Collinsella aerofaciens DSM 3979 (ATCC 25986, formerly Eubacterium aerofaciens) was identified and cloned in this study. Sequence comparison of the translated amino acid sequence suggests that the enzyme belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase superfamily. This enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli with a yield of 330 mg (5,828 U) per liter of culture. The enzyme catalyzes both the oxidation of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDA) forming 7-keto-lithocholic acid (KLA) and the reduction of KLA forming UDA acid in the presence of NADP(+) or NADPH, respectively. In the presence of NADPH, 7β-HSDH can also reduce dehydrocholic acid. SDS-PAGE and gel filtration of the expressed and purified enzyme revealed a dimeric nature of 7β-HSDH with a size of 30 kDa for each subunit. If used for the oxidation of UDA, its pH optimum is between 9 and 10 whereas for the reduction of KLA and dehydrocholic acid it shows an optimum between pH 4 to 6. Usage of the enzyme for the biotransformation of KLA in a 0.5-g scale showed that this 7β-HSDH is a useful biocatalyst for producing UDA from suitable precursors in a preparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Liu
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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