1
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Masui H, Naito K, Minoshima M, Kusayanagi A, Yosugi S, Shoji M, Takahashi T. Efficient synthesis of 5-(hydroxymethyl)piperazin-2-ones using automatically prepared chiral bromocarboxylic acid and Garner's aldehyde as versatile building blocks. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 40:127961. [PMID: 33741461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of substituted 5-(hydroxymethyl)piperazin-2-ones was established by using an automated synthesis process. Thirteen piperazinones were synthesized from chiral α-bromocarboxylic acids and Garner's aldehyde which were prepared by using our originally developed automated synthesizer, ChemKonzert®. The automated method of synthesizing chiral α-bromocarboxylic acids was efficient and safe because the rate of the dropwise addition of the reagent can be controlled using the automated synthesizer. This method is expected to contribute to the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Masui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kohei Naito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Mai Minoshima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Akira Kusayanagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Sae Yosugi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Shoji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan; Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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2
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Satish S, Chitral R, Kori A, Sharma B, Puttur J, Khan AA, Desle D, Raikuvar K, Korkegian A, Martis EAF, Iyer KR, Coutinho EC, Parish T, Nandan S. Design, synthesis and SAR of antitubercular benzylpiperazine ureas. Mol Divers 2021; 26:73-96. [PMID: 33385288 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
N-furfuryl piperazine ureas disclosed by scientists at GSK Tres Cantos were chosen as antimycobacterial hits from a phenotypic whole-cell screen. Bioisosteric replacement of the furan ring in the GSK Tres Cantos molecules with a phenyl ring led to molecule (I) with an MIC of 1 μM against Mtb H37Rv, low cellular toxicity (HepG2 IC50 ~ 80 μM), good DMPK properties and specificity for Mtb. With the aim of delineating the SAR associated with (I), fifty-five analogs were synthesized and screened against Mtb. The SAR suggests that the piperazine ring, benzyl urea and piperonyl moieties are essential signatures of this series. Active compounds in this series are metabolically stable, have low cellular toxicity and are valuable leads for optimization. Molecular docking suggests these molecules occupy the Q0 site of QcrB like Q203. Bioisosteric replacement of N-furfuryl piperazine-1-carboxamides yielded molecule (I) a novel lead with satisfactory PD, metabolism, and toxicity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohal Satish
- Ambernath Organics Pvt. Ltd., 222, The Summit Business Bay, Andheri (E), Mumbai, 400 093, India
| | - Rohan Chitral
- Ambernath Organics Pvt. Ltd., 222, The Summit Business Bay, Andheri (E), Mumbai, 400 093, India
| | - Amitkumar Kori
- Ambernath Organics Pvt. Ltd., 222, The Summit Business Bay, Andheri (E), Mumbai, 400 093, India
| | - Basantkumar Sharma
- Ambernath Organics Pvt. Ltd., 222, The Summit Business Bay, Andheri (E), Mumbai, 400 093, India
| | - Jayashree Puttur
- Ambernath Organics Pvt. Ltd., 222, The Summit Business Bay, Andheri (E), Mumbai, 400 093, India
| | - Afreen A Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400 098, India
| | - Deepali Desle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400 098, India
| | - Kavita Raikuvar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400 098, India
| | - Aaron Korkegian
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Elvis A F Martis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400 098, India
| | - Krishna R Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400 098, India
| | - Evans C Coutinho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400 098, India
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Santosh Nandan
- Ambernath Organics Pvt. Ltd., 222, The Summit Business Bay, Andheri (E), Mumbai, 400 093, India.
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3
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Christodoulou MS, Giofrè S, Beccalli EM, Foschi F, Broggini G. Divergent Conversion of 4-Naphthoquinone-substituted 4 H-Isoxazolones to Different Benzo-fused Indole Derivatives. Org Lett 2020; 22:2735-2739. [PMID: 32182085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
4,4-Disubstituted 4H-isoxazol-5-ones bearing a 1,4-naphthoquinone moiety undergo transformation into different types of benzoindolyl products depending on the different reaction conditions. A decarboxylative ring opening/ring closure promoted by catalytic [Ru(p-cymene)2Cl2]2 yields benzo[f]indole-4,9-diones. Alternatively, hydrogenation reactions provide the conversion of 4-(1,4-naphthoquinone)-substituted isoxazol-5-ones to benzo[g]indole compounds, with the level of reduction depending on the substituents present on the ring. Starting materials have been easily prepared by the functionalization of isoxazolinones with naphthoquinone under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Christodoulou
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giofrè
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Egle M Beccalli
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Foschi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Broggini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
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4
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Giofrè S, Sala R, Beccalli EM, Presti LL, Broggini G. Iodoamination of Alkenyl Sulfonamides by Potassium Iodide and Hydrogen Peroxide in Aqueous Medium. Helv Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Giofrè
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica ‘A. Marchesini'Università degli Studi di Milano Via Venezian 21 IT-20133 Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaUniversità degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 9 IT-22100 Como Italy
| | - Egle Maria Beccalli
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica ‘A. Marchesini'Università degli Studi di Milano Via Venezian 21 IT-20133 Milano Italy
| | - Leonardo Lo Presti
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 IT-20133 Milano Italy
| | - Gianluigi Broggini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaUniversità degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 9 IT-22100 Como Italy
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5
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Hemric BN, Chen AW, Wang Q. Copper-Catalyzed Modular Amino Oxygenation of Alkenes: Access to Diverse 1,2-Amino Oxygen-Containing Skeletons. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1468-1488. [PMID: 30588808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed alkene amino oxygenation reactions using O-acylhydroxylamines have been achieved for a rapid and modular access to diverse 1,2-amino oxygen-containing molecules. This transformation is applicable to the use of alcohols, carbonyls, oximes, and thio-carboxylic acids as nucleophiles on both terminal and internal alkenes. Mild reaction conditions tolerate a wide range of functional groups, including ether, ester, amide, carbamate, and halide. The reaction protocol allows for starting with free amines as the precursor of O-benzoylhydroxylamines to eliminate their isolation and purification, contributing to broader synthetic utilities. Mechanistic investigations reveal the amino oxygenation reactions may involve distinct pathways, depending on different oxygen nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett N Hemric
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Andy W Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
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6
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Zeng T, Liu Z, Schmidt MA, Eastgate MD, Engle KM. Directed, Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Intermolecular Aminohydroxylation of Alkenes Using a Mild Oxidation System. Org Lett 2018; 20:3853-3857. [PMID: 29888604 PMCID: PMC6039249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A palladium(II)-catalyzed β,γ-aminohydroxylation reaction of nonconjugated alkenyl carbonyl compounds has been developed. This reaction utilizes a cleavable bidentate directing group to achieve regioselective aminopalladation. The resulting chelation-stabilized alkylpalladium(II) intermediate is then hydroxylated using oxygen/2,6-dimethylbenzoquinone in HFIP as the mild oxidation system. Under the optimized conditions, various nucleophiles and alkene substrates are capable of delivering good yields and high diastereoselectivities of the aminohydroxylated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Michael A Schmidt
- Chemical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Martin D Eastgate
- Chemical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08903 , United States
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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7
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Yang HT, Ge J, Lu XW, Sun XQ, Miao CB. Copper-Catalyzed Functionalizations of C60 with Amino Alcohols. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5873-5880. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jie Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xin-Wei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Chun-Bao Miao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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8
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Borelli T, Brenna S, Broggini G, Oble J, Poli G. (Diacyloxyiodo)benzenes-Driven Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclizations of UnsaturatedN-Sulfonylamides: Opportunities of Path Selection. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tea Borelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università dell'Insubria; via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232, Case 229; 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Stefano Brenna
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università dell'Insubria; via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Gianluigi Broggini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università dell'Insubria; via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Julie Oble
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232, Case 229; 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Giovanni Poli
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232, Case 229; 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
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9
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Gazzola S, Beccalli EM, Bernasconi A, Borelli T, Broggini G, Mazza A. Palladium-Catalysed Carbo- and Hydroamination of Allenyl Ethers and Aminoallenes: Available Entry to Nitrogen-Containing Benzo-Fused Rings. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Via Valleggio 9 22100 Como Italy
| | - Egle M. Beccalli
- DISFARM; Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Venezian 21 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Alice Bernasconi
- DISFARM; Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Venezian 21 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Tea Borelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Via Valleggio 9 22100 Como Italy
| | - Gianluigi Broggini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Via Valleggio 9 22100 Como Italy
| | - Alberto Mazza
- DISFARM; Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Venezian 21 20133 Milano Italy
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10
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Li Y, Zhou X, Zheng G, Zhang Q. Copper-catalyzed aminooxygenation of styrenes with N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide and N-hydroxyphthalimide derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 11:2721-6. [PMID: 26877794 PMCID: PMC4734344 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed aminooxygenation reaction of styrenes with N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide and N-hydroxyphthalimide derivatives has been developed. The aminooxygenation product could be converted into the corresponding alcohol or free amine through the cleavage of the N–O or C–N bond of the N-hydroxyphthalimide moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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11
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Kumar A, Shinde SS, Tiwari DK, Sridhar B, Likhar PR. Palladium catalyzed domino reaction of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles via double C–H functionalization: one-pot synthesis of triazolo[1,5-f]phenanthridines. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06755g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A palladium catalyzed domino reaction of 1,4-disubstituted triazoles involving homo- and heterocondensation is presented. The approach provides a simple, straight forward and a facile route to access triazolo[1,5-f]phenanthridines in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnish Kumar
- Organometallic Gp
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Sundar S. Shinde
- Organometallic Gp
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Tiwari
- Organometallic Gp
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Balasubramanian Sridhar
- X-ray Crystallography Centre
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Pravin R. Likhar
- Organometallic Gp
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
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12
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C. Bergmeier S, Fang F, Maciagiewicz I. A Synthesis of Hexahydro-H-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyrazin-3-ones from Fused Aziridines. HETEROCYCLES 2016. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-s(t)24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Chiacchio U, Broggini G, Romeo R, Gazzola S, Chiacchio MA, Giofrè SV, Gabriele B, Mancuso R, Floresta G, Zagni C. Intramolecular oxidative palladium-catalyzed diamination reactions of alkenyl sulfamates: an efficient synthesis of [1,2,5]thiadiazolo-fused piperazinones. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13141g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed diamination domino process of sulfamates arising from glycine allylamides is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Chiacchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università di Catania
- 9515 Catania
- Italy
| | - Gianluigi Broggini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia
- Università dell'Insubria
- 22100 Como
- Italy
| | - Roberto Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Biologiche
- Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali
- Università di Messina
- 98168 Messina
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia
- Università dell'Insubria
- 22100 Como
- Italy
| | - Maria A. Chiacchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università di Catania
- 9515 Catania
- Italy
| | - Salvatore V. Giofrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Biologiche
- Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali
- Università di Messina
- 98168 Messina
| | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC)
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS)
- Italy
| | - Raffaella Mancuso
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC)
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS)
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Floresta
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università di Catania
- 9515 Catania
- Italy
| | - Chiara Zagni
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università di Catania
- 9515 Catania
- Italy
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14
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Gazzola S, Beccalli EM, Borelli T, Castellano C, Chiacchio MA, Diamante D, Broggini G. Copper(II)-Catalyzed Alkoxyhalogenation of Alkynyl Ureas and Amides as a Route to Haloalkylidene-Substituted Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7226-34. [PMID: 26111065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A highly effective synthesis of haloalkylidene-substituted heterocycles by copper(II)-catalyzed cyclization of alkynyl ureas and secondary amides has been developed. The reaction, which involves a catalytic amount of CuCl2 and a stoichiometric amount of N-halosuccinimide, occurs selectively through an alkoxyhalogenation process. Alternatively, alkoxychlorination and alkoxybromination reactions can be performed working solely with stoichiometric CuCl2 and CuBr2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gazzola
- †Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Egle M Beccalli
- ‡DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Tea Borelli
- †Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Carlo Castellano
- §Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Chiacchio
- ∥Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Daria Diamante
- †Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Broggini
- †Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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15
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Broggini G, Beccalli EM, Borelli T, Brusa F, Gazzola S, Mazza A. Intra-Intermolecular Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Reactions of Glycine Allylamides for the Synthesis of Diversely Functionalized Piperazinones. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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16
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Huang H, He G, Zhu G, Zhu X, Qiu S, Zhu H. Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of Ynamides: Synthesis of 4-Halo-oxazolones. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3480-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
College of Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangke He
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
College of Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
College of Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
College of Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shineng Qiu
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
College of Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
College of Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Broggini G, Poli G, Beccalli EM, Brusa F, Gazzola S, Oble J. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydroamination of Aminoallenes: an Approach to Vinyl Substituted Heterocycles. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Dong KY, Qin HT, Liu F, Zhu C. Oxime-Mediated Oxychlorination and Oxybromination of Unactivated Olefins. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Pan Z, Pound SM, Rondla NR, Douglas CJ. Intramolecular aminocyanation of alkenes by N-CN bond cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5170-4. [PMID: 24719371 PMCID: PMC4077192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free, Lewis acid promoted intramolecular aminocyanation of alkenes was developed. B(C6F5)3 activates N-sulfonyl cyanamides, thus leading to a formal cleavage of the N-CN bonds in conjunction with vicinal addition of sulfonamide and nitrile groups across an alkene. This method enables atom-economical access to indolines and tetrahydroquinolines in excellent yields, and provides a complementary strategy for regioselective alkene difunctionalizations with sulfonamide and nitrile groups. Labeling experiments with (13)C suggest a fully intramolecular cyclization pattern due to the lack of label scrambling in double crossover experiments. Catalysis with Lewis acid is realized and the reaction can be conducted under air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongda Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA)
| | - Sarah M. Pound
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA)
| | - Naveen R. Rondla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA)
| | - Christopher J. Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA)
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20
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Pan Z, Pound SM, Rondla NR, Douglas CJ. Intramolecular Aminocyanation of Alkenes by NCN Bond Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Dhara S, Singha R, Ahmed A, Mandal H, Ghosh M, Nuree Y, Ray JK. Synthesis of α, β and γ-carbolines via Pd-mediated Csp2-H/N–H activation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08457h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of halo-carbolines has been developed via Pd-catalysed formation of C–N bonds through Csp2-H/N–H activation of 4-methyl-N-[2-(pyridine-3-yl)phenyl] benzenesulfonamide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhendu Dhara
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Raju Singha
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Atiur Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Haridas Mandal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Munmun Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Yasin Nuree
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Jayanta K. Ray
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institution of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302, India
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22
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Beccalli EM, Broggini G, Gazzola S, Mazza A. Recent advances in heterobimetallic palladium(ii)/copper(ii) catalyzed domino difunctionalization of carbon–carbon multiple bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:6767-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00610k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Pd(ii)/Cu(ii)-catalysed double functionalization of carbon–carbon multiple bonds in domino processes has emerged in recent years as a fruitful tool for the rapid synthesis of complex molecular scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle M. Beccalli
- DISFARM
- Sezione Chimica Generale Organica “A. Marchesini”
- 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Broggini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia
- Università dell'Insubria
- 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia
- Università dell'Insubria
- 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Alberto Mazza
- DISFARM
- Sezione Chimica Generale Organica “A. Marchesini”
- 20133 Milano, Italy
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23
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Chiacchio U, Barbera V, Bonfanti R, Broggini GL, Campisi A, Gazzola S, Parenti R, Romeo G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,7,8,8a-tetrahydro-3H-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyrazin-6(5H)-ones as antitumoral agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5748-53. [PMID: 23916151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,7,8,8a-tetrahydro-3H-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyrazin-6(5H)-ones has been synthesized by an intramolecular, palladium(II) catalyzed, aminooxygenation of alkenyl ureas, readily available from glycine allylamides as starting materials. Biological tests showed that the obtained compounds are endowed with an interesting antitumoral activity against two human thyroid cancer cell lines, namely FTC-133 and 8305C, by promoting the apoptotic pathway and DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Chiacchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, Italy.
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24
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Sorto NA, Painter PP, Fettinger JC, Tantillo DJ, Shaw JT. Design and synthesis of mimics of the T7-loop of FtsZ. Org Lett 2013; 15:2700-3. [PMID: 23721122 DOI: 10.1021/ol4010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mimics of the T7-loop of the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ have been designed and synthesized. The design is based on the X-ray cocrystal structure of P. aeruginosa FtsZ:SulA. Fast Rigid Exhaustive Docking (FRED) was employed to select compounds that can mimic the key interacting residues. Bicyclic oxazolidinones 1a-d were selected for further study and synthesized from a key bicyclic aziridine intermediate, which is synthesized from a readily available unsaturated aldehyde and amides derived from α-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohemy A Sorto
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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25
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Broggini G, Barbera V, Beccalli EM, Chiacchio U, Fasana A, Galli S, Gazzola S. Selective Intramolecular Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Aminooxygenationvs.Diamination of Alkenylureas: Efficient Microwave-Assisted Reactions to Bicyclic Piperazinones. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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26
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Dong Y, Guo X, Yu Y, Liu G. Highly stereoselective synthesis of (Z)- and (E)-chloro-substituted-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone by possibly controlling cis- and trans-chloropalladation. Mol Divers 2013; 17:1-7. [PMID: 23307270 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-012-9419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed selective synthesis of cis- or trans-chloro-substituted-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones from single substrate (propiolic acid) has been realized by controlling cis- or trans-chloropalladation. This method is highly effective for building C-Cl, C-O, and C-C bonds into a one-pot procedure because of its good atom and step efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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27
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Synthesis of Saturated Heterocycles via Metal-Catalyzed Alkene Carboamination or Carboalkoxylation Reactions. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2012_98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Wang L, Menche D. Construction of Multisubstituted Tetrahydropyrans by a Domino Oxa-Michael/Tsuji–Trost Reaction. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10811-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302102x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Rheinischen, Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse
1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Menche
- Kekulé-Institut
für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Rheinischen, Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse
1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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29
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Lorentz-Petersen LLR, Nordstrøm LU, Madsen R. Iridium-Catalyzed Condensation of Amines and Vicinal Diols to Substituted Piperazines. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Broggini G, Beccalli EM, Fasana A, Gazzola S. Palladium-catalyzed dual C-H or N-H functionalization of unfunctionalized indole derivatives with alkenes and arenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1730-46. [PMID: 23209507 PMCID: PMC3511007 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the development of palladium-catalyzed C-H and N-H functionalization reactions involving indole derivatives. These procedures require unactivated starting materials and are respectful of the basic principle of sustainable chemistry tied to atom economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Broggini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Egle M Beccalli
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini” Università di Milano Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Fasana
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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31
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Stock C, Brückner R. Mild and High-Yielding Molybdenum(VI) Dichloride Dioxide-Catalyzed Formation of Mono-, Di-, Tri-, and Tetracarbamates from Alcohols and Aromatic or Aliphatic Isocyanates. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Chen X, Li X, Wang N, Jin J, Lu P, Wang Y. Palladium-Catalyzed Reaction of Arylamine and Diarylacetylene: Solvent-Controlled Construction of 2,3-Diarylindoles and Pentaarylpyrroles. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Yi J, Liu JH, Liang J, Dai JJ, Yang CT, Fu Y, Liu L. Alkylboronic Esters from Palladium- and Nickel-Catalyzed Borylation of Primary and Secondary Alkyl Bromides. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Broggini G, Borsini E, Fasana A, Poli G, Liron F. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Hydroamination and Carboamination Reactions of Anthranilic Allenamides as a Route to 2-Vinyl- and 2-(α-Styryl)quinazolin-4-one Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Broggini G, Barbera V, Beccalli EM, Borsini E, Galli S, Lanza G, Zecchi G. Palladium(II)/Copper Halide/Solvent Combination for Selective Intramolecular Domino Reactions of Indolecarboxylic Acid Allylamides: An Unprecedented Arylation/Esterification Sequence. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Broggini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy, Fax: (+39)‐(0)31‐238‐6449; phone: (+39)‐(0)31‐238‐6444
| | - Vincenzina Barbera
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Egle M. Beccalli
- DISMAB, Sezione di Chimica Organica “A. Marchesini” Università di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Borsini
- DISMAB, Sezione di Chimica Organica “A. Marchesini” Università di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Galli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy, Fax: (+39)‐(0)31‐238‐6449; phone: (+39)‐(0)31‐238‐6444
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Catania, viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Zecchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy, Fax: (+39)‐(0)31‐238‐6449; phone: (+39)‐(0)31‐238‐6444
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36
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Basolo L, Bernasconi A, Borsini E, Broggini G, Beccalli EM. Solvent-free, microwave-assisted N-arylation of indolines by using low palladium catalyst loadings. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:1637-1642. [PMID: 21882355 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Indoline-based compounds are abundant in nature, and the indoline skeleton is an often-encountered scaffold in a range of biologically active alkaloids, pharmaceutically active compounds, and functional molecules (e.g., sensitizers for solar cells). The wide range of uses warrants further interest in the structural modification of this class of compounds. A series of substituted N-aryl indolines is prepared by a solvent-free, palladium-catalyzed procedure. The procedure requires only low loadings of catalyst, uses microwave irradiation, and starts from commercially available substrates. The method proceeds in good yields and in short reaction times with aryl bromides, chlorides, and iodides, also on 2-substituted indolines. The combination of solvent-free methods with microwave heating will further increase in importance in the search for more environmentally acceptable synthesis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Basolo
- DISMAB, Sezione di Chimica Organica A. Marchesini, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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37
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Borsini E, Broggini G, Fasana A, Baldassarri C, Manzo AM, Perboni AD. Access to pyrrolo-pyridines by gold-catalyzed hydroarylation of pyrroles tethered to terminal alkynes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1468-74. [PMID: 22238519 PMCID: PMC3252845 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In a simple procedure, the intramolecular hydroarylation of N-propargyl-pyrrole-2-carboxamides was accomplished with the aid of gold(III) catalysis. The reaction led to differently substituted pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine and pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives arising either from direct cyclization or from a formal rearrangement of the carboxamide group. Terminal alkynes are essential to achieve bicyclic pyrrolo-fused pyridinones by a 6-exo-dig process, while the presence of a phenyl group at the C–C triple bond promotes the 7-endo-dig cyclization giving pyrrolo-azepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali Università dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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